Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/README
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/README	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/README	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+------------------------------
+ LMD Martian Mesoscale Model
+------------------------------
+       Technical note   
+------------------------------
+
+Authors: 
+A. Spiga and F. Forget
+Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique
+Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
+BP 99
+4 place Jussieu
+75252 PARIS CEDEX 5
+FRANCE
+
+IMPORTANT NOTICE:
+Please refer to the authors in any publication using the model.
+
+Correspondance:
+spiga@lmd.jussieu.fr
+forget@lmd.jussieu.fr
+
+------------------------------
+
+Credits: 
+- NCEP/NCAR WRF development team http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php
+- EuroMars team (LMD ~ OU/Univ. Oxford - IAA)
+
+Support : 
+- European Space Agency (ESA)
+- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)
+
+------------------------------
+------------------------------
+
+------------------------------
+   Description of the model
+------------------------------
+
+Please refer to the report "Design and Performance of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model"
+
+------------------------------
+   Installation of the model
+------------------------------
+
+1. copy the LMD Martian Mesoscale sources on a disk with 400 Mo of free space 
+> cp LMD_MM_MARS.tar.gz ***my_disk***
+
+2. unzip the archive file, download WRF sources and prepare directories and files for compilation
+**** REQUIREMENTS:
+**** - you must be connected to the internet
+> tar xzvf LMD_MM_MARS.tar.gz
+> cd LMD_MM_MARS
+> ./prepare
+
+3. compile the model
+**** REQUIREMENTS:
+**** - you must have either pgf90 or g95 installed in your computer
+**** - you must have compiled NETCDF libraries and define the environment variable $NETCDF
+> ./makemeso 
+
+------------------------------
+   Structure of the model
+------------------------------
+SIMU  		>> contains a test case and several useful scripts
+SRC  		>> contains sources of the model, the pre- and post-processing utilities
+WPS_GEOG  	>> contains static data (topography, albedo, thermal inertia)
+build_static    >> a script to build a minimal dataset for initialization of static data 
+copy_model      >> a script to link the model sources and avoid duplicates
+makemeso        >> the main compilation script
+prepare         >> a script to run right after you deflated the .tar.gz file
+
+SRC/ARWpost     		>> post-processing utilities (maps, etc ...)
+SRC/INIT_SIMPLE_TEST.tar.gz  	>> a simple idealized case study
+SRC/PREP_MARS  			>> pre-processing utilities : convert GCM outputs
+SRC/WPS  			>> the main pre-processing system : define domain and interpolate meteorological and static data
+SRC/WRFV2  			>> the folder containing WRF sources and LMD physics sources
+SRC/datesave   			>> a reminder of the version you use
+SRC/g95.tar.gz  		>> fix for some problems that may appear with g95
+SRC/mac.tar.gz  		>> scripts and fixes to run the model on MACs
+SRC/save_all  			>> a script to save the sources and create a .tar.gz archive 
+SRC/saved			>> a reminder of the files in the version you use
+
+------------------------------
+       Run a test case
+------------------------------
+
+1. edit the file ./SRC/WRFV2/meso_datafile.h to change the datafile path
+
+2. compile the model with g95 with specific number of grid points
+> ./makemeso < SIMU/TESTCASE/makemeso_x51_y51_z61_d1_t1_p1   (an example with g95)
+
+3. link the executable
+> cd SIMU/TESTCASE
+> ln -sf ../../g95_??_single/wrf_x51_y51_z61_d1_t1_p1.exe wrf.exe
+
+4. extract the pre-generated initial and boundary conditions
+> tar xzvf wrfinput.tar.gz
+
+5. run the simulation
+> nohup wrf.exe > log_wrf &
+
+6. check the model behavior during the run
+> vi log_wrf           (check model's messages during the run)
+> ./elapsed            (a script to evaluate elapsed simulation time)
+
+The model results are in the 'wrfout_d01_2024-07-01_06:00:00' NETCDF file
+
+NB: 
+- simulation settings can be changed in namelist.input
+- physics settings can be changed in callphys.def
+
+------------------------------
+  Installation of utilities
+------------------------------
+
+4. download and build static data (topography, albedo, thermal inertia)
+**** REQUIREMENTS:
+**** - you must be connected to the internet
+> ./build_static
+
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/Makefile
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/Makefile	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/Makefile	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+PROJ = user_manual
+
+dvi: $(PROJ).tex *.tex
+	latex -interaction nonstopmode $(PROJ).tex
+
+all_format: dvi pdf ps
+
+clean:
+	-rm -f $(PROJ).log $(PROJ).aux $(PROJ).dvi $(PROJ).mtc* $(PROJ).bbl $(PROJ).blg
+
+run: $(PROJ).dvi
+	xdvi $(PROJ).dvi &
+
+#pdf: $(PROJ).dvi
+#	dvipdf $(PROJ).dvi
+
+check: $(PROJ).tex *.tex
+	make clean
+	pdflatex $(PROJ).tex
+	pdflatex $(PROJ).tex
+
+pdf: $(PROJ).tex *.tex
+	make clean
+	pdflatex $(PROJ).tex
+	bibtex $(PROJ)
+	pdflatex $(PROJ).tex
+	pdflatex $(PROJ).tex
+	#xpdf $(PROJ).pdf
+
+ps: $(PROJ).dvi
+	dvips -t letter $(PROJ).dvi
+
+#all: $(PROJ).tex
+#	cp /u/forget/TXT/BIBLIO/newfred.bib newfred.bib_backup
+#	pdflatex $(PROJ)
+#	bibtex $(PROJ)
+#	pdflatex $(PROJ)
+#	pdflatex $(PROJ)
+#	cp $(PROJ).pdf /u/aslmd/WWW/antichambre
+#	#acroread $(PROJ).pdf
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/annales.sty
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/annales.sty	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/annales.sty	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,4448 @@
+%%%
+% Ami lecteur, bonjour !
+%
+% Ce fichier regroupe les commandes utilisées par les Éditions H&K pour
+% l'élaboration des Annales des Concours. Si vous êtes auteur dans cette
+% collection, vous trouverez de nombreuses explications dans la documentation
+% que vous avez téléchargée par ftp, ou sur www.h-k.fr/annales.
+%
+% Les auteurs des Annales des Concours sont explicitement autorisés à
+% réutiliser tout ou partie de ce fichier pour leurs travaux personnels 
+% à but non commercial (mémoire, rapport, thèse, etc.).
+% 
+% Si vous n'avez pas participé aux Annales des Concours, veuillez contacter
+% directement les Éditions H&K (contact@h-k.fr) si vous souhaitez utiliser
+% ce fichier.
+%
+% Les macros proposées ci-dessous ont nécessité des centaines d'heures de
+% travail. Elles ne sont pas dans le domaine public, hormis l'environnement
+% \breakbox.
+%
+%                                                         Seb.
+%
+%
+% Le mainteneur du fichier peut toujours être joint à l'adresse
+% annales.sty@H-K.fr
+%
+% 2001.11.03:	* Migration de certains \mathop vers \DeclareMathOperator.
+%               * Ajout des symboles chimiques à deux lettres (\Al, etc.).
+%               * Ajout de [t] et d'une option dans {rcl}.
+% 2001.11.27:	* Correction d'un bug dans \leftcentersright.
+% 2001.12.06:	* Ajout de \Me, \liq, \sol, \gaz et \Equilibre.
+% 2001.12.07: 	* Ajout de l'option [t] dans \leqsystsimple.
+%               * Ajout de \Image.
+% 2001.12.08:	* Changement de police pour \apriori et ses amis.
+% 2001.12.11:	* Ajout de \abs pour les valeurs absolues.
+% 2002.02.21:	* Ajout de \Dpc et \DPC (Teteph)
+% 2002.04.19:	* Ajout de \note
+% 2002.04.20:	* Passage de fancyheadings à fancyhdr (suggestion de JJ).
+% 2002.04.21:	* Création \(leftcenters|centers|ref)numero (JJ).
+% 2002.04.22:	* Ajout de \accolades et \paa (David Chapot, JJ).
+% 2002.05.12:	* Retrait d'un espace dans \cf.
+%               * Retrait des \left et \right dans \intn (Walter).
+% 2002.05.16:	* Correction de \RX et \CX (Jean).
+% 2002.05.17:	* Ajout du package {tabularx} (JJ).
+% 2002.05.24:	* Retrait de {tabularx}.
+% 2002.05.31:	* Correction de \ANcenters et \ANencadre (JJ).
+% 2002.06.14:	* Modification de \enonce pour faire des hachures.
+% 2002.06.19:	* Modification de \celsius (BBR).
+%               * Création de la commande \angstrom (BBR, Teteph).
+% 2002.06.24:	* Modification de \Star (Alex).
+% 2002.06.25:	* Création de \conc et \Kzero (Alex).
+% 2002.06.26:	* Création de \serie (Walter).
+% 2002.06.27:	* Création de \butyl et \Bu (Alex).
+% 2002.06.28:	* Modification de \ANcenters et \ANencadre (Alex).
+% 2002.06.30:	* Modification de \degres (BBR).
+% 2002.07.04:	* Modification de \celsius (Nico).
+% 2002.07.08:	* Modification de \etc (JJ).
+% 2002.07.08:	* Modification de \cf: droit, point (Émilia).
+% 2002.07.12:	* Ajout de \intnn (Mathieu).
+% 2002.07.16:	* Abandon de fancyhdr pour fancyheadings à cause des titres
+%                 courants dans les annexes (JJ).
+% 2002.08.14:	* Découpage du fichier en trois morceaux indépendants:
+%                 déclarations, mise en page et commandes scientifiques.
+%               * Réécriture de la plupart des commentaires contextuels.
+% 2003.02.12:	* Cas des arguments vides dans \intff et al (Walter).
+% 2003.03.05:	* Modification de la commande \partie (Paul).
+% 2003.03.10:	* Remplacement des \mathbb par des \mathBB (Paul).
+% 2003.03.18:   * Ajout de la commande \reperes (VF).
+% 2003.05.05:	* Passage à des titres courants centrés (Paul).
+% 2003.05.11:	* Ajout de \mathaccent"17E (JJ).
+% 2003.05.21:	* Ajout de \ir, \jr, \ex et \exi (Paul et VF).
+% 2003.05.26:	* Ajout de \OIInt (TTF, ST) et de \sulfate (Manu).
+% 2003.05.27:	* Ajout de \vectux, \vectuy, \vectuz, \vectex, \vectey,
+%                 \vectez, \vux, \vuy, \vuz, \vex, \vey et \vez.
+% 2003.06.01:	* Ajout de \suite et \liste (Paul).
+% 2003.06.06:	* Ajout de dsfont.sty pour \mathds{1}.
+% 2003.06.28:	* Création de \petito et \grando (JJ, Walter, Paul).
+% 2003.06.29:	* Ajout de \pmgras (Mike).
+% 2003.06.30:	* Création de \Sumt (Walter).
+% 2003.10.16:	* Ajout de \NoAutoSpaceBeforeFDP dans \codesource (Walter).
+% 2003.10.23:	* Ajout de \NoAutoSpaceBeforeFDP dans \web.
+% 2003.12.07:	* Ajout de \encadreminipage (Aurélien).
+% 2003.12.08:	* Ajout de \graphicspath
+% 2004.02.19:	* Ajout de \Produit (Paul, Céline).
+% 2004.02.21:	* Ajout de \scalar (Céline).
+% 2004.02.27:	* Amélioration de \intff et ses amis (Céline).
+% 2004.03.06:	* Redéfinition de \bs (Seb, Céline).
+% 2004.03.08:	* Amélioration de \leftcentersright et ses dérivés: l'argument
+%                 du milieu est maintenant centré dans la page, pas dans
+%                 l'environnement (Céline, Paul).
+% 2004.03.09:	* Bug-fix dans \Sum (portée de \ensuremath) (Céline).
+% 2004.03.15:   * Ajout de \ofg pour les guillemets français (Manu).
+% 2004.03.16:   * Passage de fancyheadings à fancyhdr.
+% 2004.03.18:   * Ajout des environnements {egalites}, {inegalites:leq}, 
+%                 {inegalites:geq}, {calculs}, {calculs:rcl}, 
+%                 {calculs:rcl:extracol} et {calculs:latotale}
+%                 (Céline, Paul, Seb, JB)
+% 2004.03.20:   * Modification de la commande \note; par défaut, elle
+%                 rajoute un numéro à l'endroit où on l'appelle et avec
+%                 l'option 0 ou simple elle reprend son ancien
+%                 comportement (JJ)
+%               * Amélioration de \Sum, \SUM et \Int (JJ)
+%               * Modification des commandes \partie, \Partie et
+%                 \Indications pour pouvoir obtenir les petites
+%                 capitales même avec aeguill (JJ)
+% 2004.03.22:   * Changement de l'option d'alignement par défaut dans
+%                 les environnements {systsimple} et dérivés
+%               * \finalementcenters donne désormais « Finalement, » au 
+%                 lieu de « Finalement: » .
+%               * Modification des tailles du papier et des marges (Seb).
+% 2004.03.25:	* Modification de la légende des sommaires croisés.
+% 2004.03.29:	* Ajout de \Rdeux, \Rtrois, \Cdeux et \Ctrois.
+% 2004.04.01:	* Ajout de \centersminipage (Seb).
+% 2004.04.03:   * Transfert des commandes pour les sommaires croisés
+%                 vers les fichiers concernés.
+% 2004.04.04:	* Retrait de {aeguill}.
+% 2004.04.08:   * Bug-fix dans un commentaire (Seb).
+% 2004.04.09:   * Suppression du commentaire sur l'installation TeX
+%                 d'Ulm (FX).
+% 2004.04.18:	* Ajout de \notemark et \notetext pour pouvoir utiliser
+%                 \note dans n'importe quel environnement.
+%               * Ajout de \arraybox pour remplacer \EncadreDansTableau.
+% 2004.04.20:   * Ajout de \typeout dans \EncadreDansTableau (Teteph).
+% 2004.04.23:	* Abandon de la police Times dans \partie.
+%               * Ajout de l'option dans \donccenters et ses amis.
+% 2004.04.30:	* Ajout de \DecimalMathComma (Paul).
+% 2004.05.04:	* Passage à \StandardMathComma par défaut (Teteph).
+% 2004.05.05:	* Correction d'un bug dans \leftcentersright.
+% 2004.05.08:	* Ajout de \aq (FX).
+% 2004.05.14:	* Ajout de \null dans les \qetq.
+%               * Modification de \leftcentersright: l'argument est
+%                 toujours centré dans la page, sauf dans les
+%                 {remarque} (Manu).
+%               * Ajout de \textegras, \textgras, \gras, \nongras,
+%                 modification de \mathBB, \mathscr, 
+%                 \partie et \Partie (Walter).
+% 2004.05.15:   * Ajout de \thallium et \Tl (Alex).
+%               * Ajout de \Pzero et \czero (FX).
+%               * Ajout de \base.
+% 2004.05.16:   * Ajout de \Rb et \rubidium (Tiphaine).
+% 2004.05.17:	* \mathscr renommé en \mathscrchoice (Seb).
+% 2004.05.18:	* Ajout de \Iint et \IInt. Modification des longueurs
+%                 dans \oiint et \OIInt (Marc, Paul).
+% 2004.05.19:	* Ajout de \deltar et \deltaf (Alex).
+% 2004.05.20:	* Ajout de \Avogadro et \avogadro (JJ).
+% 2004.05.21:	* Retrait de \Avogadro et \avogadro pour ne pas
+%                 privilégier de notation.
+% 2004.05.22:	* Ajout de \exmi (Aurélien).
+%               * Ajout de \Ce et \cerium (Alex).
+% 2004.05.26:	* Redéfinition de \venonce (Alex).
+% 2004.05.27:	* Ajout de \uvect (Aurélien).
+%               * Ajout de \encadrenumero et \leftencadrenumero (Aurélien).
+% 2004.05.28:	* Ajout de \vectu (Aurélien).
+% 2004.05.31:	* Ajout de \Zr et \zirconium (Nicolas).
+% 2004.06.09:	* Amélioration de \simple, \double, \triple (FX).
+% 2004.06.11:   * Amélioration de \pm et \pmgras (Vincent).
+% 2004.06.14:   * Retrait de \typeout dans \EncadreDansTableau.
+% 2004.06.17:   * Ajout de \indenter (Teteph).
+%               * Modification de \centers pour proteger l'argument central
+%                 (Teteph).
+% 2004.07.01:   * Ajout d'une option à \titre (Teteph).
+% 2004.07.02:   * Modification de \petito et \grando (David, Seb).
+% 2004.07.03:   * Ajout de \ajusterletitrecourant.
+% 2004.07.05:   * Remplacement de \LeTitre par \LeTitreCourant dans les
+%                 commandes \titresommaire, \JusteNumeroPage, \mkTitreCourant.
+% 2004.11.02:   * Amélioration de \pm et \pmgras (Emmanuel).
+%               * Changement du \renewcommand en \def dans la définition de
+%                 \degres car la commande \degres n'existe plus sur clipper
+%                 à l'ENS.
+% 2004.12.09:   * Ajout de \xspace dans les définitions des raccourcis
+%                 \droite, \plan, \cercle, etc (Seb).
+%               * Ajout d'une bascule (\CentersOnPage (défaut) et 
+%                 \CentersOnItems) pour que \centers centre soit par rapport à
+%                 la page soit par rapport à l'{itemize}. Cette bascule est
+%                 remise à sa valeur par défaut dans la commande \titre (Seb). 
+% 2004.12.17:   * Ajout de \arcdecercle (JJ).
+% 2005.01.02:   * Ajout de \email (Seb).
+% 2005.05.06:   * Ajout de \partieentieresup (Sam).
+% 2005.05.07:   * Ajout de \oeuf et \oeufs (Seb).
+% 2005.05.24:   * Ajout de \maitre (Seb).
+%               * Amélioration de \madame, \mademoiselle, \docteur, \maitre.
+% 2005.05.30:   * Ajout de \Iiint et \IIInt (Teteph).
+% 2005.06.05:   * Ajout de \matricedd.
+% 2005.06.07:   * Ajout des \xspace dans \R, \C et commandes similaires.
+% 2005.06.28:   * Amélioration de \pa (Vincent).
+% 2005.06.29:   * Amélioration de \pac et \paa (Teteph).
+% 2005.07.08:   * Ajout de \Sm, \samarium, \Eu, \europium (Alex).
+% 2005.07.12:   * Ajout de \tdemi, \ttiers, \tquart (Alex).
+%               * Mise à jour de la légende des sommaires croisés.
+% 2005.07.15:   * Modification des commandes à base de \mathBB: l'ajout de
+%                 \xspace faisait buguer la version étoilée (David).
+%				* Ajout du package longtable et modification du sommaire
+%                 (JJ).
+% 2006.03.28:   * Modification des marges due au changement de format (pas de 
+%                 changement de la taille du texte) (JJ).
+% 2006.05.12:   * Ajout de \dessinpgf pour les courbes créées avec les 
+%                 extensions LaTeX PGF et TikZ (Teteph).
+% 2006.05.14:   * Ajout de \indicatrice.
+%               * Changement de la définition de \ronde et \angstrom (Seb, 
+%                 JJ).
+% 2006.05.16:   * Ajout de \soeur, \soeurs, \Soeur, \Soeurs (Sattisvar).
+% 2006.05.23:   * Ajout de \vcol (Aurélien, Frédéric).
+%               * Amélioration de \moyenne (Teteph).
+% 2006.05.25:   * Ajout de \souspartie (Teteph, Seb).
+% 2006.05.31:   * Ajout de \transp (Aurélien, Seb).
+% 2006.06.02:   * Ajout de \fem et \AO (Aurélien, Seb).
+%               * Modification de \transp (qui devient synonyme de \trans).
+% 2006.06.06:   * Modification de \f@thousandsep, utilisée dans \nombre.
+%               * Ajout de \nb, raccourci pour \nombre.
+% 2006.06.12:   * Modification des tailles des marges (Alex).
+% 2006.06.14:   * Bug-fix de l'alignement de {QCM} (Aurélien).
+% 2006.06.18:   * Ajout du test sur les . et - dans \souspartie.
+% 2006.06.27:   * Ajout d'un argument optionnel à \norme (Teteph).
+% 2006.07.07:   * Modification de \partie et \Partie.
+% 2006.07.08:   * Annulation de la modification de \partie et \Partie 
+%                 (Teteph).
+% 2006.07.08:   * Amélioration de \dessinpgf (Teteph).
+% 2006.07.09:   * Ajout de \kdonne (Alex).
+% 2006.07.11:   * Modification des commandes pour les sommaires: ajout de 
+%                 \tdmtabular, \tdmoutils, \tdmtitresommaire et \tdmConcours.
+% 2006.07.11:   * Modification de la légende des sommaires croisés.
+%%%
+
+%\documentclass[twoside]{article}
+%\documentclass[twoside]{report}
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Les packages   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+%% Les packages à charger en standard.
+
+
+
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage[english,french]{babel}
+
+%\usepackage{times}
+
+%\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}	% Typo francaise.
+%\FrenchItemizeSpacingfalse	% Pour avoir des \bullet dans les {itemize}
+            				% et ne pas dérégler les espaces verticaux.
+\usepackage[OT1]{fontenc}	% Accents codés dans la fonte.
+%\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}	% Accents codés dans la fonte.
+%\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}	% Accents 8 bits dans le fichier.
+\usepackage{vmargin}		% Régler la taille de la feuille.
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}		% Régler le titre courant et le bas de page.
+%\usepackage{fancyheadings}
+\usepackage{calc}	    	% Faire des calculs sur les longueurs.
+\usepackage{ifthen}		    % Faire des tests if/then/else.
+\usepackage{pifont}		    % La police \ding.
+\usepackage{supertabular}	% Les grands tableaux.
+\usepackage{longtable}
+\usepackage{multicol}		% Plusieurs colonnes.
+\usepackage{wrapfig}		% Dessins dans le texte.
+\usepackage{fancybox}		% Boîtes avec une ombre pour les parties.
+\usepackage{rotating}		% Pour tourner un texte.
+\usepackage{xspace}		    % Ajuster l'espace après des mots.
+
+
+
+%% Les packages pour les maths.
+
+\usepackage{amsmath}	% Les symboles les plus fréquents.
+\usepackage{amssymb}	% Des symboles.
+\usepackage{amsfonts}	% Des fontes, eg pour \mathbb.
+\usepackage{verbatim}	% Pour les codes sources en informatique.
+\usepackage{mathrsfs}	% Des lettres majuscules cursives (\mathscr).
+%\usepackage{dsfont}
+
+%% Les packages pour les dessins.
+
+\usepackage{array}
+\usepackage{curves}
+\usepackage{epic}
+\usepackage{eepic}
+\usepackage{epsfig}
+\usepackage{graphics}
+\graphicspath{{PS/}}
+
+
+
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                          !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Présentation globale   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                          !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+%% Une taille standard pour le texte.
+
+%        % Pour centrer le texte sur la page (utilisation courante).
+%\setpapersize{custom}{21.5cm}{26.5cm}
+%\setmarginsrb{43mm}{10mm}{43mm}{15mm}{10mm}{6mm}{0mm}{10mm}
+
+		% Pour envoyer à l'imprimeur.
+		% Nouveau format 17x25, sans changement de la taille du texte
+		% Rajout des 5mm à l'extérieur (13.5 -> 18.5mm),
+		% en haut (1 -> 3.5mm) et en bas (4 -> 6.5mm).
+		% Attention, lors de l'export en postscript, il faut alors passer
+		% l'option -T17cm,25cm à dvips.
+		% En TeTeX 3, il faut également l'option -tunknown pour dvips.
+%\setpapersize{custom}{17cm}{25cm}
+%\setmarginsrb{22.5mm}{3.5mm}{18.5mm}{6.5mm}{10mm}{6mm}{0mm}{10mm}
+
+        % Pour pouvoir utiliser un zoom=3 dans xdvi.
+        % Couplé à l'option -rv de xdvi, cela permet d'éviter les migraines
+        % après $n$ heures devant l'écran.
+%\setpapersize{custom}{12.9cm}{24.5cm}
+%\setmarginsrb{0mm}{1mm}{0mm}{4mm}{10mm}{6mm}{0mm}{10mm}
+
+%%		% Obsolète.
+%%      % Pour envoyer à l'imprimeur.
+%%      % Attention, lors de l'export en postscript, il faut alors passer
+%%      % l'option -T16.5cm,24.5cm à dvips.
+%%\setpapersizeobsolete{custom}{16.5cm}{24.5cm}
+%%\setmarginsrbobsolete{22.5mm}{1mm}{13.5mm}{4mm}{10mm}{6mm}{0mm}{10mm}
+		
+
+\newcommand{\latex}{\LaTeX}
+
+%% Pour que la virgule devienne un séparateur décimal.
+\providecommand\DecimalMathComma{\iflanguage{frenchb}%
+                                 {\mathcode`\,="013B}{}%
+   \addto\extrasfrenchb{\mathcode`\,="013B}}
+
+\providecommand\StandardMathComma{\mathcode`\,="613B%
+   \addto\extrasfrenchb{\mathcode`\,="613B}}
+
+\StandardMathComma
+
+%% Un hack pour que l'espace avant les doubles ponctuations soit un demi-espace.
+
+\makeatletter
+\declare@shorthand{frenchb}{:}{%
+    \ifhmode
+      \ifdim\lastskip>\z@
+        \unskip\penalty\@M\thinspace
+      \else
+        \FDP@thinspace
+      \fi
+    \fi
+    \string:}
+\makeatother
+
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                          !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Présentation globale   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                          !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+%% Les notes dans la marge.
+
+\newcounter{ifnote}
+\setcounter{ifnote}{1}		% Accepter les notes dans la marge
+%\setcounter{ifnote}{0}		% Refuser  les notes dans la marge
+
+%% Les traits horizontaux pour l'alignement horizontal des énoncés.
+
+\newcounter{IfAlignementEnonces}
+%\setcounter{IfAlignementEnonces}{1}	% Mettre les hachures
+\setcounter{IfAlignementEnonces}{0}	% Ne pas mettre les hachures
+
+%% Les équations numérotées.
+
+\newcounter{Corrige}
+%\newcounter{Chapter}
+\newcounter{Equation}[Corrige]
+%\newcounter{Equation}[Chapter]
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%
+%% AYM %%
+%%%%%%%%%
+
+%%%%% debut macro %%%%
+\makeatletter
+\@addtoreset{Equation}{chapter}
+\renewcommand\theEquation{\thechapter.\arabic{Equation}}
+\makeatother
+%%%%%% fin macro %%%%
+
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                               !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Mise en page d'un corrigé   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                               !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+%% Le titre courant.
+
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+%\lhead[\thepage]{\footnotesize\LeTitre}
+%\chead[]{}
+%\rhead[\footnotesize\LeTitre]{\thepage}
+\lhead[\thepage]{}
+\chead[\footnotesize\LeTitreCourant]{\footnotesize\LeTitreCourant}
+\rhead[]{\thepage}
+\lfoot[]{}
+\cfoot[]{}
+\rfoot[]{}
+
+%% Le titre du corrigé.
+
+% La variable dans laquelle est stockée le titre
+\newcommand{\LeTitre}{} % Redéfini dans \titre
+\newcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{CHANGER LE TITRE !!!}
+
+% Afficher le titre.
+\newcommand{\Titre}{
+	\begin{center}
+	{\bfseries\Large \LeTitre}
+	\end{center}
+	\vskip 1 cm
+	}
+
+% Synthèse : on n'appelle qu'une seule commande.
+%\newcommand{\titre}[1]{
+%	\renewcommand{\LeTitre}{#1}
+%	\Titre
+%	\stepcounter{Corrige}	% pour \centersnumero
+%        \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\ensuremath{\bullet}}
+%	}
+
+\newcommand{\titre}[2][]{%
+    \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{%
+        \renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{#2}%
+    }{%
+        \renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{#1}%
+    }%
+    \renewcommand{\LeTitre}{#2}%
+    \Titre%
+	\CentersOnPage
+    \stepcounter{Corrige}%   % pour \centersnumero
+        \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\ensuremath{\bullet}}%
+    }
+
+\newcommand{\ajusterletitrecourant}[1]{%
+	\renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{#1}%
+}
+
+%% Quelques commandes de mise en forme.
+
+% Des parties qui se voient bien.
+% Exemple: 
+%	\partie{
+%		Première partie\\[4mm]
+%		Les pincettes optiques
+%	}
+\newcommand{\partie}[1]{%
+	\vspace*{\smallskipamount}%
+	\begin{center}\large\textegras{\scshape #1}\end{center}%
+}
+%\newcommand{\partie}[1]{%
+%	\null\vspace*{\smallskipamount}%
+%	\nopagebreak[4]%
+%	\begin{center}\large\textegras{\scshape #1}\end{center}%
+%}
+
+% Lorsque le titre comporte un numéro (II. \quad Mon titre), on ne peut pas
+% facilement combiner « \partie » et « \\ » à cause de l'alignement vertical.
+% En pareil cas, on peut utiliser \Partie, qui prend deux arguments:
+%	* le numéro de la partie
+%	* le texte
+% Exemple:
+%	\Partie{I}{Mon titre}
+% Bonus: si le titre est long, il sera automatiquement coupé pour passer à
+% la ligne. On peut bien sûr toujours forcer le passage à la ligne à un
+% endroit précis en utilisant « \\ ».
+% Enfin, on peut passer un argument optionnel spécifiant la largeur souhaitée
+% pour le texte: \Partie[6cm]{I}{Mon titre}. Veillez à ne pas utiliser des
+% longueurs trop grandes.
+\newlength{\PartieWidth}
+\newcommand{\Partie}[3][8cm]{%
+    \settowidth{\PartieWidth}{{\large\textegras{\scshape #3}}}%
+    \ifthenelse{\lengthtest{\PartieWidth > #1}}{%
+        \setlength{\PartieWidth}{#1}%
+    }{}%
+    \vspace*{\smallskipamount}%
+    \begin{center}%
+    {\large\textgras{#2.}}{\normalsize\quad}%
+    \begin{minipage}[t]{\PartieWidth}%
+    {\large\textgras{\scshape #3}}%
+    \end{minipage}%
+    \end{center}%
+}
+%\newcommand{\Partie}[3][8cm]{%
+%    \settowidth{\PartieWidth}{{\large\textegras{\scshape #3}}}%
+%    \ifthenelse{\lengthtest{\PartieWidth > #1}}{%
+%        \setlength{\PartieWidth}{#1}%
+%    }{}%
+%    \null\vspace*{\smallskipamount}%
+%	\nopagebreak[4]%
+%    \begin{center}%
+%    {\large\textgras{#2.}}{\normalsize\quad}%
+%    \begin{minipage}[t]{\PartieWidth}%
+%    {\large\textgras{\scshape #3}}%
+%    \end{minipage}%
+%    \end{center}%
+%}
+
+% Des sous-parties standardisées.
+% Si le premier argument contient un point ou un tiret, il est écrit tel quel,
+% sinon il est suivi d'un point.
+% Exemples:
+% \souspartie{1}{Étude d'une fonction}
+%   1. Étude d'une fonction
+% \souspartie{1.2}{Étude d'une fonction}
+%   1.2 Étude d'une fonction
+% \souspartie{1-2}{Étude d'une fonction}
+%   1-2 Étude d'une fonction
+
+\newif\iftiret
+\newif\ifpoint
+
+\def\testtiret{%
+    \futurelet\next\testtiretsuivant%
+}
+\def\testtiretbis#1{%
+    \testtiret%
+}
+\def\testtiretsuivant{%
+    \ifx\next\endoftesttiret\def\endoftesttiret{}%
+    \else\if\next-\tirettrue%
+         \fi%
+         \expandafter\testtiretbis%
+    \fi%
+}
+
+\def\testpoint{%
+    \futurelet\next\testpointsuivant%
+}
+\def\testpointbis#1{%
+    \testpoint%
+}
+\def\testpointsuivant{%
+    \ifx\next\endoftestpoint\def\endoftestpoint{}%
+    \else\if\next.\pointtrue%
+         \fi%
+         \expandafter\testpointbis%
+    \fi%
+}
+
+
+\def\souspartie#1#2{%
+    \vskip\bigskipamount%
+    \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{%
+        \centers{\textbf{{#1}\quad {#2}}}%
+    }{%
+        \tiretfalse\pointfalse%
+        \testtiret#1\endoftesttiret%
+        \testpoint#1\endoftestpoint%
+        \iftiret \centers{\textbf{{#1}\quad {#2}}}%
+        \else \ifpoint \centers{\textbf{{#1}\quad {#2}}}%
+              \else \centers{\textbf{{#1}.\quad {#2}}}%
+              \fi%
+        \fi%
+        \tiretfalse%
+        \pointfalse%
+    }%
+    \vskip\bigskipamount%
+}
+
+%\newcommand{\souspartie}[2]{%
+%        \vskip\bigskipamount%
+%        \centers{\textbf{{#1}.\quad {#2}}}
+%%        \centers{\textbf{{#1}\quad {#2}}}
+%        \vskip\medskipamount%
+%}
+
+% Pour le cas particulier des indications, il est souhaitable de limiter
+% l'espace avant et après \partie. La commande \Indications est là pour ça.
+\newcommand{\Indications}{% 
+	\vspace{-2mm}% 
+	\centers[0]{{\large\textbf{\scshape Indications}}}% 
+	\medskip 
+}      
+
+% Numéroter les questions.
+\newcommand{\question}[1]{\noindent\fbox{\bfseries#1}}
+
+% Les QCM de l'ENAC.
+%
+% À l'ENAC, le candidat doit répondre à un QCM; pour chaque question, il doit
+% noircir, sur sa feuille de réponse, les rectangles qui correspondent aux
+% affirmations exactes. Les commandes ci-dessous permettent de simuler la
+% feuille de réponse au sein du corrigé.
+%
+% Exemple (les réponses 1 et 4 sont exactes):
+%	\begin{QCM}
+%	\vrai{1}
+%	\vrai{4}
+%	\end{QCM}
+
+\newenvironment{QCM}
+        {
+        \begin{center}
+        \setlength{\unitlength}{1pt}
+%        \begin{picture}(190,15)(0,-15)
+        \begin{picture}(180,15)(0,-15)
+        \allinethickness{0.5pt}
+        \multiput(0,0)(40,0){5}{\line(1,0){20}}
+        \multiput(0,-5)(40,0){5}{\line(1,0){20}}
+        \multiput(0,0)(20,0){10}{\line(0,-1){5}}
+        \put(10,-15){\makebox[0pt]{A}}
+        \put(50,-15){\makebox[0pt]{B}}
+        \put(90,-15){\makebox[0pt]{C}}
+        \put(130,-15){\makebox[0pt]{D}}
+        \put(170,-15){\makebox[0pt]{E}}
+        }
+        {
+        \end{picture} 
+        \end{center}
+        }
+\newcounter{lareponse}
+\newcommand{\vrai}[1]{
+        \setcounter{lareponse}{#1}
+        \addtocounter{lareponse}{-1}  
+        \setcounter{lareponse}{\value{lareponse}*40}
+        \put(\thelareponse,0){\rule[-5pt]{20pt}{5pt}}
+        }
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!                                              !!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!   Les pages de présentation et les annexes   !!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!                                              !!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Insérer une page d'énoncé scannée.
+\newcommand{\enonce}[2][0]{%
+        \noindent%
+        \epsfig{file=#2,angle=#1,width=\linewidth,clip=}%
+        \ifthenelse{\value{IfAlignementEnonces} = 1}{%   
+                \begin{picture}(0,0)%
+                \multiput(-400,600)(0,-9){70}{\line(1,0){500}}%
+                \end{picture}%
+        }%
+        {}%
+}
+%\newcommand{\venonce}[2][20.3]{\noindent\centers{\epsfig{file=#2,%
+%	height=#1cm,clip=}}}
+
+% Lorsque les pages d'énoncé ont un rapport hauteur/largeur supérieur à
+% celui d'une page d'Annales, l'utilisation de \enonce entraîne un
+% overfull vbox. Pour éviter cela on utilise \venonce qui fixe la hauteur
+% de la figure incluse et non la largeur. C'est moche mais on n'a pas le
+% choix.
+
+\newcommand{\venonce}[2][21.25]{%
+    \ifthenelse{\value{IfAlignementEnonces} = 1}{%
+        \noindent\centers{\epsfig{file=#2, height=20.8  cm, clip=}}%
+        \begin{picture}(0,0)%
+        \multiput(-50,600)(0,-9){70}{\line(1,0){500}}%
+        \end{picture}%
+    }{%
+        \noindent\centers{\epsfig{file=#2, height=#1cm, clip=}}%
+    }%
+}
+
+
+%% Pour le sommaire.
+\newlength{\Sujet}
+\newlength{\Resume}
+\newlength{\Enonces}
+\newlength{\Corriges}
+\setlength{\Enonces}{7mm} 
+\setlength{\Corriges}{7mm}
+
+\newcommand{\tdmtitresommaire}[1]{
+%	\renewcommand{\LeTitre}{#1}
+	\renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{#1}
+	\stepcounter{Corrige}	% pour \centersnumero
+        \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\ensuremath{\bullet}}
+	\begin{tdmtabular}
+		\mbox{}&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\Large 
+			Sommaire}\hfill\mbox{}&\mbox{}&\mbox{}\\ \\
+	\end{tdmtabular}
+	}
+
+\newenvironment{tdmtabular}{%
+    \begin{tabular}{
+            p{\Sujet}     % Le sujet
+            p{\Resume}       % Les infos
+            p{\Enonces}      % Les pages des énoncés
+            p{\Corriges}}     % Les pages des corrigés
+    }{%
+    \end{tabular}%
+}
+
+% L'espace entre chaque épreuve d'un concours se règle via la commande
+% \tdmspace. Elle vaut 0pt par défaut (et peut devenir négative).
+\newlength{\tdmspace}
+\setlength{\tdmspace}{0pt}
+
+% L'espace entre le résumé et les outils se règle via la longueur suivante,
+% valant \sk par défaut:
+\newlength{\tdmintraspace}
+\setlength{\tdmintraspace}{3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}
+
+% L'espace avant le titre des concours se règle via
+% \tdmEspaceAvantTitreConcours et vaut 1mm par défaut.
+\newlength{\tdmEspaceAvantTitreConcours}
+\setlength{\tdmEspaceAvantTitreConcours}{1mm}
+
+% De même pour l'espace après les titres des concours, avec 2mm comme valeur
+% par défaut.
+\newlength{\tdmEspaceApresTitreConcours}
+\setlength{\tdmEspaceApresTitreConcours}{2mm}
+
+\newcommand{\tdmoutils}[1]{\par\vskip\tdmintraspace{{\small\slshape#1}}}
+
+\newcommand{\tdmConcours}[1]{%
+    &\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\textsc{#1}}\hfill\mbox{}%
+    &&\\[\tdmEspaceApresTitreConcours]%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\tdmPolytechnique}{\tdmConcours{Polytechnique}}
+\newcommand{\tdmXENS}{\tdmConcours{X\ensuremath{\mathgras{/}}ENS}}
+\newcommand{\tdmPetitesMines}{\tdmConcours{Mines}}
+\newcommand{\tdmMines}{\tdmConcours{Mines-Ponts}}
+\newcommand{\tdmENAC}{\tdmConcours{E.N.A.C.}}
+\newcommand{\tdmCentrale}{\tdmConcours{Centrale-Supélec}}
+\newcommand{\tdmCCP}{
+	&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\textsc{Concours Communs}}\hfill\mbox{}&&
+		\\[0.5mm]
+	&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\textsc{Polytechniques}}\hfill\mbox{}%
+		&&\\[\tdmEspaceApresTitreConcours]
+}
+
+\newcommand{\PagesEnoncesCorriges}{
+        && \mbox{}\hfill \begin{sideways}Énoncé\end{sideways}
+        &  \mbox{}\hfill \begin{sideways}Corrigé\end{sideways}
+	\\
+	}
+
+%\newcommand{\Annexes}{\Concours{Annexes}}
+\newcommand{\Annexes}{\Concours{Formulaires}}
+
+% Les commandes obsolètes.
+\newcommand{\outils}[1]{\sk\newline{\small\slshape#1}}
+
+\newenvironment{sommaire}
+%	{\begin{supertabular}{
+	{\begin{longtable}{
+			p{\Sujet}     % Le sujet
+			p{\Resume}       % Les infos
+			p{\Enonces}      % Les pages des énoncés
+			p{\Corriges}     % Les pages des corrigés
+	        }
+	}
+%	{\end{supertabular}}
+	{\end{longtable}}
+
+\newcommand{\titresommaire}[1]{
+%	\renewcommand{\LeTitre}{#1}
+	\renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{#1}
+	\stepcounter{Corrige}	% pour \centersnumero
+        \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\ensuremath{\bullet}}
+	\begin{sommaire}
+		\mbox{}&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\Large 
+			Sommaire}\hfill\mbox{}&\mbox{}&\mbox{}\\ \\
+	\end{sommaire}
+	}
+
+%\newlength{\ConcoursSkip}
+%\newcommand{\Concours}[1]
+%	{&\mbox{}\hskip\ConcoursSkip{\bfseries\textsc{#1}}&&\\ \\}
+\newcommand{\Concours}[1]
+	{&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\textsc{#1}}\hfill\mbox{}&&\\ \\}
+
+\newcommand{\Polytechnique}{\Concours{Polytechnique}}
+\newcommand{\XENS}{\Concours{X\ensuremath{\mathgras{/}}ENS}}
+\newcommand{\PetitesMines}{\Concours{Mines}}
+\newcommand{\Mines}{\Concours{Mines-Ponts}}
+\newcommand{\ENAC}{\Concours{E.N.A.C.}}
+\newcommand{\Centrale}{\Concours{Centrale-Supélec}}
+%\newcommand{\CCP}{\Concours{
+%	\mbox{}\hskip-3mm
+%	\begin{minipage}[t]{4cm}
+%	Concours Communs\newline Polytechniques
+%	\end{minipage}
+%	}}
+\newcommand{\CCP}{
+	&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\textsc{Concours Communs}}\hfill\mbox{}&&
+		\\[0.5mm]
+	&\mbox{}\hfill{\bfseries\textsc{Polytechniques}}\hfill\mbox{}&&\\ \\
+}
+
+%% Pour le sommaire croisé.
+\newlength{\TitreCouche}
+
+% Pour 2004
+\newcommand{\LegendeSommaire}{\begin{turn}{270}%
+        \raisebox{2.6cm}{%
+                \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{\,}l@{\quad}l@{}}
+                \raisebox{0pt}{\scriptsize\ding{172}}
+                                &:& 1 fois depuis 1999          \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-1pt}{\ding{173}}
+                                &:& 2 fois depuis 1999          \\[-2mm]
+                \vdots          &&                              \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-4pt}{\LARGE\ding{176}}
+                                &:& 5 fois depuis 1999          \\
+                \raisebox{0pt}{\scriptsize\ding{182}}
+                               &:& 1 fois depuis 1999 dont 2004
+							        \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-1pt}{\ding{183}}
+                                &:& 2 fois depuis 1999 dont 2004          
+                                                                \\[-2mm]
+                \vdots          &&                              \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-5.5pt}{\huge\ding{187}}
+                                &:& 6 fois depuis 1999 dont 2004
+                \end{tabular}%
+        }
+        \end{turn}%
+        }
+
+% Pour 2005
+\newcommand{\LegendeSommaireCinq}{\begin{turn}{270}%
+        \raisebox{2.6cm}{%
+                \begin{tabular}{@{}c@{\,}l@{\quad}l@{}}
+                \raisebox{0pt}{\scriptsize\ding{172}, \scriptsize\ding{173}}
+                                &:& 1 ou 2 fois depuis 1999          \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-1pt}{\ding{174}}
+                                &:& 3 fois depuis 1999          \\[-2mm]
+                \vdots          &&                              \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-4pt}{\LARGE\ding{177}}
+                                &:& 6 fois depuis 1999          \\
+                \raisebox{0pt}{\scriptsize\ding{182}, \scriptsize\ding{183}}
+                               &:& 1 ou 2 fois depuis 1999 dont 2005
+                                    \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-1pt}{\ding{184}}
+                                &:& 3 fois depuis 1999 dont 2005
+                                                                \\[-2mm]
+                \vdots          &&                              \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-5.5pt}{\huge\ding{188}}
+                                &:& 7 fois depuis 1999 dont 2005
+                \end{tabular}%
+        }
+        \end{turn}%
+		}
+
+% Pour 2006
+% On cesse d'utiliser les commandes \scriptsize, ..., \huge, et on utilise une 
+% échelle linéaire.
+% Le plus petit rond mesure 1mm, le plus grand 3mm: on place les autres 
+% à intervalles réguliers entre les deux.
+
+% La valeur de 1/(annee-1999+1) pour déterminer les intervalles.
+\newlength{\tailleminsommairecroise}
+\newlength{\taillemaxsommairecroise}
+\newlength{\intervallesommairecroise}
+\newlength{\hauteursommairecroise}
+\newlength{\grandehauteursommairecroise}
+\newlength{\longueursommairecroise}
+
+\setlength{\tailleminsommairecroise}{1mm}
+\setlength{\taillemaxsommairecroise}{2mm}
+
+\newcommand{\LegendeSommaireCroise}[1]{%
+	\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{2006}}{%
+		\begin{turn}{270}%
+        \raisebox{2.6cm}{%
+        	\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{\,}l@{\quad}l@{}}
+            \raisebox{0pt}{\resizebox{%
+			\tailleminsommairecroise+\intervallesommairecroise}{!}{%
+			\ding{172}}}
+                                &:& 1 fois depuis 1999          \\[-2mm]
+            \raisebox{-1pt}{\resizebox{%
+			\tailleminsommairecroise+2\intervallesommairecroise}{!}{%
+			\ding{173}}}%
+                                &:& 2 fois depuis 1999          \\[-2mm]
+                \vdots          &&                              \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-4pt}{\resizebox{%
+				\tailleminsommairecroise+7\intervallesommairecroise}{!}{%
+				\ding{178}}}%
+                                &:& 7 fois depuis 1999          \\
+                \raisebox{0pt}{\resizebox{%
+				\tailleminsommairecroise+\intervallesommairecroise}{!}{%
+				\ding{182}}}
+                               &:& 1 fois depuis 1999 dont 2006
+                                    \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-1pt}{\resizebox{%
+				\tailleminsommairecroise+2\intervallesommairecroise}{!}{%
+				\ding{183}}}
+                                &:& 2 fois depuis 1999 dont 2006
+                                                                \\[-2mm]
+                \vdots          &&                              \\[-2mm]
+                \raisebox{-5.5pt}{\resizebox{%
+				\tailleminsommairecroise+8\intervallesommairecroise}{!}{%
+				\ding{189}}}
+                                &:& 8 fois depuis 1999 dont 2006
+                \end{tabular}%
+        }
+        \end{turn}%
+	}{%
+	% else: l'an prochain
+	}
+}
+
+\newcommand{\presentation}[1]{ 
+        \mbox{}
+        \thispagestyle{empty}
+        \vfill
+        \centers{{\bfseries\Huge #1}}
+        \mbox{}
+        \vskip2cm
+        \mbox{}
+        \vfill
+        \mbox{}
+        \newpage
+}
+\newcommand{\formulaires}{\presentation{Formulaires}}
+
+\newcommand{\presentationCCP}[1]{
+        \mbox{}
+        \thispagestyle{empty}
+        \vfill
+        \centers{{\bfseries\Huge Concours Communs}}
+        \centers{{\bfseries\Huge Polytechniques}}
+        \mbox{}
+        \vskip2cm
+        \mbox{}
+        \vfill
+        \mbox{}
+        \newpage
+}
+
+% L'ISBN.
+\newcommand{\ISBN}{XXXXXXXXXXXX}
+
+% Aligner dans les annexes de maths.
+\newlength{\alignelength}
+\newcommand{\aligne}[3]{%
+        \settowidth{\alignelength}{#2}%
+        #2%
+        \hskip-\alignelength%  
+        \hskip #1 cm%
+        #3%
+        }
+
+% N'indiquer que le numéro de page dans le titre courant (annexes).
+\newcommand{\JusteNumeroPage}{
+%	\renewcommand{\LeTitre}{}
+	\renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{}
+	\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+%	\setlength{\headrulewidth}{0pt}
+	}
+
+% Utiliser à nouveau un titre courant complet (annexes).
+\newcommand{\mkTitreCourant}[1]{
+%	\renewcommand{\LeTitre}{#1}
+	\renewcommand{\LeTitreCourant}{#1}
+	\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
+%	\setlength{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
+	}
+
+% « Insérer une page blanche. » Plus utile depuis 1999...
+\newcommand{\pageblanche}[1][\thepage]{\thispagestyle{empty}  
+        \mbox{} \vskip 2 cm%
+        \Centers{{\bfseries\huge Ne pas imprimer}}\par%
+        \Centers{{\bfseries\huge Insérer une page blanche}}%
+        \vskip 3 cm%
+        \Centers{{\bfseries\huge Page #1}}%
+        \clearpage
+        }
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                             !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Des commandes pratiques   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                             !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+%% On ne veut pas que les lettres majuscules soient inclinées dans les
+%% formules mathématiques.
+
+\mathcode`A="7041 \mathcode`B="7042 \mathcode`C="7043 \mathcode`D="7044
+\mathcode`E="7045 \mathcode`F="7046 \mathcode`G="7047 \mathcode`H="7048
+\mathcode`I="7049 \mathcode`J="704A \mathcode`K="704B \mathcode`L="704C
+\mathcode`M="704D \mathcode`N="704E \mathcode`O="704F \mathcode`P="7050
+\mathcode`Q="7051 \mathcode`R="7052 \mathcode`S="7053 \mathcode`T="7054
+\mathcode`U="7055 \mathcode`V="7056 \mathcode`W="7057 \mathcode`X="7058
+\mathcode`Y="7059 \mathcode`Z="705A
+
+
+%% Rendre les guillemets ('«' et '»') actifs.
+%%
+%% Attention, cela implique de ne pas mettre d'espace après '«'
+%% ni avant '»' dans le code source.
+%%
+%% Exemple de composition correcte: «comme ceci».
+
+%\catcode`\«=\active
+%\catcode`\»=\active
+%\def«{\og\ignorespaces}
+%\def»{{\fg}}
+
+\newcommand{\ofg}[1]{\og{}#1\fg{}}
+
+% L'environnement {remarque}.
+
+% Le test \ifremarque est utile pour \leftcentersright.
+\newif\ifremarque
+
+\newenvironment{remarque}
+        {\remarquetrue\bigskip\noindent\begin{filet}}   % Voir plus bas.
+        {\end{filet}\bigskip\remarquefalse}
+
+% L'environnement {indications}. Le nom « custom-itemize » est plus 
+% « générique »...
+\newenvironment{custom-itemize}[1]%
+	{%
+	\begin{list}{}%
+		{%
+		\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}%
+		\setlength{\leftmargin}{\labelwidth+\labelsep}%
+		}%
+        }%
+        {\end{list}}
+\newenvironment{indications}[1]{\begin{custom-itemize}{#1}}%
+	{\end{custom-itemize}}
+
+% Insérer une ligne de séparation horizontale.
+\newcommand{\separation}{\begin{center}\rule{3 cm}{1 pt}\end{center}}
+\newcommand{\Separation}{\separation}
+
+% Indenter les paragraphes dans une minipage.
+
+\newlength{\longueurindentation}
+\setlength{\longueurindentation}{\parindent}
+
+\newcommand{\indenter}{\hskip\longueurindentation}
+
+
+
+% La communication entre auteurs et relecteurs est un facteur très
+% important dans la qualité finale des Annales. Les commandes suivantes
+% servent à la faciliter.
+%
+% Lorsque l'auteur souhaite poser une question à ses relecteurs
+% scientifiques, ou leur expliquer pourquoi il n'est pas d'accord avec
+% telle ou telle proposition, ou encore pour dialoguer avec le relecteur
+% typographique, le moyen « immédiat » est d'écrire, dans un courrier
+% électronique, quelque chose comme « page 7, question I.4.b, paragraphe
+% 2, ligne 7, je pense que ··· ». Ce n'est pas très ergonomique !
+%
+% La commande \note permet d'ajouter un commentaire directement dans le
+% corrigé ou, plutôt, dans la marge du corrigé. De la sorte, la question
+% ou le commentaire est vu par le relecteur (scientifique ou typo)
+% directement dans le contexte: finis les allers et retours entre le
+% corrigé et le mail. C'est bien plus pratique pour tout le monde.
+%
+% L'équipe des Annales a défini deux manières de présenter les notes.
+% La commande \notesimple met le commentaire dans la marge; \notenumero
+% indique en outre un numéro bien visible. Si vous écrivez toutes vos
+% remarques avec \note, vous obtenez par défaut l'effet de \notenumero,
+% mais vous pouvez obtenir le même rendu que par \notesimple avec
+% l'option 0 ou simple.
+%
+% Exemple:
+% [···] ce qui se résout\notenumero{résoud ou résout?} en [···]
+%
+% Un inconvénient de ces différentes commandes est qu'elles ne peuvent
+% pas s'écrire dans certains environnements. Pour pallier ce
+% problème, vous disposez des commandes \notemark et \notetext. Elles
+% s'utilisent sur le même modèle que \footnotemark et \footnotetext.
+% Pour repérer un endroit dans un environnement, il suffit d'utiliser 
+% \notemark qui place le numéro dans le texte (de la même manière que
+% \notenumero). Pour ensuite écrire la note correspondante, il faut
+% utiliser la commande \notetext en dehors de l'environnement, soit
+% avant soit après; elle comportera le même numéro. 
+%
+% Vous pouvez utiliser plusieurs \notemark dans le même environnement.
+% La numérotation sera respectée à condition d'écrire les \notetext
+% dans le même ordre (mais certains peuvent être avant l'environnement 
+% et les suivants après, cela n'a pas d'importance).
+%
+% Vous pouvez utiliser dans votre corrigé à la fois des \note et
+% \notetext; la numérotation sera correcte sous réserve que vous
+% preniez garde à ce qu'il y ait autant de \notemark que de \notetext
+% entre deux occurences de \note.
+%
+% Exemple : 
+% [...]\notetext{résoud ou résout ?}
+% \begin{remarque}
+% [···] ce qui se résout\notemark en [···] 
+% \end{remarque}
+%
+% Dans quelques rares cas (\partie, \Partie, \arraybox, \vect, \rest
+% principalement), lors d'une utilisation de \notemark, le compteur
+% sera incrémenté d'une unité de trop. Ceci est dû aux \settowidth ou
+% \settoheight de ces commandes. Il faut donc éviter d'utiliser
+% \notemark dans ces circonstances.
+%
+% Important : pour toutes ces commandes, il ne faut pas laisser d'espace
+% avant le '\' sinon l'espace final sera trop grand.
+
+
+\reversemarginpar
+\marginparwidth 3.1cm
+
+
+\newcounter{Note}[page]
+\setcounter{Note}{0}
+
+\newcounter{notesimple}
+\setcounter{notesimple}{0}
+
+% Pour les environnements hostiles
+\newcounter{notemark}
+\setcounter{notemark}{0}
+\newcounter{notemarkref}
+\setcounter{notemarkref}{0}
+\newcounter{notetext}
+\setcounter{notetext}{0}
+\newcounter{notetextref}
+\setcounter{notetextref}{0}
+
+% Les compteurs \*ref servent à se rappeler où on en est, par exemple
+% dans le cas où plusieurs \notemark se suivent avant l'apparition du
+% premier \notetext; il faut en effet que le numéro de celui-ci
+% corresponde au numéro du premier \notemark.
+
+\newcommand{\notemark}{%
+	\ifthenelse{\equal{\value{notemark}}{\value{notemarkref}}}{%
+        		%on est au debut de l'environnement (premiere note)
+        	\refstepcounter{notemark}%
+        	\refstepcounter{notemarkref}%
+        	\setcounter{Note}{\value{notemark}}%
+       }{%
+        		%notes suivantes
+        	\refstepcounter{notemark}%
+        	\setcounter{Note}{\value{notemark}}%
+	}%
+			%on prepare la suite
+	\setcounter{notetextref}{\value{notemarkref}}%
+			%on écrit le numéro
+	\begin{picture}(0,0)%
+        	\put(-3,-3){\LARGE\theNote}
+	\end{picture}\xspace
+}
+
+\newcommand{\notetextbase}[1]{%
+        \ifthenelse{\value{ifnote} = 1}{%
+        \marginpar{\notedebasenumero{#1}}%
+        }{}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\notetext}[1]{
+	\ifthenelse{\equal{\value{notetext}}{\value{notetextref}}}{%
+        		%on est a la première note
+        	\refstepcounter{notetext}%
+        	\refstepcounter{notetextref}%
+        	\setcounter{Note}{\value{notetext}}
+        }{
+       			 %notes suivantes
+        	\refstepcounter{notetext}%
+        	\setcounter{Note}{\value{notetext}}
+	}%
+			%on prepare la suite
+\setcounter{notemarkref}{\value{notetextref}}%
+\notetextbase{#1}%
+}
+
+
+
+\newcommand{\notedebase}[1]{%
+	\raggedright%
+        \footnotesize%
+        \vskip-0.5\baselineskip
+        \rule[-1.4mm]{\linewidth}{0.5pt}
+        \rule[1.4mm]{\linewidth}{0.5pt} \\%
+        \vskip-0.5\baselineskip
+        #1 \\%
+        \vskip-\baselineskip
+        \rule[-1.4mm]{\linewidth}{0.5pt}
+        \rule[1.4mm]{\linewidth}{0.5pt} \\%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\notedebasenumero}[1]{%
+	{\LARGE\theNote}
+	\notedebase{#1}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\notesimple}[1]{%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{ifnote} = 1}{%
+	\marginpar{\notedebase{#1}}%	
+	}{}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\notenumero}[1]{%
+        \ifthenelse{\value{ifnote} = 1}{%
+        \refstepcounter{Note}%
+        \setcounter{notemarkref}{\value{Note}}%
+        \setcounter{notetextref}{\value{Note}}%
+        \setcounter{notemark}{\value{Note}}%
+        \setcounter{notetext}{\value{Note}}%
+        \begin{picture}(0,0)%
+        \put(-3,-3){\LARGE\theNote}
+        \end{picture}%
+        \ifthenelse{\isodd{\value{Note}}}{%
+        	\protect\reversemarginpar%
+	      	\marginpar[{\notedebasenumero{#1}}]{\notedebasenumero{#1}}}{%
+           	\protect\normalmarginpar%
+       		\marginpar[{\notedebasenumero{#1}}]{\notedebasenumero{#1}}}%
+        }{}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\typo}[1]{\notenumero{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\note}[2][1]{%
+	\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{0} \or \equal{#1}{simple}}{%
+                \setcounter{notesimple}{1}%
+        }{}%
+	%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{notesimple} = 0}{%
+		\notenumero{#2}%
+	}{%
+		\notesimple{#2}%
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Petits raccourcis pratiques   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les espaces verticaux et horizontaux.
+\newcommand{\sk}{\smallskip}
+\newcommand{\mk}{\medskip}
+\newcommand{\bk}{\bigskip}
+\newcommand{\vk}{\vskip 1.5 cm}
+\newcommand{\hk}{\hskip 1 cm\relax}
+\newcommand{\marge}{\noindent}
+\newcommand{\dquad}{\hskip.5em\relax}
+
+% Quelques raccourcis pour des expressions, en italique ou pas.
+\newcommand{\mkemph}[1]{\text{\emph{#1}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\etc}{etc.\xspace}
+\newcommand{\apriori}{a priori\xspace}
+\newcommand{\afortiori}{a fortiori\xspace}
+\newcommand{\ie}{\mkemph{ie}}
+\newcommand{\infine}{in fine\xspace}
+\newcommand{\ssi}{\mkemph{ssi}}
+\newcommand{\cf}{cf.\xspace}
+\newcommand{\tiret}{\textbf{--}\xspace} % plus épais que la normale
+
+% Mettre du texte en \texttt.
+\newcommand{\ttt}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+\newcommand{\web}[1]{%
+    \NoAutoSpaceBeforeFDP%  Pas d'espace avant les ':' et ';'
+	\makeatletter%
+	\texttt{#1}%
+	\makeatother%
+    \AutoSpaceBeforeFDP%
+} % Gère '@'.
+
+% Pour les adresses email.
+% Exemple: \email{contact}{H-K.fr}
+\newcommand{\email}[2]{%
+    \texttt{#1}%
+    {\fontfamily{ptm}\selectfont\at}%
+    \texttt{#2}%
+    }
+
+% Quelques raccourcis.
+\newcommand{\mbx}[1]{\mbox{#1}}	% Anti-goliotages...
+\newcommand{\unentoure}{\ding{172}}
+\newcommand{\deuxentoure}{\ding{173}}
+\newcommand{\troisentoure}{\ding{174}}
+\newcommand{\quatreentoure}{\ding{175}}
+\newcommand{\cinqentoure}{\ding{176}}
+
+% Les « e dans l'o » de merde et autres raccourcis standards.
+\newcommand{\coeur}{c{\oe}ur\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Coeur}{C{\oe}ur\xspace}
+\newcommand{\coeurs}{c{\oe}urs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Coeurs}{C{\oe}urs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\choeur}{ch{\oe}ur\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Choeur}{Ch{\oe}ur\xspace}
+\newcommand{\choeurs}{ch{\oe}urs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Choeurs}{Ch{\oe}urs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\oeuvre}{{\oe}uvre\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Oeuvre}{{\OE}uvre\xspace}
+\newcommand{\oeuvres}{{\oe}uvres\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Oeuvres}{{\OE}uvres\xspace}
+\newcommand{\oeil}{{\oe}il\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Oeil}{{\OE}il\xspace}
+\newcommand{\oeuf}{{\oe}uf\xspace}
+\newcommand{\oeufs}{{\oe}ufs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\noeud}{n{\oe}ud\xspace}
+\newcommand{\noeuds}{n{\oe}uds\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Noeud}{N{\oe}ud\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Noeuds}{N{\oe}uds\xspace}
+\newcommand{\soeur}{s{\oe}ur\xspace}
+\newcommand{\soeurs}{s{\oe}urs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Soeur}{S{\oe}ur\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Soeurs}{S{\oe}urs\xspace}
+\newcommand{\voeu}{v{\oe}u\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Voeu}{V{\oe}u\xspace}
+\newcommand{\voeux}{v{\oe}ux\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Voeux}{V{\oe}ux\xspace}
+%\newcommand{\madame}{M${}^{{\rm me}}$\xspace}   
+\newcommand{\madame}{M\textsuperscript{me}\xspace}   
+\newcommand{\Mme}{\madame}
+%\newcommand{\mademoiselle}{M${}^{{\rm lle}}$\xspace}
+\newcommand{\mademoiselle}{M\textsuperscript{lle}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\mamzelle}{\mademoiselle}   
+\newcommand{\Melle}{\mademoiselle}   
+%\newcommand{\docteur}{D${}^{{\rm r}}$\xspace}
+\newcommand{\docteur}{D\textsuperscript{r}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Dr}{\docteur}
+\newcommand{\HK}{H{\footnotesize\&}K\xspace}
+	% Attention, cela ne marche que pour la taille standard.
+%\newcommand{\maitre}{M${}^{{\rm e}}$\xspace}
+\newcommand{\maitre}{M\textsuperscript{e}\xspace}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                           !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Commandes spécifiques de mise en page   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                           !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Faire des tableaux dans lesquels les lignes sont bien espacées.
+% Cet environnement « éloigne » toutes les lignes d'un tableau, ce qui peut
+% être utile lorsque les lignes sont systématiquement séparées par des traits.
+%
+% L'argument optionnel permet d'adapter le taux d'éloignement.
+%
+% Pour écarter les lignes horizontales autour d'une ligne particulière du
+% tableau, plutôt que pour tout le tableau, on utilisera plutôt \vphantom,
+% comme dans les exemples ci-dessous:
+%	\vphantom{$\Sum{}{}$}
+%	\vphantom{$\Int{}{}$}
+%	\vphantom{$\Sum{0}{1}$}
+%	\vphantom{\rule{1cm}{1cm}}
+%
+% Exemple :	\begin{ltab}
+%		\begin{tabular}···\end{tabular}
+%		\end{ltab}
+
+\newenvironment{ltab}[1][2]{%
+        \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{#1}}{%
+        \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}}
+
+% Pour placer deux {minipage} côte à côte de manière à optimiser l'espace
+% horizontal disponible, il faut spécifier des largeurs dont la somme fait
+% la largeur de la page. Une manière plus pratique est de ne spécifier que
+% la largeur de la première {minipage} et d'utiliser \complete comme 
+% ci-dessous pour spécifier la largeur de la deuxième.
+%
+% Attention à ne pas oublier le \noindent, sinon LaTeX vous avertira d'un
+% 'Overfull hbox'.
+%
+% Exemple:	\noindent
+%		\begin{minipage}{5cm}···\end{minipage}
+%		\begin{minipage}{\complete{5}}···\end{minipage}
+%
+% Exemple:	\noindent
+%		\begin{minipage}{5cm}···\end{minipage}
+%		\hskip1cm
+%		\begin{minipage}{\complete{6}}···\end{minipage}
+
+\newcommand{\complete}[1]{\linewidth - #1 cm - 3 pt}
+
+% Pour les dessins avec LaTeX.
+%
+% Cet environnement permet d'augmenter proprement la taille des traits
+% dans un dessin fait avec latex. Le paramètre à passer peut prendre n'importe
+% quelle valeur positive. Une valeur de 0.5 correspond à ne rien changer à 
+% l'épaisseur des traits. Une valeur de 2.5 correspond à multiplier
+% l'épaisseur des traits par 5, etc.
+%
+% ATTENTION: le positionnement des figures dépend de la version de LaTeX
+% lorsque \allinethickness est utilisé. Autrement dit, n'utilisez JAMAIS cet
+% environnement pour des traits qui doivent être placés finement, comme des
+% axes d'un repère, des hachures ou encore en chimie organique.
+%
+% Exemple:	\begin{epaisseur}{1}	% Doubler l'épaisseur des traits
+%		\begin{picture}(0,0)···\end{picture}
+%		\end{epaisseur}
+
+\newenvironment{epaisseur}[1]
+        {\allinethickness{#1 pt}}
+        {\allinethickness{0.5 pt}}
+
+% On souhaite parfois ajouter des annotations sur une courbe réalisée avec
+% gnuplot (par exemple). Une solution pratique est d'inclure cette courbe
+% (au format postscript) avec \epsfig puis de créer un dessin de taille
+% nulle (\begin{picture}(0,0)), dans lequel on ajoute les éléments souhaités
+% (comme un vecteur (\vector) ou une valeur, $\pi$, etc.) grâce à la commande
+% \put de LaTeX. Le problème avec cette méthode est qu'il faut deviner les
+% « bonnes coordonnées » du point en lequel on souhaite placer un élément.
+% Pour faciliter cette recherche des coordonnées, la commande \reperes dessine
+% des graduations sur un repère virtuel. Ces graduations sont espacées de
+% 10 points en 10 points, avec des traits plus grands pour les cinquantaines
+% et les centaines. La commande \reperes prend un argument optionnel, qui est
+% le nombre de graduations souhaité. La valeur par défaut est 20.
+%
+% Exemple:	\begin{picture}(0,0)
+%		\reperes[15]
+%		\put(37,48){$\f{\pi}{2}$}	% Comment trouver (37,48) ?
+%		\end{picture}
+%
+% Attention, cette commande a vocation à être temporaire, elle ne sert qu'à
+% trouver des coordonnées. N'oubliez pas de l'effacer de votre fichier une
+% fois votre dessin terminé.
+
+\newcounter{cinquantaine}
+\newcounter{centaine}
+\newcommand{\reperes}[1][20]{
+	\ifthenelse{\value{ifnote} = 1}{%
+		\setcounter{cinquantaine}{#1/5+1}%
+		\setcounter{centaine}{#1/10+1}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(10,0){#1}{\line(0,1){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(10,0){#1}{\line(0,-1){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,10){#1}{\line(1,0){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,10){#1}{\line(-1,0){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(-10,0){#1}{\line(0,1){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(-10,0){#1}{\line(0,-1){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,-10){#1}{\line(1,0){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,-10){#1}{\line(-1,0){1}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(50,0){\thecinquantaine}{\line(0,1){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(50,0){\thecinquantaine}{\line(0,-1){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,50){\thecinquantaine}{\line(1,0){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,50){\thecinquantaine}{\line(-1,0){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(-50,0){\thecinquantaine}{\line(0,1){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(-50,0){\thecinquantaine}{\line(0,-1){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,-50){\thecinquantaine}{\line(1,0){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,-50){\thecinquantaine}{\line(-1,0){3}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(100,0){\thecentaine}{\line(0,1){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(100,0){\thecentaine}{\line(0,-1){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,100){\thecentaine}{\line(1,0){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,100){\thecentaine}{\line(-1,0){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(-100,0){\thecentaine}{\line(0,1){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(-100,0){\thecentaine}{\line(0,-1){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,-100){\thecentaine}{\line(1,0){5}}%
+		\multiput(0,0)(0,-100){\thecentaine}{\line(-1,0){5}}%
+	}%
+	{}%
+}
+
+% Pour créer des courbes, vous pouvez utiliser les extensions LaTeX PGF et
+% TikZ (à la manière de l'environnement {picture}, mais beaucoup plus 
+% puissantes). Attention, ce cas est un peu particulier, car il vous est 
+% impossible de les utiliser directement dans le corrigé, il vous faut créer 
+% un fichier à part que vous placerez ensuite dans le sous-répertoire PS/ de 
+% votre corrigé.
+%
+% Pour plus d'informations, consultez la Doc à ce sujet:
+% http://auteurs.h-k.fr/annales/Doc/Graphique/Utiliser_l_extension_PGF_Ti.html
+%
+% Voici un exemple minimal:
+%
+% \input{annales.sty}
+% \usepackage{tikz}
+% \pagestyle{empty}
+% \begin{document}
+% 
+% \begin{dessinpgf}{1cm}{.05cm}
+%	\draw [->] (-2,0) -- (2,0) node [pos=1, below] {$\log x$};
+%	\draw [->] (0,-50) -- (0,20) node [pos=1, left] {$G$};
+%	\draw [dashed] (-2,12) -- (0,12) -- (1.5,-48) node
+%		[pos=.65,above,sloped] {$-40\U{dB/dec}$};
+%	\draw (0,12) node [right] {$G_0 $};
+%	\draw plot [samples=200,id=exp1,domain=-2:1.5] function {12.0 -10.0*
+%		log10((1.0-10.**(2.*x))**2 + 22.47*10.**(2.*x))};
+% \end{dessinpgf}
+%
+% \end{document}
+
+\newenvironment{dessinpgf}[3][]{%
+		\begin{tikzpicture}[#1]%
+		\pgfsetxvec{\pgfpoint{#2}{0pt}}%
+		\pgfsetyvec{\pgfpoint{0pt}{#3}}%
+	}{%
+		\end{tikzpicture}%
+}
+
+
+% \mathbf ne suffit pas toujours à mettre en gras. En pareil cas, on peut
+% avoir recours à \mathgras. Il ne vaut toutefois mieux pas l'utiliser
+% systématiquement, car il ralentit la compilation du corrigé.
+%
+% Exemple : $a \mathgras{=} b$.
+% 
+% Deux autres avantages: d'une part, tout texte en indice ou en exposant
+% est automatiquement en gras; d'autre part, la police reste la même (ce
+% qui n'est pas le cas avec \mathbf).  
+
+\newcommand{\mathgras}[1]{\grastrue\ensuremath{%
+	{\text{\mathversion{bold}\ensuremath{#1}}}%
+	}\grasfalse}
+
+% Pour tout mettre en gras, on peut aussi utiliser \textegras ou \gras
+% et \nongras, qui présentent l'avantage d'obtenir les lettres
+% n'existant pas en gras.
+%
+% Exemple: \textegras{On a $a = b$.}
+% 	   \gras On a $a = b$. \nongras
+%
+% Ces commandes sont dues à Walter et présentes dans la définition de
+% \partie, \Partie et des commandes à base de \mathBB.
+
+\newcommand{\textegras}[1]{\grastrue\textbf{\mathversion{bold}#1}\grasfalse}%
+\newcommand{\textgras}[1]{\textegras{#1}}
+\newcommand{\gras}{\grastrue\bfseries\mathversion{bold}}%
+\newcommand{\nongras}{\grasfalse\mathversion{normal}\normalfont}
+
+\newif\ifgras
+
+% Numéroter les parties et sous-parties (annexes).
+\renewcommand{\thesection}{\Roman{section}}
+\renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\arabic{subsection}}
+
+% Pour commencer sur une page de droite et laisser proprement une page
+% blanche en cas de besoin.
+\newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{\newpage{\pagestyle{empty}\cleardoublepage}}
+
+% Des points de suspension sans limite de longueur.
+\def\leaderfill{\leaders\hbox to 1ex{\hss.\hss}\hfill}
+
+% Un peu spécieux, mais en fait pratique pour les annexes de maths.
+\newcommand{\es}[1]{\ensuremath{#1}}
+
+% Insérer une page de séparation, qui contient par exemple « Annexes » en
+% énorme centré sur la page.
+\newcommand{\pageseparation}[1]{%   
+	\thispagestyle{empty}
+        \mbox{}\vfill
+        \begin{center}
+        {\bfseries\Huge #1}
+        \end{center}\vfill
+        }
+
+% Pour le tableau des constantes en chimie.
+\newenvironment{deuxcolonnes}%
+        {\setlength{\columnsep}{8 mm}%
+        \setlength{\columnseprule}{0.5 pt}%
+        \begin{multicols}{2}}%
+        {\end{multicols}}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                                     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   Pour l'environnement {remarque}   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                                     %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\makeatletter
+
+\newbox\bk@bxb
+\newbox\bk@bxa
+\newif\if@bkcont 
+\newif\ifbkcount
+\newcount\bk@lcnt
+
+\def\breakboxskip{2pt}
+\def\breakboxparindent{1.8em}
+\def\margesep{1cm}	% Écart entre la marge de gauche et le filet.
+\def\intervalle{1mm}	% Écart supplémentaire entre le filet et le texte.
+
+\def\filet{\vskip\breakboxskip\relax
+\setbox\bk@bxb\vbox\bgroup
+\advance\linewidth -\fboxrule
+\advance\linewidth -\margesep
+\advance\linewidth -\intervalle
+\advance\linewidth -\fboxsep
+\hsize\linewidth\@parboxrestore
+\parindent\breakboxparindent\relax}
+
+% \@tempdimb: amount of vertical skip 
+% between the first line (\bk@bxa) and the rest (\bk@bxb)
+\def\bk@split{%
+\@tempdimb\ht\bk@bxb % height of original box
+\advance\@tempdimb\dp\bk@bxb 
+\setbox\bk@bxa\vsplit\bk@bxb to\z@ % split it
+\setbox\bk@bxa\vbox{\unvbox\bk@bxa}% recover height & depth of \bk@bxa
+\setbox\@tempboxa\vbox{\copy\bk@bxa\copy\bk@bxb}% naive concatenation
+\advance\@tempdimb-\ht\@tempboxa 
+\advance\@tempdimb-\dp\@tempboxa}% gap between two boxes
+ 
+
+% \@tempdima: height of the first line (\bk@bxa) + fboxsep
+\def\bk@addfsepht{%
+     \setbox\bk@bxa\vbox{\vskip\fboxsep\box\bk@bxa}}
+
+\def\bk@addskipht{%
+     \setbox\bk@bxa\vbox{\vskip\@tempdimb\box\bk@bxa}}
+
+% \@tempdima: depth of the first line (\bk@bxa) + fboxsep
+\def\bk@addfsepdp{%
+     \@tempdima\dp\bk@bxa
+%     \advance\@tempdima\fboxsep
+     \dp\bk@bxa\@tempdima}
+
+% \@tempdima: depth of the first line (\bk@bxa) + vertical skip
+\def\bk@addskipdp{%
+     \@tempdima\dp\bk@bxa
+     \advance\@tempdima\@tempdimb
+     \dp\bk@bxa\@tempdima}
+
+\def\bk@line{%
+    \hbox to \linewidth{\ifbkcount\smash{\llap{\the\bk@lcnt\ }}\fi
+    \hskip\margesep
+    \vrule \@width\fboxrule\hskip\fboxsep
+    \hskip\intervalle
+    \box\bk@bxa\hfil
+%    \hskip\fboxsep
+	}}
+
+\def\endfilet{\egroup
+\ifhmode\par\fi{\noindent\bk@lcnt\@ne 
+\@bkconttrue\baselineskip\z@\lineskiplimit\z@
+\lineskip\z@\vfuzz\maxdimen
+\bk@split\bk@addfsepht\bk@addskipdp
+\ifvoid\bk@bxb      % Only one line
+\def\bk@fstln{\bk@addfsepdp
+%\vbox{\hrule\@height\fboxrule\bk@line\hrule\@height\fboxrule}}%
+\vbox{\bk@line}}%
+\else               % More than one line
+%\def\bk@fstln{\vbox{\hrule\@height\fboxrule\bk@line}\hfil
+\def\bk@fstln{\vbox{\bk@line}\hfil
+\advance\bk@lcnt\@ne
+\loop 
+ \bk@split\bk@addskipdp\leavevmode
+\ifvoid\bk@bxb      % The last line
+ \@bkcontfalse\bk@addfsepdp
+% \vtop{\bk@line\hrule\@height\fboxrule}%
+ \vtop{\bk@line}%
+\else               % 2,...,(n-1)
+ \bk@line
+\fi
+ \hfil\advance\bk@lcnt\@ne
+\if@bkcont\repeat}%
+\fi
+\leavevmode\bk@fstln\par}\vskip\breakboxskip\relax}
+
+\bkcountfalse
+
+\makeatother
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!             !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Centrer   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!             !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% LaTeX prévoit un mécanisme pour centrer les équations: $$···$$ (ou, de 
+% manière équivalente, \[···\]). Ces commandes doivent être proscrites dans un
+% travail en commun, parce que l'espace vertical placé avant et après 
+% ces environnements change d'un site à l'autre, de sorte qu'il n'est pas 
+% possible de préserver une mise en page soignée.
+%
+% En remplacement, voici une série de commandes plus générales (elles 
+% permettent de centrer n'importe quoi: texte, formule, tableau, dessin, etc.).
+%
+% Supposons que l'on veuille simplement centrer une formule sur la page, comme
+% ceci:
+%
+%				x_0 = 7
+%
+% On pourra utiliser la commande \centers.
+%
+% Exemple: \centers{$ x_0 = 7 $}
+%	   \centers{Ceci est un texte centré}
+%
+% On peut vouloir y ajouter un petit mot de liaison en début de ligne, collé
+% à la marge, en particulier dans une suite de calculs, comme ceci:
+%
+% d'où				x_0 = 7
+%
+% On pourra alors utiliser \leftcenters.
+%
+% Exemple: \leftcenters{ d'où }{ $x_0 = 7$ }
+%
+% Il est aussi parfois utile de placer du texte à droite de la ligne, collé
+% à la marge, comme ceci:
+%
+% d'où				x_0 = 7					(2)
+%
+% On utilisera dans ce cas \leftcentersright.
+%
+% Exemple: \leftcentersright{ d'où }{ $x_0 = 7$ }{ \deux }
+%
+% Et si l'on ne souhaite rien placer à gauche, on dispose de \centersright.
+%
+% Pour toutes ces commandes, le texte du milieu est parfaitement centré sur
+% la page quels que soient les deux autres arguments de \leftcentersright.
+%
+% Attention dès lors au risque de chevauchement: puisque le texte à gauche ne
+% « pousse » pas celui du milieu vers la droite, ces deux textes peuvent très
+% bien se chevaucher s'ils sont tous deux suffisamment longs. LaTeX ne vous
+% préviendra pas, il faudra le déceler vous-même en regardant une version
+% compilée. Cela ne devrait en général poser aucun problème.
+%
+% Les trois commandes précédentes admettent une variante en remplaçant
+% 'centers' par 'encadre'; dans ce cas, le texte à centrer sera encadré.
+%
+% Exemple: \leftencadre{ En conclusion, }{ $A=0$ }
+%
+% Enfin, tous ces environnements (aussi bien avec 'centers' qu'avec 'encadre'
+% laissent un espace vertical avant et après eux. Cet espace est, par défaut,
+% équivalent à un \medskip. Mais vous pouvez le changer en passant un argument
+% optionnel.
+%
+% Exemple:	\centers[0]	<==> 	Pas d'espace
+%		\centers[1]	<==>	Laisser un \smallskip
+%		\centers[2]	<==>	Laisser un \medskip
+%		\centers[3]	<==>	Laisser un \bigskip
+%		\centers[4]	<==>	Laisser 1 cm
+%
+% L'espace laissé avant et l'espace laissé après sont toujours identiques.
+
+% L'ancienne commande \centers centrait par rapport à l'{itemize} (ou 
+% l'environnement en cours) plutôt que par rapport à la page. On dispose
+% d'une bascule pour passer d'un mode à l'autre.
+
+\newcounter{Centers}
+\setcounter{Centers}{0}
+
+\newcommand{\CentersOnPage}{\setcounter{Centers}{0}}
+\newcommand{\CentersOnItems}{\setcounter{Centers}{1}}
+
+\newcommand{\leftcentersright}[4][2]{%
+	\ifthenelse{\equal{\value{Centers}}{0}}{%
+		\leftcentersrightonpage[#1]{#2}{#3}{#4}%
+	}{
+		\leftcentersrightonitems[#1]{#2}{#3}{#4}%		
+	}
+}
+
+\newcounter{vcenterstest}
+\newlength{\leftlength}
+\newlength{\rightlength}
+\newlength{\vcentersskip}
+\newcommand{\leftcentersrightonitems}[4][2]{%
+	\settowidth{\leftlength}{#2}%
+	\settowidth{\rightlength}{#4}%
+	\setcounter{vcenterstest}{#1}%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{vcenterstest} = 0}
+		{\setlength{\vcentersskip}{0pt}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{vcenterstest} = 1}
+		{\setlength{\vcentersskip}{\smallskipamount}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{vcenterstest} = 2}
+		{\setlength{\vcentersskip}{\medskipamount}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{vcenterstest} = 3}
+		{\setlength{\vcentersskip}{\bigskipamount}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{\value{vcenterstest} = 4}
+		{\setlength{\vcentersskip}{1cm}}{}%
+		% On laisse un espace vertical défini par l'argument
+		% optionnel #1
+	\vskip\vcentersskip
+		% On place #2 et on recule de sa longueur
+	\noindent#2\hskip-\leftlength%
+		% On centre #3
+	\hfill#3\hfill%
+		% On va au bout de la ligne, on recule de la longueur de #4 et
+		% on place #4
+	\mbox{}\hskip-\rightlength#4%
+		% On laisse un espace vertical défini par l'argument
+		% optionnel #1
+	\vskip\vcentersskip%
+}
+
+%\newlength{\leftlength}
+%\newlength{\rightlength}
+\newlength{\calculskip}
+\newcommand{\calculvskip}[1]{% 
+  \ifthenelse{#1 = 0}{\setlength{\calculskip}{0pt}}{}%
+  \ifthenelse{#1 = 1}{\setlength{\calculskip}{\smallskipamount}}{}%
+  \ifthenelse{#1 = 2}{\setlength{\calculskip}{\medskipamount}}{}%
+  \ifthenelse{#1 = 3}{\setlength{\calculskip}{\bigskipamount}}{}%
+  \ifthenelse{#1 = 4}{\setlength{\calculskip}{1cm}}{}%
+  \vskip\calculskip
+} 
+
+\newcommand{\leftcentersrightonpage}[4][2]{%
+	\settowidth{\leftlength}{#2}%
+	\settowidth{\rightlength}{#4}%
+		% On laisse un espace vertical défini par l'argument
+		% optionnel #1
+	\calculvskip{#1}
+        % On place #2 et on recule de sa longueur
+		% Amélioration par Céline: la ligne suivante fait en sorte
+		% que l'argument du milieu soit toujours bien centré sur la
+		% page, plutôt que centré dans l'environnement (sauf
+		% dans une {remarque}, à la demande de Manu).
+	\noindent#2\hskip-\leftlength%
+%	\hskip\linewidth\hskip-\textwidth%
+	\ifremarque{}\else\hskip\linewidth\hskip-\textwidth\fi%
+		% On centre #3
+	\hfill{#3}\hfill
+		% On va au bout de la ligne, on recule de la longueur de #4 et
+		% on place #4
+	\mbox{}\hskip-\rightlength#4%
+		% On laisse un espace vertical défini par l'argument
+		% optionnel #1
+	\vskip\calculskip%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\centers}[2][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{}{#2}{}}
+\newcommand{\leftcenters}[3][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{#2}{#3}{}}
+\newcommand{\centersright}[3][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{}{#2}{#3}}
+\newcommand{\leftencadreright}[4][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{#2}{\fbox{#3}}{#4}}
+\newcommand{\encadre}[2][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{}{\fbox{#2}}{}}
+\newcommand{\leftencadre}[3][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{#2}{\fbox{#3}}{}}
+\newcommand{\encadreright}[3][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{}{\fbox{#2}}{#3}}
+\newcommand{\remandcenters}[3][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{#2}{#3}{}} % Synonyme
+\newcommand{\centrer}[2][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{}{#2}{}}	% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Centers}[2][2]{\leftcentersright[#1]{}{#2}{}}	% Synonyme
+
+
+
+% Pour encadrer un texte trop long pour tenir sur une seule ligne, il faut
+% inclure ce texte dans une {minipage}. La commande \encadreminipage prend
+% deux arguments: la largeur de la {minipage}, puis le texte. On peut
+% également inclure un argument optionnel pour régler l'espace avant et après
+% la {minipage}.
+%
+% Exemple:	\encadreminipage{8cm}{texte ··· texte}
+
+\newcommand{\encadreminipage}[3][2]{%
+	\leftcentersright[#1]{}{\fbox{%
+		\begin{minipage}{#2} #3 \end{minipage}%
+	}}{}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\centersminipage}[3][2]{%
+        \leftcentersright[#1]{}{%
+                \begin{minipage}{#2} #3 \end{minipage}%
+        }{}%
+}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                              !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Raccourcis de correction   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                              !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les raccourcis ci-dessous sont surtout utiles pour corriger le travail
+% d'une tierce personne. Rien ne vous empêche néanmoins de les utiliser.
+
+\newcommand{\donccenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{donc}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\doucenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{d'où}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\carcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{car}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\cadcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{c'est-à-dire}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\puiscenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{puis}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ainsicenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Ainsi,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\depluscenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{De plus,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\aveccenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{avec}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\soitcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{soit}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\alorscenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{alors}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\maiscenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{mais}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\commecenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Comme}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ailleurscenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Par ailleurs,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\orcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Or,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\etcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{et}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\deduitcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{On en déduit}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\parsuitecenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Par suite,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\parcsqcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Par conséquent,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ilvientcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Il vient}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\conclusioncenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Conclusion :}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\finalementcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{Finalement,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ANcenters}[2][2]{\leftcenters[#1]{\textit{Application
+	numérique\/}\,:}{#2}}
+%
+\newcommand{\doncencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{donc}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\douencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{d'où}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\carencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{car}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\cadencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{c'est-à-dire}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\puisencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{puis}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ainsiencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Ainsi,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\deplusencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{De plus,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\avecencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{avec}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\soitencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{soit}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\alorsencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{alors}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\maisencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{mais}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ailleursencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Par ailleurs,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\orencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Or}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\etencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{et}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\deduitencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{On en déduit}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\parsuiteencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Par suite,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\parcsqencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Par conséquent,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ilvientencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Il vient}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\conclusionencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Conclusion :}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\finalementencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{Finalement,}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\ANencadre}[2][2]{\leftencadre[#1]{\textit{Application
+	numérique\/}\,:}{#2}}
+
+% Les exposants.
+\newcommand{\moinsun}{\ensuremath{{}^{-1}}}
+\newcommand{\moinsdeux}{\ensuremath{{}^{-2}}}
+\newcommand{\moinstrois}{\ensuremath{{}^{-3}}}
+
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                             !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Calculs et commentaires   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                             !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les outils de cette section sont une généralisation de \leftcentersright
+% et des environnements du type {systsimple}. L'idée est de pouvoir:
+%
+%       * centrer des calculs sur la page
+%       * écrire un commentaire spécifique à une ligne, collé à la marge gauche
+%       * écrire un commentaire spécifique à une ligne, collé à la marge droite
+%
+% Visuellement, le rendu pourrait ressembler à ceci:
+%
+% On sait que                    a = b
+% et                             b = c              d'après la question IV.2.c
+% donc                           a = c                        par transitivité
+% En outre,                      d = c
+% c'est-à-dire                   c = d
+% d'où                           a = d              en rassemblant les calculs
+%
+% On ne peut pas se contenter d'utiliser \leftcentersright à chaque ligne,
+% car les signes '=' ne seraient alors pas alignés. Il est nécessaire
+% d'utiliser un tableau ({array}) pour garantir leur alignement.
+%
+% Nous allons voir plusieurs environnements, du plus simple au plus général.
+%
+% Les commandes de cette section ont été écrites par Céline.
+
+% D'abord, quelques routines et déclarations.
+
+\newsavebox{\boite}
+\def\debutcom{\begin{lrbox}{\boite}}
+\def\fincomg{\end{lrbox}\makebox[0cm][l]{\usebox{\boite}}%
+             \hskip\linewidth\hskip-\textwidth}
+\def\fincomd{\end{lrbox}\makebox[0cm][r]{\usebox{\boite}}}
+
+
+% L'environnement {egalites} réalise l'illustration donnée en préambule.
+% Voici un exemple d'utilisation :
+%
+% \begin{egalites}
+%     On a   & a & b &              \\
+%     et     & b & c & (question 3) \\
+%     donc   & a & c &              \\
+% \end{egalites}
+%
+% ce qui produit:
+%
+% On a                            a = b
+% et                              b = c                           (question 3)
+% donc                            a = c
+%
+% Remarquez que l'environnement {egalites} utilise un tableau à 4 colonnes.
+% La première et la dernière sont réservées aux commentaires: on peut donc
+% y écrire du texte en français. En revanche, la deuxième et la troisième
+% servent pour les mathématiques: il n'est pas besoin de préciser les $ du
+% mode maths, ils sont inclus pour vous. (Plus précisément, il ne faut pas
+% les indiquer dans votre code, sinon vous annulez leur effet.)
+%
+% {egalites}, comme tous les autres environnements de cette section, possède
+% une propriété bien sympathique: les colonnes collées à la marge sont
+% « infiniment extensibles », c'est-à-dire que contrairement à la coutume,
+% elles ne réservent pas une place fixe calculées sur la largeur de l'élément
+% le plus large. Ainsi, on peut tout à fait obtenir:
+%
+% On a               a = b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l
+% et             u + v = x + y                  d'après la question précédente
+% donc  age(capitaine) = 30                          (même si ça dépend quand)
+%
+% (Ce qu'il faut remarquer, c'est que la colonne comportant le paquet
+% d'additions « mord » sur la colonne des commentaires sans que cela gêne
+% cette dernière.)
+%
+% Tout comme \leftcentersright et ses dérivés (\centers, \leftcenters, etc.),
+% l'environnement {egalites} accepte un argument optionnel, qui permet de
+% régler les espaces verticaux avant et après. Pour laisser un argument plus
+% grand que la normale, on écrirait donc:
+%
+% \begin{egalites}[3]   % Valeur par défaut: 2.
+%                       % Valeur maximale: 4.
+%
+% Et pour ne laisser aucun espace avant ni après:
+%
+% \begin{egalites}[0]
+%
+% L'espace entre les lignes du calcul peut en outre être géré très finement,
+% ligne par ligne, en utilisant l'argument optionnel de '\\', selon la
+% procédure classique:
+%
+% \begin{egalites}
+%     On a   & a & b &              \\[2mm]
+%     et     & b & c & (question 3) \\[4mm]
+%     donc   & a & c &              \\
+% \end{egalites}
+%
+% Enfin, sachez que l'environnement {egalites} (comme les suivants) n'est
+% pas compatible avec \leftcentersright ou l'un de ses dérivés. On ne peut
+% donc _pas_ écrire \centers{\begin{egalites} ··· \end{egalites}}.
+% Ce serait d'ailleurs tout à fait inutile. Si vous pensez en avoir
+% véritablement besoin un jour, utilisez simplement une {minipage}.
+
+\newenvironment{calculs:base}[2][2]{%
+	% On laisse un espace vertical défini par l'argument optionnel #1
+  	\calculvskip{#1}
+  	\noindent
+  	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}[t]%
+    		{@{}>{\debutcom}l<{\fincomg}@{\extracolsep{\fill}}%
+      		>{$}r<{$}%
+      		@{$\ #2\ $}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{0pt}}>{$}l<{$}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{\fill}}>{\debutcom}r<{\fincomd}@{}}
+	}{%
+  	\end{tabular*}%
+  	\vskip\calculskip
+}
+
+\newenvironment{egalites}[1][2]{%
+	\begin{calculs:base}[#1]{=}}{%
+	\end{calculs:base}
+}
+
+% Autre cas fréquent: le symbole de relation entre les membres de gauche et
+% de droite n'est pas '=', mais '\leq', ou '\geq'. On dispose de deux
+% environnements pour répondre à ce besoin:
+%
+% \begin{inegalites:leq}
+%     On a   & a & b &              \\[2mm]
+%     et     & b & c & (question 3) \\[2mm]
+%     donc   & a & c &              \\
+% \end{inegalites:leq}
+%
+% \begin{inegalites:geq}
+%     On a   & a & b &              \\[2mm]
+%     et     & b & c & (question 3) \\[2mm]
+%     donc   & a & c &              \\
+% \end{inegalites:geq}
+%
+% Le premier cas étant de loin le plus fréquent, il est également accessible
+% par la version abrégée {inegalites}:
+%
+% \begin{inegalites}
+%     On a   & a & b &              \\[2mm]
+%     et     & b & c & (question 3) \\[2mm]
+%     donc   & a & c &              \\
+% \end{inegalites}
+
+\newenvironment{inegalites}{%
+	\begin{inegalites:leq}}{%
+	\end{inegalites:leq}
+}
+
+\newenvironment{inegalites:leq}[1][2]{%
+	\begin{calculs:base}[#1]{\leq}}{%
+	\end{calculs:base}
+}
+
+\newenvironment{inegalites:geq}[1][2]{%
+	\begin{calculs:base}[#1]{\geq}}{%
+	\end{calculs:base}
+}
+
+% Les environnements précédents sont pratiques, mais ils sont loin de couvrir
+% tous les cas. Bien souvent, le symbole de relation change en cours de
+% calcul, ce qui nécessite un environnement plus général: {calculs}.
+%
+% Dans cet environnement, vous devez préciser le symbole de relation à chaque
+% ligne, dans une colonne à part:
+%
+% \begin{calculs}
+%     On a   & a &  =   & b &              \\
+%     et     & b & \leq & c & (question 3) \\
+%     donc   & a & \leq & c &              \\
+% \end{calculs}
+%
+% Le principe est inchangé pour les autres colonnes.
+
+\newenvironment{calculs}[1][2]%
+        {\begin{calculs:rcl}[#1]{r}{c}{l}}%
+        {\end{calculs:rcl}}
+
+% Lorsque les calculs se compliquent, il est parfois souhaitable de ne pas
+% suivre les consignes générales d'alignement, qui veulent que la colonne
+% de gauche (dans les calculs, ie celle qui précède le symbole de relation)
+% soit justifiée à droite, et la colonne de droite justifiée à gauche.
+%
+% LaTeX utilise les lettres
+%   * l (left)
+%   * c (center)
+%   * r (right)
+% pour classer les types d'alignements. La règle classique est donc
+% r (colonne de gauche) puis c (symbole de relation) puis l (colonne de droite).
+%
+% L'environnement {calculs:rcl} fonctionne comme {calculs}, hormis qu'il
+% exige trois paramètres, en plus de l'argument optionnel; ces paramètres
+% règleront pour vous la justification des colonnes.
+%
+% \begin{calculs:rcl}{c}{c}{l}
+%     On a   & a & = & b &              \\[2mm]
+%     et     & b & = & c & (question 3) \\[2mm]
+%     donc   & a & = & c &              \\
+% \end{calculs:rcl}
+%
+% Remarquez qu'il n'est pas possible de changer l'alignement des colonnes
+% ligne par ligne: ceci est une limitation de LaTeX.
+
+\newenvironment{calculs:rcl}[4][2]{%
+	% On laisse un espace vertical défini par l'argument
+        % optionnel #1
+	\calculvskip{#1}
+  	\noindent
+  	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}[t]%
+  		{@{}>{\debutcom}l<{\fincomg}@{\extracolsep{\fill}}
+		>{$}#2<{$}@{\extracolsep{0pt}}%
+		>{$\ }#3<{\ $}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{0pt}}>{$}#4<{$}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{\fill}}>{\debutcom}r<{\fincomd}@{}}%
+	}{%
+  	\end{tabular*}%
+  	\vskip\calculskip
+}
+
+% Occasionnellement, il arrive que l'on ait besoin de séparer en deux morceaux
+% la colonne de droite dans un calcul. Cela peut avoir lieu dans deux cas:
+%
+%   1° lorsqu'une ligne est trop longue;
+%   2° lorsque le membre de droite comporte deux termes bien distincts.
+%
+% Le premier cas n'est pas traité ici. En revanche, pour le deuxième, c'est
+% simple: il suffit de diviser la colonne de droite en deux colonnes ou, ce
+% qui revient au même, à introduire une colonne supplémentaire entre la
+% colonne des relations et la colonne des commentaires collés à la marge de
+% droite.
+%
+% Voici un exemple d'utilisation:
+%
+% \begin{calculs:rcl:extracol}{r}{c}{l}{l}
+%     On a   & a   &  =   & b_1 & + b_2 &               \\[2mm]
+%     et     & b_1 & \leq & c   &       & (question 3a) \\[2mm]
+%            & b_2 & \leq & d   &       & (question 3b) \\[2mm]
+%     donc   & a   & \leq & c   & + d   &               \\
+% \end{calculs:rcl:extracol}
+%
+% Dans cet exemple, imaginez bien sûr que b_1, b_2, c et d sont des
+% expressions plutôt complexes: il va de soi que vous n'avez pas besoin
+% de cet environnement pour additionner des termes de petite taille.
+
+\newenvironment{calculs:rcl:extracol}[5][2]{%
+	\calculvskip{#1}
+ 	\noindent
+	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}[t]%
+                {@{}>{\debutcom}l<{\fincomg}@{\extracolsep{\fill}}%
+		>{$}#2<{$}@{\extracolsep{0pt}}%
+		>{$\ }#3<{\ $}@{\extracolsep{0pt}}%
+		>{$}#4<{$}@{\extracolsep{0pt}}%
+      		>{$\null}#5<{$}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{\fill}}>{\debutcom}r<{\fincomd}@{}}%
+}{%
+  	\end{tabular*}%
+  	\vskip\calculskip
+}
+
+% Aucun des environnements précédents ne répond pleinement à vos besoins ?
+% Vos calculs sont abominables au-delà de toute norme ?
+% Nous avons la solution.
+%
+% L'environnement {calculs:rcl:extracol} vous ouvrait une colonne
+% supplémentaire mais imposait encore que le symbole se trouve dans la
+% deuxième (sans compter celle des commentaires collés à la marge de gauche).
+%
+% Avec {calculs:latotale}, vous disposez de 5 colonnes garanties sans
+% restriction, en plus des deux colonnes qui servent aux commentaires collés
+% aux marges. Vous pouvez les utiliser comme bon vous semble pour créer
+% des dispositions adaptées à vos besoins.
+%
+% Attention, le corollaire de cette liberté est que les espaces autour des
+% relations (=, \leq, etc.) ne sont plus réglés pour vous, vous allez devoir
+% les placer à la main en les faisant précéder et suivre d'un espace
+% (remplacer '=' par '\ =\ \null'). Voici un exemple d'utilisation:
+%
+% \begin{calculs:latotale}[3]{c}{l}{c}{l}{l}
+%     On a   & a & + b & \ = \    \null & c & + d &               \\[2mm]
+%     et     & a & + c & \ = \    \null & e & + d & (question 3a) \\[4mm]
+%     donc   & a & - b & \ \leq \ \null & f &     &               \\
+% \end{calculs:latotale}
+%
+% Plus simplement, vous pouvez aussi régler ces espaces pour toute la
+% colonne d'un coup à l'aide de '<' et '>'. Dans l'exemple précédent,
+% cela donnerait:
+%
+% \begin{calculs:latotale}[3]{c}{l}{>{\ }c<{\ }}{l}{l}
+%     On a   & a & + b & =    & c & + d &               \\[2mm]
+%     et     & a & + c & =    & e & + d & (question 3a) \\[4mm]
+%     donc   & a & - b & \leq & f &     &               \\
+% \end{calculs:latotale}
+
+\newenvironment{calculs:latotale}[6][2]{%
+  	\calculvskip{#1}
+  	\noindent
+  	\begin{tabular*}{\linewidth}[t]%
+    	        {@{}>{\debutcom}l<{\fincomg}@{\extracolsep{\fill}}%
+      		>{$\null}#2<{$}@{\extracolsep{0pt}}%
+      		>{$\null}#3<{$}@{\extracolsep{0pt}}%
+      		>{$\null}#4<{$}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{0pt}}>{$\null}#5<{$}%
+     		@{\extracolsep{0pt}}>{$\null}#6<{$}%
+      		@{\extracolsep{\fill}}>{\debutcom}r<{\fincomd}@{}}%
+}{%
+  	\end{tabular*}%
+  	\vskip\calculskip
+}
+
+% Bravo d'avoir lu jusque-là ! Pour vous en remercier, voici une petite
+% astuce: les séparateurs '&' n'ont pas besoin d'être précisés lorsqu'ils
+% précèdent immédiatement le retour à la ligne '\\'. Autrement dit, si
+% vous ne collez pas de commentaire à la marge de droite, vous pouvez
+% vous éviter de taper un '&' et, surtout, vous éviter de compter ces
+% symboles.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                                  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   Le langage des mathématiques   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                                  %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Les fractions   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% La taille des fractions doit s'adapter au contexte: grandes dans une 
+% équation, petites en exposant ou en indice. La commande \f gère pour vous
+% tous les cas.
+%
+% Exemple : $ \f{1}{2} $
+%	    $ x^{\f{3}{2}} $
+%	    $ \Int{0}{ \f{pi}{2} } \cos²t \dt $
+\newcommand{\f}[2]{{\ensuremath{%
+	\mathchoice%
+	{\dfrac{#1}{#2}}
+    {\dfrac{#1}{#2}}
+	{\frac{#1}{#2}}
+	{\frac{#1}{#2}}
+}}}
+
+% Dans le texte, on a souvent envie d'écrire 1/2 plutôt que \f{1}{2}.
+% La macro \tf permet de corriger rapidement un \f malheureux.
+% Exemple: $ \tf{1}{\sqrt{2}} $  <==>  $1 / \sqrt{2}$
+\newcommand{\tf}[2]{\ensuremath{#1/#2}}
+
+% Quelques raccourcis pour les infortunés qui utilisent un clavier azerty.
+\newcommand{\demi}{\ensuremath{\f{1}{2}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\tdemi}{\ensuremath{1/2}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\tiers}{\ensuremath{\f{1}{3}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\ttiers}{\ensuremath{1/3}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\quart}{\ensuremath{\f{1}{4}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\tquart}{\ensuremath{1/4}\xspace}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                     !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Les parenthèses   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                     !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Pour indiquer des parenthèses autour d'une grosse expression, il peut
+% parfois être utile d'utiliser une macro plutôt que la commande explicite,
+% qui est \left(···\right).
+%
+% Exemple: $ \pa{ \Int{0}{1} f(t) \dt }^{\f{1}{2}} $
+%
+% Attention, il ne faut pas utiliser cette macro dans les deux cas suivants:
+%
+% * Autour d'une lettre seule, comme dans $f\pa(x)$: l'espace après
+%   le $f$ ne serait pas bon. Utiliser simplement $f(x)$.
+%
+% * Autour d'un vecteur seul, comme dans $\pa{\vect{E}}$. Il est
+%   normal et souhaitable que la flèche dépasse des parenthèses.
+%   Utiliser simplement $(\vect{E})$. S'il y a une fraction,
+%   préférez $ \pa{ \f{1}{2} \vect{E} } $ à
+%            $ \pa{ \f{\vect{E}}{2} $.
+%
+% En résumé, n'utilisez \pa que lorsque vous en avez vraiment besoin, ce qui
+% n'est pas le cas courant.
+%
+% La commande \pa possède une option pour corriger facilement des
+% parenthèses trop grandes:
+% \pa[0] supprime les parenthèses
+% \pa[1] les transforme en parenthèses simples
+% \pa[2-5] les transforme en parenthèses de plus en plus grandes 
+
+%\newcommand{\pa}[1]{\ensuremath{\left(#1\right)}}
+\newcommand{\pa}[2][9]{%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 0}
+		{\ensuremath{#2}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 1}
+		{\ensuremath{(#2)}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 2}
+		{\ensuremath{\big(#2\big)}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 3}
+		{\ensuremath{\Big(#2\Big)}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 4}
+		{\ensuremath{\bigg(#2\bigg)}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 5}
+		{\ensuremath{\Bigg(#2\Bigg)}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 9}
+		{\ensuremath{\left(#2\right)}}{}%
+}
+
+% Des parenthèses autour d'une fraction (très très pratique !).
+% Exemple: $ \paf{1}{2} $
+\newcommand{\paf}[2]{\ensuremath{\left(\f{#1}{#2}\right)}}
+
+% Et l'analogue de \tf pour les parenthèses autour d'une fraction:
+\newcommand{\patf}[2]{\ensuremath{\left({#1}/{#2}\right)}}
+
+% On peut aussi vouloir des crochets de la bonne taille plutôt que des 
+% parenthèses (analogue de \pa: mêmes recommandations).
+% Exemple: $\crochets{ \f{1}{2} x \ln x }$
+%\newcommand{\crochets}[1]{\ensuremath{\left[#1\right]}}
+%\newcommand{\pac}[1]{\ensuremath{\crochets{#1}}}		% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\crochets}[2][9]{%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 0}
+		{\ensuremath{#2}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 1}
+		{\ensuremath{[#2]}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 2}
+		{\ensuremath{\big[#2\big]}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 3}
+		{\ensuremath{\Big[#2\Big]}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 4}
+		{\ensuremath{\bigg[#2\bigg]}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 5}
+		{\ensuremath{\Bigg[#2\Bigg]}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 9}
+		{\ensuremath{\left[#2\right]}}{}%
+}
+\newcommand{\pac}[2][9]{\ensuremath{\crochets[#1]{#2}}}		% Synonyme
+
+% Ou pourquoi pas des accolades (analogue de \pa: mêmes recommandations).
+%\newcommand{\accolades}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\{#1\right\}}}
+%\newcommand{\paa}[1]{\ensuremath{\accolades{#1}}}		% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\accolades}[2][9]{%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 0}
+		{\ensuremath{#2}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 1}
+		{\ensuremath{\{#2\}}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 2}
+		{\ensuremath{\big\{#2\big\}}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 3}
+		{\ensuremath{\Big\{#2\Big\}}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 4}
+		{\ensuremath{\bigg\{#2\bigg\}}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 5}
+		{\ensuremath{\Bigg\{#2\Bigg\}}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 9}
+		{\ensuremath{\left\{#2\right\}}}{}%
+}
+\newcommand{\paa}[2][9]{\ensuremath{\accolades[#1]{#2}}}		% Synonyme
+
+% Ou encore des barres pour les valeurs absolues (analogue de \pa: mêmes
+% recommandations).
+%\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\ensuremath{\left|#1\right|}}
+\newcommand{\abs}[2][9]{%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 0}
+		{\ensuremath{#2}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 1}
+		{\ensuremath{|#2|}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 2}
+		{\ensuremath{\big|#2\big|}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 3}
+		{\ensuremath{\Big|#2\Big|}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 4}
+		{\ensuremath{\bigg|#2\bigg|}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 5}
+		{\ensuremath{\Bigg|#2\Bigg|}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 9}
+		{\ensuremath{\left|#2\right|}}{}%
+}
+
+% Pour virer des parenthèses quand on corrige un fichier.
+\newcommand{\nopa}[1]{\ensuremath{#1}}
+
+% Pour transformer \pa en parenthèses simples.
+\newcommand{\cpa}[1]{\ensuremath{(#1)}}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                        !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Quelques conventions et raccourcis   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                        !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les constantes.
+\newcommand{\cte}{\ensuremath{C^{\mbox{\scriptsize{te}}}}}
+\newcommand{\Cte}{\cte}						% Synonyme
+
+% La force électromotrice.
+\newcommand{\fem}{f.é.m.\xspace}
+
+% L'amplificateur opérationnel.
+\newcommand{\AO}{AO\xspace}
+
+% La fonction indicatrice.
+\newcommand{\indicatrice}{\ensuremath{\mathds{1}}}
+
+% Les espaces de séparation pour les milliers.
+% Exemple:
+% $\nombre{1234567}$ a le même effet que $1\,234\,567$.
+\makeatletter
+\def\f@thousandsep{\ifmmode\mskip3mu\else\penalty\@M\kern.3em\fi}
+\makeatother
+\newcommand{\nb}[1]{\nombre{#1}}
+
+% « Grand O » et « petit o » sont dans un bateau.
+% 
+% Exemples:
+%       En 0, $\sin x = x + \petito(x)$.
+% 
+%       $f(x) = x + \petito[x\to0](x)$.
+%
+% La première forme est celle recommandée, mais lorsque le contexte est
+% flou, on peut utiliser l'argument optionnel pour préciser comment il faut
+% entendre le « o ».
+%
+% Dans tous les cas, n'écrivez pas « x \to 0 » sous un signe égal.
+
+%\newcommand{\petito}[1][]{\ensuremath{\underset{#1}{\text{o}}}}
+%\newcommand{\grando}[1][]{\ensuremath{\underset{#1}{\text{O}}}}
+
+\newcommand{\petito}[1][]{%
+    \ifthenelse{%
+        \equal{#1}{}%
+    }{%
+        \ensuremath{\text{o}}%
+    }{%
+        \ensuremath{\underset{#1}{\text{o}}}%
+    }%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\grando}[1][]{%
+    \ifthenelse{%
+        \equal{#1}{}%
+    }{%
+        \ensuremath{\text{O}}%
+    }{%
+        \ensuremath{\underset{#1}{\text{O}}}%
+    }%
+}
+
+% Les deux commandes suivantes sont obsolètes; elles ne sont laissées que pour
+% la compatibilité ascendante. Veuillez ne pas les utiliser.
+\newcommand{\pto}[1]{\ensuremath{\text{o}\left ( #1 \right )}}
+\newcommand{\gdo}[1]{\ensuremath{O\left ( #1 \right )}}
+
+% La probabilité d'un événement.
+% Exemple: $ \proba{X} $
+\newcommand{\proba}[1]{\ensuremath{\text{Pr}\left(#1\right)}}
+
+% Les chapeaux et les tildes doivent avoir une bonne taille pour être bien
+% visibles et éviter ainsi les confusions.
+\renewcommand{\hat}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{#1}}}
+\renewcommand{\tilde}[1]{\ensuremath{\widetilde{#1}}}
+
+% Dessiner un arrondi au-dessus d'un groupe de lettres, disons 'AB',
+% pour signifier que l'on considère un arc de cercle d'extrémités A et B.
+% Exemple: \arcdecercle{AB}
+
+\newlength{\longueurarcdecercle}
+\newcommand{\arcdecercle}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+    \settowidth{\longueurarcdecercle}{\ensuremath{#1}}%
+    \overset{%
+        \mbox{%
+                \resizebox{\longueurarcdecercle}{4pt}{%
+                        \rotatebox{90}{\ensuremath{\hskip-1pt)}}%
+                }%
+        }%
+    }{#1}%
+}}
+
+% Plus et moins l'infini.
+%
+% Lorsque l'on écrit $+\infty$, le plus est trop gros. On fait la même 
+% remarque avec $-\infty$. Pour contourner ce problème, vous pouvez utiliser
+% des macros spécifiques à ces cas-là.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \sqrt{n} \tvn \pinf $
+%
+% Attention, n'utilisez jamais \plus et \moins dans vos corrigés.
+% Ces macros n'existent que pour définir \pinf et \minf et quelques autres
+% bidouilles comme \Rplus.
+% Ne les utilisez pas à la place de + et - dans les opérations courantes !
+
+\newcommand{\plus}{\mbox{\protect\raisebox{.2mm}{\tiny{\ensuremath{+}}}}}
+\newcommand{\moins}{\mbox{\protect\raisebox{.2mm}{\tiny{\ensuremath{-}}}}}
+\newcommand{\pinf}{\plus\ensuremath{\infty}}
+\newcommand{\minf}{\moins\ensuremath{\infty}}
+
+% Le « plus ou moins » (\pm) de LaTeX est vraiment trop laid.
+\newlength{\pmlength} 
+\settowidth{\pmlength}{{\scriptsize$+$}}
+\newlength{\pmsmalllength}
+\settowidth{\pmsmalllength}{{\tiny$+$}}
+%\renewcommand{\pm}{%
+%        \mathop{\raisebox{0.8mm}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{+}}}%
+%        \hskip-\pmlength%
+%        \raisebox{-0.4mm}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{-}}}}%
+%}
+\renewcommand{\pm}{%
+    \mathchoice{%
+            \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{+}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmlength%
+            \raisebox{-0.264ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{-}}}}%
+    }{%
+            \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{+}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmlength%
+            \raisebox{-0.264ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{-}}}}%
+    }{%
+            \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{+}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmsmalllength\hskip-0.035ex%
+            \raisebox{-0.14ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{-}}}}%
+    }{%
+            \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{+}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmsmalllength\hskip-0.035ex%
+            \raisebox{-0.14ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{-}}}}%
+    }
+}
+
+% La commande \pm précédente ne passe pas bien en \mathgras... En voici
+% une version spécialement prévue dans ce cas.
+\newlength{\pmgraslength} 
+\settowidth{\pmgraslength}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{$+$}}}}
+\newlength{\pmgrassmalllength}
+\settowidth{\pmgrassmalllength}{{\tiny\ensuremath{\mathgras{$+$}}}}
+%\newcommand{\pmgras}{%
+%        \mathop{\raisebox{0.8mm}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{+}}}}%
+%        \hskip-\pmgraslength%
+%		\hskip-0.9pt%
+%        \raisebox{-0.6mm}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{-}}}}}%
+%}
+\newcommand{\pmgras}{%
+    \mathchoice{%
+        \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{+}}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmgraslength%
+            \hskip-0.9pt%
+        \raisebox{-0.396ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{-}}}}}%
+    }{%
+        \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{+}}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmgraslength%
+            \hskip-0.9pt%
+        \raisebox{-0.396ex}{{\scriptsize\ensuremath{\mathgras{-}}}}}%
+    }{%
+        \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{\mathgras{+}}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmgrassmalllength%
+            \hskip-0.739pt%
+        \raisebox{-0.22ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{\mathgras{-}}}}}%
+    }{%
+        \mathop{\raisebox{0.528ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{\mathgras{+}}}}%
+            \hskip-\pmgrassmalllength%
+            \hskip-0.739pt%
+        \raisebox{-0.22ex}{{\tiny\ensuremath{\mathgras{-}}}}}%
+    }
+}
+
+
+% Idéalement, le « e » de l'exponentielle et le « i » des complexes devraient
+% être composés en romain (« droit »). Ceci est facultatif dans les Annales,
+% parce que la composition est rendue moins intuitive.
+% Toutefois, pour simplifier la composition des auteurs qui souhaitent suivre
+% cette louable convention, les commandes suivantes peuvent être utiles.
+%
+% Exemples: 	La fonction $f \colon x \mapsto \ex{x+1}$ etc.
+%		La «racine carrée» de $-1$ est notée \ir.
+%		La racine troisième de l'unité est notée $\jr$.
+%		$1 + \ir = \sqrt{2} \: \exi{\pi / 4}$.
+
+\newcommand{\ir}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{i}}\xspace}	% « i romain »
+\newcommand{\jr}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{j}}\xspace}	% « j romain »
+\newcommand{\ex}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^{\,#1}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\exi}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^{\,\mathrm{i}\,#1}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\exmi}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^{\,-\mathrm{i}\,#1}}\xspace}
+
+% Le principe de récurrence est un outil puissant pour résoudre de nombreux
+% problèmes. Parfois, il suffit de l'invoquer pour conclure: « On en déduit,
+% par une récurrence immédiate, que tous les chats sont gris. » 
+% Toutefois, dès lors que la récurrence doit être explicitement déroulée, il
+% faut mettre ses étapes en valeur, avec {itemize} et les commandes 
+% ci-dessous.
+%
+% Exemple:
+%	Montrons que la propriété:
+%
+%	\centers{$
+%		\PP(n): \quad u_n \geq 0
+%		$}
+%
+%	\marge est vraie pour tout $n \geq 0$.
+%
+%	\begin{itemize}
+%
+%	\item $\recz$ est vraie par hypothèse.
+%	\item $\rec{n}{n+1}$: blabla
+%	\item \leftcenters{\underline{Conclusion}:}{$
+%		\forall n \geq 0    \qquad    u_n \geq 0
+%		$}
+%
+%	\end{itemize}
+
+\newcommand{\PP}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{P}}}
+\newcommand{\QQ}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{Q}}}
+	% Quand \PP est déjà utilisé, ou pour une famille de polynômes...
+\newcommand{\rec}[2]{\underline{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{P}(#1) \imply%
+        \mathscrchoice{P}(#2)}}}
+	% $\rec{n}{n+1}$ <==> \underline{$\PP{n}\imply\PP{n+1}$}
+\newcommand{\recz}[1][0]{\underline{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{P}(#1)}}\xspace}
+	% L'initialisation de la récurrence.
+	% On écrit $\recz[2]$ pour partir de $n=2$.
+	% Si on ne précise pas d'argument optionnel, la valeur 0 est utilisée.
+
+% Donner la bonne tête aux symboles courants: sacrés amerloques !
+\renewcommand{\leq}{\ensuremath{\leqslant}}
+\renewcommand{\geq}{\ensuremath{\geqslant}}
+\renewcommand{\le}{\ensuremath{\leq}}				% Synonyme
+\renewcommand{\ge}{\ensuremath{\geq}}				% Synonyme
+\renewcommand{\epsilon}{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}
+\newcommand{\eps}{\epsilon}
+\renewcommand{\setminus}{\smallsetminus}	% $\R \setminus \Q$
+%\newcommand{\bs}{\ensuremath{\backslash}}	% Quand \setminus est trop petit
+\newcommand{\bs}{\texttt{\symbol{92}}}
+
+
+% \phi et \varphi.
+% Neuf fois sur dix, c'est \varphi que l'on veut dessiner, ce qui mérite un
+% raccourci.
+\newcommand{\ph}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}
+
+% Une moyenne bien présentée.
+% Exemple: $ \moyenne{ \vectE } $
+%\newcommand{\moyenne}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\langle#1\right\rangle}}
+\newcommand{\moyenne}[2][9]{%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 0}
+		{\ensuremath{#2}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 1}
+		{\ensuremath{\langle#2\rangle}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 2}
+		{\ensuremath{\big\langle#2\big\rangle}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 3}
+		{\ensuremath{\Big\langle#2\Big\rangle}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 4}
+		{\ensuremath{\bigg\langle#2\bigg\rangle}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 5}
+		{\ensuremath{\Bigg\langle#2\Bigg\rangle}}{}%
+	\ifthenelse{#1 = 9}
+		{\ensuremath{\left\langle#2\right\rangle}}{}%
+}
+
+% Pour placer une conjonction entre deux termes dans une formule centrée.
+\newcommand{\qetq}{\quad\text{et}\quad\null}
+\newcommand{\qqetqq}{\qquad\text{et}\qquad\null}
+\newcommand{\qcarq}{\quad\text{car}\quad\null}
+\newcommand{\qqcarqq}{\qquad\text{car}\qquad\null}
+\newcommand{\qavecq}{\quad\text{avec}\quad\null}
+\newcommand{\qqavecqq}{\qquad\text{avec}\qquad\null}
+
+% Lorsque l'on définit une fonction, on a besoin de:
+%	* son nom
+%	* l'ensemble de départ
+%	* l'ensemble d'arrivée
+%	* le nom de la variable
+%	* l'expression de la fonction
+% On veut alors obtenir un tableau dont la première ligne concerne les
+% ensembles, la deuxième les transformations de la variable, une accolade
+% à gauche et le nom de la variable devant. C'est ce que fait \fonction.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \fonction{f}{ \R }{ \Z }{ x }{ \partieentiere{x} } $
+
+\newcommand{\fonction}[5]{%
+        \ensuremath{#1\colon
+        \left\{\hskip -1.5 mm
+        \begin{array}{c@{\ }c@{\ }l}
+        \medskip #2 & \longrightarrow & #3 \\
+        #4 & \longmapsto & #5 \\
+        \end{array}
+        \right .
+        }}
+
+% Pour dessiner la restriction d'une fonction à un ensemble, la coutume est
+% de placer le nom de la fonction, une barre verticale et en indice, 
+% l'ensemble dans lequel on fait vivre la restriction. C'est l'objet de cette 
+% commande.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \rest{f}{ \Z } $
+
+\newlength{\restsubwidth}
+\newlength{\restsubheight}
+\newlength{\restsubmoreheight}
+\setlength{\restsubmoreheight}{4 pt}
+\newcommand{\rest}[2]{%
+        \settowidth{\restsubwidth}{\ensuremath{#2}}
+        \settoheight{\restsubheight}{\ensuremath{{}_{#2}}}
+        \ensuremath{{#1\hskip 0.5 pt}_{\vrule\kern2pt\parbox[b][%
+        \the\restsubheight +
+                \the\restsubmoreheight][b]{\the\restsubwidth}{%
+                        \ensuremath{{}_{#2}}}}}
+        }
+
+% Les combinaisons peuvent être notées à la française ou à l'anglaise.
+% Le mérite de cette dernière apparaît lorsque les arguments sont trop
+% grands pour une simple lettre C. 
+%
+% Rappel: à la française, on indique le 'n' (nombre total d'éléments) en bas 
+% et le 'p' (nombre d'éléments à choisir) en haut. À l'anglaise, c'est 
+% l'inverse.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Comb{n}{p} $	À la française
+%	   $ \comb{n}{p} $	À l'anglaise
+
+\newcommand{\Comb}[2]{\ensuremath{C_{#1}^{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\comb}[2]{\ensuremath{\begin{pmatrix}#1\\#2\\\end{pmatrix}}}
+
+% La partie entière peut être écrite à l'américaine plutôt qu'avec 
+% l'énigmatique fonction 'E'. C'est efficace...
+\newcommand{\partieentiere}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor}}
+\newcommand{\partieentieresup}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lceil#1\right\rceil}}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Intégrales, sommes et produits   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% À la main, on dessine toujours des intégrales ayant la même taille.
+% Dans l'édition française, c'est assez standard; ce sont les anglo-saxons
+% qui adaptent la taille de leurs intégrales au contexte (leurs intégrales
+% sont plus petites dans le texte). Pour avoir toujours une intégrale de 
+% taille standard, on dispose de la commande \Int, qui prend deux arguments:
+% ses bornes.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Int{0}{\f \pi 2} \sin t \dt $
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Int{}{} \ln t \dt $
+%
+% Attention, il ne faut jamais utiliser \int dans les Annales.
+
+\newcommand{\Int}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathchoice%
+	{{\displaystyle\int_{#1}^{#2}}}
+	{{\displaystyle\int_{#1}^{#2}}}
+	{\int_{#1}^{#2}}
+	{\int_{#1}^{#2}}
+	}}
+
+% Les éléments différentiels.
+%
+% Ils doivent être composés avec un 'd' droit. On dispose pour cela de la 
+% commande \dd.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \dd x $
+%
+% Cette commande convient parfaitement à une dérivée temporelle, par exemple.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \f{\dd f}{\dd t} $
+%
+% Dans les intégrales, il faut aussi laisser un peu d'espace avant l'élément
+% différentiel; les commandes suivantes (\dx, \dt, etc.) incluent cet espace.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Int{0}{1} f(t) \dt $
+%
+% Attention toutefois, il ne faut pas les utiliser lorsque l'élément 
+% différentiel fait partie d'une fraction. En pareil cas on en revient à '\:'
+% pour l'espace et à \dd pour le 'd' droit.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Int{0}{1} f(t) \: \f{\dd t}{2} $
+
+\newcommand{\dd}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{d}}}
+\newcommand{\dt}{\ensuremath{\:\dd t}}
+\newcommand{\dx}{\ensuremath{\:\dd x}}
+\newcommand{\dy}{\ensuremath{\:\dd y}}
+\newcommand{\dz}{\ensuremath{\:\dd z}}
+\newcommand{\du}{\ensuremath{\:\dd u}}
+\newcommand{\dv}{\ensuremath{\:\dd v}}
+\newcommand{\dr}{\ensuremath{\:\dd r}}
+\newcommand{\dS}{\ensuremath{\,\dd\!\vect{S}}}		% Élément de surface
+\newcommand{\dl}{\ensuremath{\,\dd\!\vect{\ell}}}	% Élément de longueur
+\newcommand{\dT}{\ensuremath{\:\dd T}}			% Températures
+\newcommand{\dtheta}{\ensuremath{\:\dd \theta}}
+\newcommand{\dphi}{\ensuremath{\:\dd \varphi}}
+\newcommand{\dtau}{\ensuremath{\:\dd \tau}}
+\newcommand{\dV}{\ensuremath{\:\dd V}}
+
+% Les sommes.
+%
+% De même que \Int doit être préférée à \int, \Sum doit être préférée à \sum.
+% Cette commande dessine un 'sigma' qui est presque toujours de la bonne
+% taille.
+% 
+% Exemple:  $ \Sum{k=1}{n} \f{1}{k} = \ln n + \gamma + \petito(1) $
+%
+% Pour les séries (« la série 'sigma' u_n converge »), dans lesquelles on ne
+% précise pas les bornes, l'utilisation de \Sum avec des arguments vides
+% (c'est-à-dire \Sum{}{}) ne donne pas un bon rendu en mode texte car cette
+% commande laisse inévitablement un espace vertical au-dessus et en dessous
+% d'elle. On préfèrera alors la commande \serie, qui est faite pour cela, et
+% pour cela uniquement.
+%
+% Exemple: La série $ \serie u_n $ converge.
+%
+% Enfin, bien que ce ne soit pas recommandé par H&K (car cela rend confus la
+% distinction entre une série et une somme partielle), vous pouvez être amené
+% à préciser l'indice de sommation dans la série; vous seriez alors tenté
+% d'écrire quelque chose comme $\Sum{k \geq 0}{} u_k$. L'ennui, c'est que,
+% comme précédemment, \Sum laissera au-dessus d'elle un espace indésirable.
+% Vous pouvez l'éliminer grâce à la commande \smash.
+%
+% Exemple: La série $\smash[t]{ \Sum{k \geq 0}{} u_k }$ converge.
+%
+% Attention, la commande \serie doit être proscrite dès que vous souhaitez
+% utiliser un indice ou un exposant.
+
+\newcommand{\Sum}[2]{\ensuremath{\textstyle{\sum\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}}
+\newcommand{\serie}{\ensuremath{\smash{\Sum{}{}}}}
+
+\newcommand{\Sumt}[2]{\protect\Sumtproto{#1}{#2}}
+\newcommand{\Sumtproto}[2]{%
+        \ifthenelse{%
+                \equal{#1}{}
+        }{%
+                \ifthenelse{%
+                        \equal{#2}{}%
+                }{%
+                        \ensuremath{\sum}%
+                }{%
+                        \smash[b]{\ensuremath{\sum\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}%
+                }
+        }{%
+                \ensuremath{\sum\limits}_{#1}^{#2}%
+        }%
+}
+
+% Il y a quelques cas où l'on souhaite dessiner un symbole de sommation plus
+% grand que la normale, par exemple s'il est suivi d'une intégrale.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \SUM{k=1}{n}   \f{1}{k}   \Int{}{} f_n(t) \dt $
+
+\newcommand{\SUM}[2]{\ensuremath{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}}
+
+% Dans la même veine que « \Sum vs \sum » et « \Int vs \int », on peut vouloir
+% écrire un produit autrement qu'avec \prod (commande prédéfinie), qui ne se
+% comporte pas comme on l'attend.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Prod{k=1}{n} k = n\,! $
+
+\newcommand{\PI}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+	\mathop{\mbox{\Large\ensuremath{\Pi}}}\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\Prod}[2]{\PI{#1}{#2}}			% Synonyme préférable
+
+% La commande précédente produit un symbole dont le bas est aligné sur la       
+% ligne de référence; or, on s'attend d'habitude à ce que les symboles          
+% mathématiques soient centrés sur cette ligne. Si c'est ce deuxième            
+% comportement qui est souhaité, c'est la commande suivante qu'il faut          
+% utiliser.                                                                     
+                                                                                
+\newcommand{\Produit}[2]{\ensuremath{\prod\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Limites et équivalents   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les limites.
+%
+% Pour indiquer qu'une variable tend vers une valeur, on peut utiliser \to,
+% comme dans $ x \to x_0$. Pour indiquer ensuite que f(x) tend vers \ell 
+% lorsque x tend vers x_0, on a envie de représenter une longue flèche portant
+% en dessous la mention $x \to x_0$.
+%
+% Exemple: $ f(x)  \tv{x \to x_0}  \ell $
+%
+% Lorsque la variable est $n$ est tend vers l'infini, on a un raccourci.
+%
+% Exemples: 	$ u_n \tvn \ell $
+%		$ u_k \tvn[k] \ell $
+
+\newcommand{\tv}[1]{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow[#1]{}}}
+\newcommand{\tvn}[1][n]{\ensuremath{\tv{#1 \to \infty}}}
+
+% Indiquer une limite avec « lim » pose un problème car, par défaut, la 
+% commande prédéfinie \lim ne met pas bien en dessous ce que l'on aimerait
+% qui soit en dessous. On utilise plutôt \limt.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \limt_{x \to 0} \f{\sin x}{x} = 1 $
+\newcommand{\limt}{\ensuremath{\lim\limits}}
+
+% De même, on veut pouvoir, au besoin préciser quelque chose comme $x \to 0$
+% en dessous du symbole « équivalent ».
+% Exemple: $ \f{\sin x}{x} \Sim_{x \to 0} 1 $
+\newcommand{\Sim}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\sim}\limits}}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Ensembles et relations   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Pour l'intersection de deux ensembles, LaTeX fournit la commande \cap, comme 
+% dans $A \cap B$. Pour dessiner l'intersection d'une famille d'ensembles, on
+% a envie de placer un indice et un exposant; c'est ce que permettent les 
+% commandes \inter et \Inter.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \inter{k=1}{n} A_k $
+% 	   $ \Inter{k=1}{n} A_k $
+%
+% Le premier s'utilise plutôt dans le texte et le deuxième plutôt dans les
+% formules centrées, mais cela dépend aussi du contexte, c'est-à-dire des
+% ensembles considérés. \inter peut très bien être utilisé dans une équation
+% centrée.
+%
+% Les remarques et exemples précédents s'appliquent directement à \union et
+% \Union, qui généralisent la commande prédéfinie \cup (comme dans $A \cup B$).
+
+\newcommand{\inter}[2]{\ensuremath{\bigcap\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\Inter}[2]{\ensuremath{\displaystyle\bigcap_{#1}^{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\union}[2]{\ensuremath{\bigcup\limits_{#1}^{#2}}}
+\newcommand{\Union}[2]{\ensuremath{\displaystyle\bigcup_{#1}^{#2}}}
+
+% Le complémentaire d'un ensemble (sans préciser l'ensemble de référence)
+% peut être noté par \compl.
+% Exemple: $ \compl{A} $
+\newcommand{\compl}[1]{\ensuremath{\sideset{^{\text{c}}}{}%
+        {\mathop{#1}\nolimits}}}
+
+% Quand on écrit un ensemble en extension, il faut préciser le domaine 
+% d'existence de la variable, en séparant cette précision de ce qui précède
+% au moyen d'une barre verticale. Il est alors bon de laisser un espace avant
+% et après cette barre: c'est ce que fait la commande \|.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \{ x\in\R    \|    \sin x = 0}    =    \pi\Z $
+%
+% Lorsque la hauteur de la barre doit s'adapter à des accolades de grande 
+% taille, on ne peut pas utiliser \|. Il faut alors procéder à la main.
+%
+% Exemple: 	$\left\{ 
+%			\left. \Sum{k=1}{n} (-1)^k/k \ \right|\ 
+%		        n \in \Nstar 
+%		\right\}$ 
+%
+% ce qui peut également s'écrire:
+%
+%		$\left\{ \Sum{k=1}{n} (-1)^k/k 	\ \right|\
+% 		n \in \Nstar \left.\vphantom{\Sum{k=1}{n}} \right\}$
+%
+% On peut aussi utiliser directement le constructeur \Big pour imposer la
+% taille des délimiteurs.
+%
+% Exemple: $\Big\{ \Sum{k=1}{n} (-1)^k/k   \ \Big|\    n \in \Nstar   \Big\} $
+
+\renewcommand{\|}{\ensuremath{\:|\:}}   
+
+% Les mathématiques utilisent beaucoup les listes, en particulier en algèbre
+% linéaire, par exemple pour décrire une base. Composer ces listes peut être
+% automatisé, puisque l'on n'a en général besoin que du nom de la famille 
+% ('e'), et éventuellement des indices de début et de fin, comme dans
+% (e_1 , ... , e_n).
+%
+% Exemples: 	
+%		\liste{x}	-> (x_1,x_2,...,x_n)
+%		\liste[p]{x}	-> (x_1,x_2,...,x_p)
+%		\liste*{x}	-> (x_0,x_1,...,x_n)
+%		\liste*[p]{x}	-> (x_0,x_1,...,x_p)
+%
+% Remarque: d'un point de vue sémantique, il serait plus logique d'utiliser
+% la forme étoilée pour les listes qui commencent à 1, mais comme ce sont
+% ces dernières qui sont les plus fréquentes, on leur réserve la commande
+% la plus simple.
+
+\makeatletter
+\newif\if@ListeStar
+\global\@ListeStartrue
+
+\newcommand{\liste}{%
+	\@ifstar{\global\@ListeStartrue\@liste}%
+		{\global\@ListeStarfalse\@liste}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\@liste}[2][n]{%
+	\if@ListeStar%
+		\left({#2}_0,{#2}_1,\ldots,{#2}_{#1}\right)%
+	\else%
+		\left({#2}_1,{#2}_2,\ldots,{#2}_{#1}\right)%
+	\fi\@ListeStarfalse%
+}
+\makeatother
+
+% Les commandes suivantes ne sont gardées que pour la compatibilité
+% ascendante. Elles sont néanmoins fonctionnelles, mais n'acceptent pas
+% de forme étoilée.
+\newcommand{\xlist}[2]{\ensuremath{\left({#1}_1,\ldots,{#1}_{#2}\right)}}
+\newcommand{\xliste}[2]{\xlist{#1}{#2}}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\nlist}[1]{\xlist{#1}{n}}
+\newcommand{\mlist}[1]{\xlist{#1}{m}}
+\newcommand{\plist}[1]{\xlist{#1}{p}}
+\newcommand{\rlist}[1]{\xlist{#1}{r}}
+\newcommand{\nliste}[1]{\nlist{#1}}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\mliste}[1]{\mlist{#1}}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\pliste}[1]{\plist{#1}}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\rliste}[1]{\rlist{#1}}				% Synonyme
+
+% Les deux grandes manières utilisées en prépa pour noter les suites sont de
+% la forme $(u_n)$ et $(u_n)_{n\in\N}$. La première (sans les indices) est 
+% généralement préférable, tant que le contexte permet de lever toute
+% ambiguïté sur ce qui serait en indice dans la notation complète.
+% Toutefois, il est parfois utile de préciser les indices, par exemple dans
+% les résultats encadrés. On pourra alors soit composer les indices
+% « à la main », soit avec la commande \suite.
+%
+% Exemples:	\suite{u}	-> (u_n)_{n\in\N}
+%		\suite*{u}	-> (u_n)_{n\in\N^*}
+%		\suite[k]{u}	-> (u_k)_{k\in\N}
+%		\suite*[k]{u}	-> (u_k)_{k\in\N^*}
+
+\makeatletter
+\newif\if@SuiteStar
+\global\@SuiteStartrue
+
+\newcommand{\suite}{%
+	\@ifstar{\global\@SuiteStartrue\@suite}%
+		{\global\@SuiteStarfalse\@suite}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\@suite}[2][n]{%
+	\if@SuiteStar%
+		\left(#2_{#1}\right)_{#1\in\N^*}%
+	\else%
+		\left(#2_{#1}\right)_{#1\in\N}%
+	\fi\@SuiteStarfalse%
+}
+\makeatother
+
+
+%% Quelques ensembles classiques.
+
+% On n'utilise pas cette commande, elle pose problème avec le \xspace: \N*
+% renvoie N* et non N^*.
+
+% La commande \mathBB est proposée par Paul; elle est construite sur la base
+% de la commande usuelle \mathbb, mais pour obtenir la version étoilée 
+% (« R étoile »), il suffit de placer une étoile après le symbole, sans
+% chapeau. 
+% Exemple:	\N*	est équivalent à \mathbb{N}^{*}
+
+\makeatletter
+\newif\if@laststared
+\global\@laststaredtrue
+\newcommand{\mathBB}[1]{%
+        \@ifstar%
+        {\global\@laststaredtrue\m@thBB{#1}}%
+        {\global\@laststaredfalse\m@thBB{#1}}% 
+}
+\newcommand{\m@thBB}[1]{%
+	\if@laststared{\ensuremath{%
+		{\ifgras\pmb{\mathbb{#1}^{*}}\else\mathbb{#1}^{*}\fi}}\xspace}%
+	\else{\ensuremath{%
+		{\ifgras\pmb{\mathbb{#1}}\else\mathbb{#1}\fi}}\xspace}% 
+	\fi%
+	\@laststaredfalse% 
+}
+\makeatother
+
+\renewcommand{\emptyset}{\ensuremath{\varnothing}\xspace}	% L'ensemble vide
+
+\makeatletter
+%\newcommand{\N}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{N}}\xspace}        % Entiers
+\newcommand{\N}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{N}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}\xspace}
+}
+%\newcommand{\Z}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{Z}}\xspace}        % Entiers relatifs
+\newcommand{\Z}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{Z}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}\xspace}
+}
+%\newcommand{\Q}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{Q}}\xspace}        % Rationnels
+\newcommand{\Q}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{Q}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{Q}}\xspace}
+}
+%\newcommand{\R}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{R}}\xspace}        % Réels
+\newcommand{\R}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{R}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}\xspace}
+}
+%\newcommand{\C}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{C}}\xspace}        % Complexes
+\newcommand{\C}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{C}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{C}}\xspace}
+}
+\newcommand{\Nstar}{\ensuremath{\N*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Zstar}{\ensuremath{\Z*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Zdeux}{\ensuremath{\Z^2}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Ztrois}{\ensuremath{\Z^3}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Qstar}{\ensuremath{\Q*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rstar}{\ensuremath{\R*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rdeux}{\ensuremath{\R^2}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rtrois}{\ensuremath{\R^3}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Cstar}{\ensuremath{\C*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Cdeux}{\ensuremath{\C^2}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Ctrois}{\ensuremath{\C^3}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rplus}{\ensuremath{\R_{\plus}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rmoins}{\ensuremath{\R_{\moins}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rplusstar}{\ensuremath{\Rplus^*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rmoinsstar}{\ensuremath{\Rmoins^*}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rplusetoile}{\ensuremath{\Rplusstar}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Rmoinsetoile}{\ensuremath{\Rmoinsstar}\xspace}
+
+% Les nombres complexes de module 1 (Groupe Unimodulaire)
+%\newcommand{\GU}{\mathBB{U}}
+\newcommand{\GU}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{U}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{U}}\xspace}
+}
+
+% Un corps quelconque.
+%\newcommand{\K}{\mathBB{K}}
+\newcommand{\K}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{K}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{K}}\xspace}
+}
+\newcommand{\corps}{\K}                 % Synonyme
+
+% Les anneaux cycliques.
+\newcommand{\ZZ}[1][\ensuremath{n}]{\ensuremath{\mathBB{Z}/#1\mathBB{Z}}}
+
+    % \ZZ[n] --> Z/nZ
+    % \ZZ[2] --> Z/2Z
+    % \ZZ    --> Z/nZ
+\newcommand{\zpz}{\ensuremath{\ZZ[p]}}
+\newcommand{\znz}{\ensuremath{\ZZ[n]}}
+\newcommand{\zpzstar}{\ensuremath{\zpz^*}}
+
+% Les anneaux de polynômes.
+% Exemple: $ P \in \CX    \implique    P \in \RX $
+\newcommand{\RX}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{R}[X]}}
+\newcommand{\CX}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{C}[X]}}
+\newcommand{\zpzx}{\ensuremath{\zpz[X]}}
+
+% Le groupe symétrique.
+%\newcommand{\sym}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{S}}}         % Au choix
+\newcommand{\sym}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{S}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{S}}\xspace}
+}
+\newcommand{\GS}{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{S}}}         % Au choix
+\newcommand{\SG}{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{S}}}         % Synonyme
+
+% Une notation affreuse parfois rencontrée pour l'ensemble des nombres
+% premiers.
+%\renewcommand{\P}{\ensuremath{\mathBB{P}}}
+\renewcommand{\P}{%
+    \@ifnextchar*%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathBB{P}}}%
+        {\ensuremath{\mathbb{P}}\xspace}
+}
+\makeatother
+
+% L'anneau des matrices.
+% Exemple: $ A \in \M_n(\R) $
+\newcommand{\M}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{M}}}
+
+%% Des symboles d'ensemble avec des lettres rondes.
+
+\DeclareSymbolFont{rsfs}{U}{rsfs}{m}{n}
+\DeclareSymbolFontAlphabet{\tmpmathscr}{rsfs}
+\newcommand{\mathscrchoice}[1]{%
+        \ifgras\pmb{\tmpmathscr{#1}}\else\tmpmathscr{#1}\fi}
+
+\newcommand{\aire}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\alphabet}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\arbre}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\base}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{B}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\courbe}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{C}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\cercle}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{C}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Cun}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{C}^1}\xspace}	% $f$ est de classe \Cun
+\newcommand{\Cinfini}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{C}^{\infty}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\classe}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{C}}\xspace}	% $f$ est de classe $\classe^4$
+\newcommand{\courbef}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{C}_f}\xspace} % La courbe représentative
+\newcommand{\domaine}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{D}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\droite}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{D}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\Def}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{D}}\xspace}	% \def est réservé par TeX
+\newcommand{\deff}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{D}_f}\xspace}	% $ \deff = \intoo{0}{1} $
+\newcommand{\ens}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{E}}\xspace}	% Un ensemble
+\newcommand{\G}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{G}}\xspace}	% La constante de gravitation
+\newcommand{\Lin}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{L}}\xspace}	% $ u \in \Lin(E,F) $
+\newcommand{\mixte}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{M}}\xspace}	% Le produit mixte
+\newcommand{\plan}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{P}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\II}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{I}}\xspace}	% Pour les idéaux
+\newcommand{\solset}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{S}}\xspace}	% Ensemble des solutions
+\newcommand{\volume}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{V}}\xspace}  % Volumes
+
+% Des droites parallèles.
+% Exemple: $\droite_1 \parallele \droite_2$
+\newcommand{\parallele}{{\ensuremath{/ \hskip -1mm /}}}
+\renewcommand{\parallel}{\parallele}
+
+% Les intervalles.
+%
+% Bien composer un intervalle n'est pas facile: il faut adapter la taille des
+% crochets et bien espacer le délimiteur central, qui doit être un 
+% point-virgule. On dispose de commandes qui prennent tout cela en charge.
+% On précise si les intervalles sont Ouverts ou Fermés à gauche et à droite,
+% puis les valeurs des bornes.
+%
+% Exemple:	\intff{0}{1}	<==>	[0;1]
+% 		\intof{0}{1}	<==>	]0;1]
+% 		\intfo{0}{1}	<==>	[0;1[
+% 		\intoo{0}{1}	<==>	]0;1[
+%
+% Si le membre de gauche (resp. de droite) est omis, il est remplacé par
+% -\infty (resp. +\infty).
+%
+% Pour les intervalles d'entiers, on peut ajouter une barre verticale dans les
+% crochets, et les bornes doivent alors être incluses dans l'ensemble. La 
+% taille de ces crochets modifiés ne dépend pas des arguments; en cas de 
+% besoin, utiliser la notation ensembliste.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \forall k \in \intn{0}{n-1}    \quad    |u_k| < 1 $
+
+\newcommand{\TestGauche}[1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\minf}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\TestDroite}[1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\pinf}{#1}}
+\newcommand{\intff}[2]{\ensuremath{\left [ \, \protect\TestGauche{#1} \,;%
+	\protect\TestDroite{#2} \, \right ] }}
+\newcommand{\intof}[2]{\ensuremath{\left ] \, \protect\TestGauche{#1} \,;%
+	\protect\TestDroite{#2} \, \right ] }}
+\newcommand{\intfo}[2]{\ensuremath{\left [ \, \protect\TestGauche{#1} \,;%
+	\protect\TestDroite{#2} \, \right [ }}
+\newcommand{\intoo}[2]{\ensuremath{\left ] \, \protect\TestGauche{#1} \,;%
+	\protect\TestDroite{#2} \, \right [ }}
+
+%\newcommand{\intff}[2]{\ensuremath{\left [ \, #1 \,; #2 \, \right ] }}
+%\newcommand{\intfo}[2]{\ensuremath{\left [ \, #1 \,; #2 \, \right [ }}
+%\newcommand{\intof}[2]{\ensuremath{\left ] \, #1 \,; #2 \, \right ] }}
+%\newcommand{\intoo}[2]{\ensuremath{\left ] \, #1 \,; #2 \, \right [ }}
+
+\newcommand{\intn}[2]{\ensuremath{[\![ \, #1 \,;\, #2 \,]\!]}}
+\newcommand{\intnn}[2]{\intn{#1}{#2}}				% Synonyme
+
+% L'intérieur d'un ensemble est noté avec \ronde ou \interieur.
+% Exemple: $ \ronde{A} $
+%\newcommand{\ronde}[1]{\ensuremath{\overset{\circ}{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\ronde}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathring{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\interieur}[1]{\ronde{#1}}				% Synonyme
+% Une alternative pour les ensembles notés par une lettre minuscule:
+% \mathaccent0023{a}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Numérotation   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Il peut être très utile de numéroter une équation pour y faire aisément 
+% référence ensuite, soit explicitement avec les commandes ci-dessous, soit
+% avec la commande \centersnumero (décrite juste après).
+%
+% Exemple : \leftcentersright{par suite}{$
+%		f = g² + h²
+%		$}{\deux}.
+%
+% La commande de base est \numero; elle accepte un argument.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \numero{17} $
+%
+% Pour faire simple, des raccourcis qui utilisent cette macro sont déjà prévus
+% (\un <==> \numero{1}).
+
+\newcommand{\numero}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathbf{(#1)}}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\un}{\numero{1}}
+\newcommand{\deux}{\numero{2}}
+\newcommand{\trois}{\numero{3}}
+\newcommand{\quatre}{\numero{4}} 
+\newcommand{\cinq}{\numero{5}}   
+\newcommand{\E}{\numero{E}}
+\newcommand{\F}{\numero{F}}
+\newcommand{\Star}{\ensuremath{(\mathgras{*})}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\sys}{\numero{S}}
+
+% Les commandes à base de \numero, pour simples et pratiques qu'elles soient,
+% posent un problème lorsque les équations sont nombreuses car les relectures
+% scientifiques viendront peut-être tout chambouler. Il peut dont être 
+% pratique d'utiliser une numérotation automatique.
+%
+% Dans une copie, ceci est toujours fait en mettant un numéro à droite d'une
+% équation centrée. C'est ce que font les commandes ci-dessous, en étendant
+% les commandes comme \centers et en reprenant les mêmes idées que dans les
+% \label et \ref de LaTeX.
+%
+% Exemple: \centersnumero{$f=g$}{petit:nom}
+% 	(···)
+% 	Or, d'après l'équation \numeroref{petit:nom}, blablabla.
+%
+% Exemple: \leftcentersnumero{d'où}{$f=g$}{deuxieme:nom}
+%	(···)
+%	Or, d'après l'équation \numeroref{deuxieme:equation}, blablabla.
+%
+% Notez que l'on ne peut pas utiliser d'accent dans le petit nom que l'on 
+% affecte ('petit:nom' ou 'deuxieme:nom').
+
+\newcommand{\centersnumero}[3][2]{%
+	\refstepcounter{Equation}%
+	\centersright[#1]{#2}{\numero{\theEquation}\label{\theCorrige:#3}}%
+	}
+\newcommand{\leftcentersnumero}[4][2]{%
+	\refstepcounter{Equation}%
+	\leftcentersright[#1]{#2}{#3}{%
+		\numero{\theEquation}\label{\theCorrige:#4}%
+	}%
+}
+\newcommand{\encadrenumero}[3][2]{%
+    \refstepcounter{Equation}%
+    \encadreright[#1]{#2}{\numero{\theEquation}\label{\theCorrige:#3}}%
+    }
+\newcommand{\leftencadrenumero}[4][2]{%
+    \refstepcounter{Equation}%
+    \leftencadreright[#1]{#2}{#3}{%
+        \numero{\theEquation}\label{\theCorrige:#4}%
+    }%
+}
+\newcommand{\numeroref}[1]{\numero{\ref{\theCorrige:#1}}}
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                              !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Logique et mathématiques   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                              !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les symboles qui peuvent être utiles à tout le monde sont \implique et \eq.
+% Exemple: $ \PP(n)    \implique    \PP(n+1) $
+% Exemple: On a montré $(i) \implique (ii)$ et $(ii) \implique (i)$,
+%	   donc $(i) \eq (ii)$.
+\newcommand{\implique}{\ensuremath{\Longrightarrow}}
+\newcommand{\imply}{\implique}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\eq}{\ensuremath{\Longleftrightarrow}}
+\newcommand{\SSI}{\ensuremath{\Longleftrightarrow}}		% Synonyme
+
+% « Être en relation avec » se note « A \mathscrchoice{R} B ».
+% Exemple: $ A \relation B $
+\newcommand{\relation}{\ensuremath{\mathscrchoice{R}}}
+
+% Enfin, les symboles logiques classiques sont utiles pour les épreuves
+% d'informatique. Partout ailleurs, il faut leur préférer les expressions
+% rédigées complètes, en particulier dans les ensembles.
+% Exemple: $ A \implique B    \qquad \eq \qquad    \non B \ou A $
+% Exemple: $ \{ \pgcd(i,j) \| i \in A \text{ et } i \in B \} $
+\newcommand{\ou}{\ensuremath{\vee}}
+\newcommand{\et}{\ensuremath{\wedge}}
+\newcommand{\non}{\ensuremath{\neg}}
+\newcommand{\donne}{\ensuremath{\longrightarrow}}
+\newcommand{\tauto}{\ensuremath{\vdash}}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Algèbre linéaire et bilinéaire   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                                    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Quelques raccourcis pour manipuler les nombres complexes.
+\newcommand{\barre}[1]{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}		% Conjugué
+\newcommand{\Arg}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm Arg\,}\nolimits}}	% Argument
+\renewcommand{\Re}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\text{Re}\,}\nolimits}}
+\renewcommand{\Im}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\text{Im}\,}\nolimits}}
+\newcommand{\Rez}{\ensuremath{\Re}}  				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Imz}{\ensuremath{\Im}} 				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\im}{\ensuremath{\Imz}} 				% Synonyme
+
+% Les produits scalaires.
+%
+% Ils doivent être notés avec la même convention que dans l'énoncé.
+% Les deux notations les plus répandues utilisent des parenthèses et des
+% délimiteurs en coin:
+%
+% (u|v), (\vect{AB}|\vect{CD}).
+% <u|v>, <\vect{AB}|\vect{CD}>.
+%
+% Vous disposez de deux commandes pour les composer rapidement et proprement:
+%
+%   $\scalaire{u}{v}$                     pour (u|v)
+%   $\scalaire{ \vect{AB} }{ \vect{CD} }$
+%
+%   $\scalar{u}{v}$                       pour <u|v>
+%   $\scalar{ \vect{AB} }{ \vect{CD} }$
+%
+% Ne changez pas de notation au fil de votre corrigé !
+%
+% NB: dans la majorité des cas, il ne faut pas adapter la taille
+% des parenthèses à leur argument. En particulier, il est normal
+% que les flèches des vecteurs dépassent des parenthèses du produit scalaire.
+% Si toutefois vous avez besoin d'adapter la taille des parenthèses,
+% utilisez une syntaxe de ce genre:
+%
+%   \left(
+%       \left. \f{1}{2} u \:\right| v
+%   \right)
+%
+% ce qui peut aussi s'écrire:
+%
+%   \left( \f{1}{2} u \:\right|
+%   \left . \vphantom{\f{1}{2}} v \right)
+%
+% Si vous trouvez que ces parenthèses sont trop grandes, utilisez le
+% constructeur \Big:
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Big(    \Sum{k=0}{n} e_k    \:\Big|\:    e_{i_0}    \Big) $
+
+\newcommand{\scalaire}[2]{\ensuremath{(#1\|#2)}}
+\newcommand{\scalar}[2]{\ensuremath{\langle #1\|#2 \rangle}}
+
+% Les normes.
+%
+% La commande standard est \norme, qui doit être utilisée dans pratiquement
+% tous les cas. Il est normal et souhaitable que la flèche déborde des barres
+% verticales.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \norme{ \vect{AB} } $
+%
+% Il y a toutefois quelques cas pour lesquels on a vraiment besoin de barres
+% plus grandes, qui couvrent tout l'argument. On utilise alors \bignorme.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \bignorme{    \f{1}{2}   \vect{u}    } $
+%
+% Évitez de diviser un vecteur par un scalaire, comme dans $\f{\vect u}{2}$.
+%
+% Enfin, le sup d'un endomorphisme sur la boule unité se note avec trois 
+% barres verticales.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \trinorme{u} $
+
+%\newcommand{\norme}[1]{\ensuremath{\Arrowvert #1 \Arrowvert}}
+
+\newcommand{\norme}[2][1]{%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 0}
+        {\ensuremath{#2}}{}%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 1}
+        {\ensuremath{\Arrowvert #2\Arrowvert}}{}%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 2}
+        {\ensuremath{\big\Arrowvert#2\big\Arrowvert}}{}%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 3}
+        {\ensuremath{\Big\Arrowvert#2\Big\Arrowvert}}{}%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 4}
+        {\ensuremath{\bigg\Arrowvert#2\bigg\Arrowvert}}{}%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 5}
+        {\ensuremath{\Bigg\Arrowvert#2\Bigg\Arrowvert}}{}%
+    \ifthenelse{#1 = 9}
+        {\ensuremath{\left\Arrowvert#2\right\Arrowvert}}{}%
+}
+
+
+\newcommand{\bignorme}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\Arrowvert #1 \right\Arrowvert}}
+\newcommand{\trinorme}[1]{\ensuremath{|\hskip -1 pt|\hskip -1 pt| #1%
+	|\hskip -1 pt|\hskip -1 pt|}}
+
+% Dessiner une matrice ou un déterminant peut se faire avec les environnements
+% {matrice} et {determinant}.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{matrice}	$\begin{determinant}
+%		1 & 0 \\ 		1 & 0 \\
+%		0 & 1 \\		0 & 1 \\
+%	    \end{matrice}$	 \end{determinant}$
+%
+% La transposée d'une matrice nommée par une lettre se note avec \trans.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \trans{A} $
+%
+% Pour indiquer des points de suspension qui descendent la première diagonale,
+% LaTeX fournir \ddots (down dots). Il fournit également \cdots pour les 
+% points de suspension horizontaux et \vdots pour les points de 
+% suspension verticaux. Pour indiquer des points de suspension qui remontent 
+% la deuxième diagonale, on peut utiliser \udots.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{matrice}
+%		   0   & \cdots &    0   &    1   \\
+%		\vdots & \udots & \udots &    0   \\
+%		   0   & \udots & \udots & \vdots \\
+%		   1   &    0   & \cdots &    0   \\
+%	    \end{matrice}$
+
+\newenvironment{matrice}%
+	{\begin{pmatrix}}%
+	{\end{pmatrix}}
+\newenvironment{determinant}%
+	{\begin{vmatrix}}%
+	{\end{vmatrix}}
+
+% La commande \matricedd simplifie la composition de matrices (2,2). Elle
+% prend quatre arguments qui sont les quatre coefficients de la matrice, lus
+% ligne par ligne.
+%
+% Exemple: \matricedd{\exi{\theta}}{0}{0}{\exmi{\theta}}
+%
+\newcommand{\matricedd}[4]{%
+        \ensuremath{\begin{matrice}
+                #1 & #2 \\
+                #3 & #4 \\
+        \end{matrice}}
+}
+
+% Le raccourci \vcol permet de dessiner facilement un vecteur colonne.
+%
+% Exemple:
+%   \vcol{ x \\ y \\ z } produit: / x \
+%                                 | y |
+%                                 \ z /
+%
+% On peut placer un nombre quelconque de lignes: \vcol{x\\ y} fait un
+% vecteur à deux lignes, tandis que \vcol{x\\ y\\ z\\ t} utilise quatre 
+% lignes.
+%
+% Enfin, on peut espacer les lignes en utilisant l'argument optionnel de
+% '\\':
+% $\vcol{\f{1}{2}(X+1)\\[2mm] X²}$
+
+\newcommand{\vcol}[1]{\ensuremath{\begin{pmatrix}#1\end{pmatrix}}}
+
+%% Pour les matrices
+\newcommand{\udots}{\ensuremath{\hskip 2pt \raisebox{1pt}{.} \hskip 1pt%
+        \raisebox{4pt}{.} \hskip 1pt \raisebox{7pt}{.} \hskip 2pt}}
+	% up-dots, le symérique de \ddots sur la diagonale.
+%\newcommand{\transp}[1]{%
+%    \ensuremath{%
+%        {\vphantom{#1}}^t #1%
+%    }%
+%}
+\newcommand{\trans}[1]{\ensuremath{\sideset{^t}{}%
+        {\mathop{\mathstrut #1}}}}
+\newcommand{\transp}[1]{\trans{#1}}
+	% La transposée d'une matrice : $\trans{A}$.
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Analyse différentielle   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                            !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les physiciens et les chimistes ont besoin de beaucoup de dérivées 
+% partielles ou totales, avec la notation par les éléments différentiels.
+% Toutes les commandes ci-dessous s'utilisent de la même manière, en donnant
+% en premier argument la fonction à dériver et en deuxième argument la 
+% variable par rapport à laquelle on dérive. Je représente les « d rond » par 
+% un ð, faute de mieux sur le clavier; l'apparence sera toutefois correcte
+% dans LaTeX.
+
+% Commençons par un synonyme.
+\newcommand{\drond}{\ensuremath{\partial}}
+
+% df
+% --	Exemple: $ \ddf{f}{x} $
+% dx
+\newcommand{\ddf}[2]{\ensuremath{\f{\dd#1}{\dd#2}}}
+
+% df
+% --	Exemple: $ \ddt{f} $		On dérive par rapport à t.
+% dt
+\newcommand{\ddt}[1]{\ddf{#1}{t}}
+
+% d²f
+% --	Exemple: $ \ddxx{f}{x} $
+% dx²
+\newcommand{\ddxx}[2]{\ensuremath{\f{\dd^2{}#1}{\dd{}{#2}^2}}}
+
+% d²f
+% --	Exemple: $ \ddtt{f} $		On dérive 2 fois par rapport à t.
+% dt²
+\newcommand{\ddtt}[1]{\ensuremath{\ddxx{#1}{t}}}
+
+% ðf
+% --	Exemple: $ \Dp{f}{x} $
+% ðx
+\newcommand{\Dp}[2]{\ensuremath{\f{\partial#1}{\partial#2}}} 
+
+% ðf
+% --	Exemple: $ \Dpt{f} $		On dérive par rappor à t.
+% ðt
+\newcommand{\Dpt}[1]{\ensuremath{\Dp{#1}{t}}}
+
+% ð²f
+% ---	Exemple: $ \DDp{f}{x} $
+% ðx²
+\newcommand{\DDp}[2]{\ensuremath{\f{\partial^2#1}{\partial{#2}^2}}}
+
+% / ðf \
+%|  --  |	Exemple: $ \DP{f}{x} $
+% \ ðx /	Ces parenthèses peuvent être utiles pour placer des indices.
+\newcommand{\DP}[2]{\ensuremath{\left(\f{\partial#1}{\partial#2}\right)}}
+
+% ð² f
+% ----	Exemple: $\Dpc{f}{x}{y}$	Dérivée partielle croisée.
+% ðxðy
+\newcommand{\Dpc}[3]{\ensuremath\f{\partial^2#1}{\partial#2\,\partial#3}}
+\newcommand{\DCP}[3]{\ensuremath{\Dpc{#1}{#2}{#3}}}		% Synonyme
+
+%  / ð² f \
+% |  ----  |	Exemple: $\DPC{f}{x}{y}$
+%  \ ðxðy /
+\newcommand{\DPC}[3]{\ensuremath{\left(\Dpc{#1}{#2}{#3}\right)}}
+
+% Les intégrales de contour doivent être « grandes », comme \Int, même dans le
+% texte. Au lieu de préciser '\displaystyle' à chaque occurrence, on peut
+% profiter de la commande \Oint.
+\newcommand{\Oint}{\displaystyle\oint}
+
+% Bizarrement, il n'y a pas de symbole prédéfini pour les intégrales de 
+% surface.
+\newcommand{\oiint}{\ensuremath{\mathop{{\displaystyle%
+%        \int \hskip -3 mm \int%
+%        \hskip -4.7 mm \bigcirc\ }}\limits}}
+        \int\mkern -15.37mu \int%
+        \mkern -24.08mu \bigcirc\ }}\limits}}
+
+% La même chose, mais avec un indice à l'intégrale ($\OIInt{\Sigma}$).
+\newcommand{\OIInt}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathop{{%
+	\displaystyle%
+	\bigcirc%
+%	 \hskip -4.7 mm \int%
+%        \hskip -3 mm \int_{#1}%
+	\mkern -24.08mu \int%
+        \mkern -15.37mu \int_{#1}%
+}}}}%
+
+\newcommand{\Iint}{\ensuremath{\mathop{{\displaystyle%
+        \int \mkern -15.37mu \int}}\limits}}
+
+% La même chose, mais avec un indice à l'intégrale ($\IInt{\Sigma}$).
+\newcommand{\IInt}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathop{{%
+        \displaystyle%
+        \int\mkern -15.37mu \int_{#1}%
+}}}}%
+
+\newcommand{\Iiint}{\ensuremath{\mathop{{\displaystyle%
+        \int \mkern -15.37mu \int \mkern -15.37mu \int}}\limits}}
+
+% La même chose, mais avec un indice à l'intégrale ($\IIInt{\Sigma}$).
+\newcommand{\IIInt}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathop{{%
+        \displaystyle%
+        \int\mkern -15.37mu \int \mkern -15.37mu \int_{#1}%
+}}}}%
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!               !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Géométrie   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!               !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Dessiner des vecteurs est très difficile. La commande LaTeX standard, 
+% \overrightarrow, ne produit pas un résultat satisfaisant sur les lettres 
+% majuscules. Pour pallier ce manque, on peut utiliser la commande \vect.
+%
+% Exemple: $\vect{AB}$
+%	   $\vect{u}$
+%
+% Ce type de flèche doit être utilisé en toute circonstance, sauf une: lorsque
+% le vecteur est placé en exposant (notamment en optique), on utiliser plutôt
+% \svect, qui sert précisément et uniquement à cela.
+%
+% Exemple pour les vecteurs en exposant: $e^{ i\,\svect{k} \cdot \svect{r} }$
+
+\newlength{\moreinterligne}
+\setlength{\moreinterligne}{5.5 pt}
+\newlength{\letterarrowvskip}
+\setlength{\letterarrowvskip}{-1.5 pt}
+\newlength{\vectlength}
+\newlength{\vectheight}
+\newlength{\boxlength}
+\newcommand{\vect}[1]{%
+        \settowidth{\vectlength}{\ensuremath{#1}}%
+        \settoheight{\vectheight}{\ensuremath{#1}}%
+        \settowidth{\boxlength}{%
+	        \ensuremath{%
+        	\overrightarrow{%
+		        \parbox[b][\the\vectheight + \letterarrowvskip][b]{%
+				\the\vectlength%
+			}{\ensuremath{#1}}%
+		}%
+		}%
+        }
+        \parbox[b][\the\vectheight + \moreinterligne][b]{\the\boxlength}{%
+	        \ensuremath{%
+		        \overset{\hbox to \the\boxlength{\rightarrowfill}}{%
+	        	\parbox[b][\the\vectheight + \letterarrowvskip][b]{
+				\the\vectlength%
+			}{\ensuremath{#1}}%
+			}%
+		}%
+        }
+}
+
+\newlength{\smoreinterligne}
+\setlength{\smoreinterligne}{5.5 pt}
+\newlength{\sletterarrowvskip}
+\setlength{\sletterarrowvskip}{0 pt}
+\newlength{\svectlength}
+\newlength{\svectheight}
+\newlength{\sboxlength}
+\newlength{\sebtemp}
+\newcommand{\svect}[1]{% 
+        \settowidth{\svectlength}{\mbox{\scriptsize{\ensuremath{#1}}}}%
+        \settoheight{\svectheight}{\mbox{\scriptsize{\ensuremath{#1}}}}%
+        \settowidth{\sboxlength}{%
+	        \ensuremath{%
+	        \overrightarrow{%
+		        \parbox[b][\the\svectheight + \sletterarrowvskip][b]{%
+				\the\svectlength%
+			}%
+        		{\mbox{\scriptsize{\ensuremath{#1}}}}%
+		}%
+		}%
+        }
+	\parbox[b][\the\svectheight + \smoreinterligne][b]{\the\sboxlength}{%
+	        \ensuremath{%
+		\overrightarrow{%
+		        \parbox[b][\the\svectheight + \sletterarrowvskip][b]{%
+				\the\svectlength%
+			}%
+	        	{\mbox{\scriptsize{\ensuremath{#1}}}}%
+		}%
+		}%
+	}
+}
+
+% \vec (pour les petits arguments) est remplacé par \vect.
+\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\ensuremath{\vect{#1}}}
+
+% Pour les vecteurs complexes 
+\newcommand{\uvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\underline{\vect{#1}}}}
+\newcommand{\vectu}[1]{\ensuremath{\vect{\underline{#1}}}}
+
+% Exceptionnellement, on peut vouloir utiliser \vec pour les *indices*.
+\newcommand{\oldvec}{\mathaccent"17E }
+
+% Les vecteurs usuels ont un petit nom.
+%	\vecti, \vectj, \vectk: la base usuelle de \R³
+%	\vectE: le champ électrique
+%	\vectB: le champ magnétique
+\newcommand{\vecti}{\ensuremath{\vect{\imath}}}
+\newcommand{\vectj}{\ensuremath{\vect{\jmath}}}
+\newcommand{\vectk}{\ensuremath{\vect{k}}}
+\newcommand{\vectux}{\ensuremath{\vect{u_x}}}
+\newcommand{\vectuy}{\ensuremath{\vect{u_y}}}
+\newcommand{\vectuz}{\ensuremath{\vect{u_z}}}
+\newcommand{\vectex}{\ensuremath{\vect{e_x}}}
+\newcommand{\vectey}{\ensuremath{\vect{e_y}}}
+\newcommand{\vectez}{\ensuremath{\vect{e_z}}}
+\newcommand{\vux}{\ensuremath{\vect{u_x}}}
+\newcommand{\vuy}{\ensuremath{\vect{u_y}}}
+\newcommand{\vuz}{\ensuremath{\vect{u_z}}}
+\newcommand{\vex}{\ensuremath{\vect{e_x}}}
+\newcommand{\vey}{\ensuremath{\vect{e_y}}}
+\newcommand{\vez}{\ensuremath{\vect{e_z}}}
+\newcommand{\vectE}{\ensuremath{\vect{E}}}
+\newcommand{\vectB}{\ensuremath{\vect{B}}}
+
+% Le produit vectoriel
+% Exemple: $ \vecti \vectoriel \vectj = \vectk $
+\newcommand{\vectoriel}{\ensuremath{\wedge}}
+
+% Les mesures algébriques, par exemple pour compter si une distance doit être
+% considérée comme positive ou négative. Utile en optique.
+% Exemple: $ \alg{AB} $
+\newcommand{\alg}[1]{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
+
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Les opérateurs   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                    !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Les ensembles.
+\newcommand{\card}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm Card\,}\nolimits}}
+\newcommand{\Min}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\,\rm Min\,}\limits}}  
+\newcommand{\Max}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\,\rm Max\,}\limits}}
+\newcommand{\Maj}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\,\rm Maj\,}\limits}}
+\newcommand{\Inf}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\,\rm Inf\,}\limits}}
+\newcommand{\Sup}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\,\rm Sup\,}\limits}}  
+
+% Arithmétique.
+\newcommand{\pgcd}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm pgcd\,}\nolimits}}
+\renewcommand{\gcd}{\pgcd}
+\newcommand{\ppcm}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm ppcm\,}\nolimits}}
+\newcommand{\ord}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm ord\,}\nolimits}} % Ordre d'un groupe
+
+% L'identité.
+\newcommand{\id}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm id\,}\nolimits}}
+\newcommand{\Id}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm Id\,}\nolimits}}
+
+% Les opérateurs vectoriels.
+\renewcommand{\div}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm div\,}\nolimits}}
+\newcommand{\rot}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\vect{\rm rot}\,}\nolimits}} 
+\newcommand{\grad}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\vect{\rm grad}\,}\nolimits}}
+
+% Polynômes,
+\DeclareMathOperator{\val}{val\,}	% \deg est prédéfini
+
+% Algèbre.
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Ker}{Ker\,}
+\renewcommand{\ker}{\Ker}					% Synonyme
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Image}{Im\,}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\spectre}{sp\,}
+
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Vect}{Vect\,}	% Ne pas confondre avec \vect
+\DeclareMathOperator{\rg}{rg\,}		% Le rang
+\DeclareMathOperator{\tr}{Tr\,}		% La trace
+\DeclareMathOperator{\trace}{Tr\,}	% La trace aussi
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Mat}{Mat\,}	% Uniquement pour les expressions 
+					% comme $\Mat_{\nliste{e}}(u)$.
+\DeclareMathOperator{\Pass}{Pass\,}	% Matrice de passage
+\newcommand{\orthogonal}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}^{\perp}}}	% $ \orthogonal{E} $
+
+% Fonctions trigonométrique et réciproques
+\DeclareMathOperator{\sh}{sh\,}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\ch}{ch\,}
+\renewcommand{\sinh}{\sh}					% Synonyme
+\renewcommand{\cosh}{\ch}					% Synonyme
+\renewcommand{\th}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm th\,}\nolimits}}
+\renewcommand{\coth}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm coth\,}\nolimits}}
+%
+\DeclareMathOperator{\argsh}{Argsh\,}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\argch}{Argch\,}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\argth}{Argth\,}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\argcoth}{Argcoth\,}
+\newcommand{\Argsh}{\argsh}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Argch}{\argch}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Argth}{\argth}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Argcoth}{\argcoth}					% Synonyme
+%
+\DeclareMathOperator{\cotan}{cotan\,}
+\renewcommand{\arcsin}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm Arcsin\,}\nolimits}}
+\renewcommand{\arccos}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm Arccos\,}\nolimits}}
+\renewcommand{\arctan}{\ensuremath{\mathop{\rm Arctan\,}\nolimits}}
+\DeclareMathOperator{\arccot}{Arccot\,}
+\newcommand{\arccotan}{\arccot}					% Synonyme
+	% Rien n'est prévu si vous ne prenez pas l'argument *principal*.
+	% Si vous tenez absolument à chercher les ennuis, utilisez \text...
+\newcommand{\Arcsin}{\arcsin}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Arccos}{\arccos}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Arctan}{\arctan}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Arccot}{\arccot}					% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\Arccotan}{\arccotan}				% Synonyme
+%
+\DeclareMathOperator{\sinc}{sinc\,}
+
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!   Les tableaux   !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+%!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!                  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+% Dessiner des équations alignées, un système, un tableau de variation, etc., 
+% c'est plutôt difficile. À la base, tout est construit sur l'environnement
+% standard {array}. Les environnement ci-dessous lui passent des options pour
+% traiter la plupart des cas courants.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{syst}
+%		a & b+2 \\	Dessine un système avec une grande accolade
+%		b &  1  \\	à gauche. Le '&' est remplacé par un '='.
+%	    \end{syst}$	
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{systsimple}
+%		a & b+2 \\	Comme le précédent, mais sans l'accolade
+%		b &  1  \\	à gauche.
+%	    \end{systsimple}$
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{varsyst}		Comme {syst}, sauf que le '=' est 
+%		3   & \leq & \pi \\	remplacé par ce qui est entre les '&',
+%		\pi & \leq &  4  \\	soit, dans l'exemple, le symbole 
+%	    \end{varsyst}$		« inférieur ou égal ».
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{leqsystsimple}
+%		a & b+2 \\	Comme {systsimple}, mais en remplaçant le signe
+%		b &  1  \\	'=' par un « inférieur ou égal ».
+%	    \end{leqsystsimple}$
+%
+% Exemple : $f(x) = 
+%		\begin{accolade}
+%		\f{\sin x}{x} & \text{si }   x\neq 0 \\[3mm]
+%		       1      & \text{sinon}         \\
+%		\end{accolade}$
+%		On pourrait aussi utiliser l'environnement standard {cases}.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{rcl}
+% 		|f| &   =  & |g + h|             \\
+% 		|f| & \leq & |g| + |h|           \\
+% 		|f| & \leq & \Max |g| + \Max |h| \\
+%	    \end{rcl}$
+% À utiliser lorsque le symbole central change à chaque ligne.
+%
+% Lorsqu'aucun de ces environnements ne peut vous satisfaire, il faut créer
+% un tableau {array} en lui passant des arguments: une lettre par colonne
+% ('c' pour centrer, 'l' pour aligner à gauche et 'r' pour aligner à droite)
+% et on peut remplacer l'espace intercolonnes par un argument entre @{···}.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{array}{r @{\ \geq\ } l}
+%		a & b \\	Dessine un tableau dans lequel on insère entre
+%		c & d \\	la première et la deuxième colonne le symbole
+%	    \end{array}$	« supérieur ou égal ».
+
+\newenvironment{syst}[1][r]%
+	{\ensuremath{\left \{ \hskip -1.5 mm \begin{array}{#1@{\ =\ }l}}}%
+	{\end{array}\right.}
+\newenvironment{systsimple}[1][r]%
+	{\ensuremath{\begin{array}[t]{#1@{\ =\ }l}}}%
+	{\end{array}}
+\newenvironment{varsyst}[1][r]%
+	{\ensuremath{\left \{ \hskip -1.5 mm%
+	 \begin{array}{#1@{\ }c@{\ }l}}}%
+	{\end{array}\right.}
+\newenvironment{accolade}[1][r]%
+	{\ensuremath{\left \{ \hskip -1.5 mm \begin{array}{#1@{\quad}l}}}%
+	{\end{array}\right.}
+\newenvironment{leqsystsimple}[1][r]%
+	{\ensuremath{\begin{array}[t]{#1@{\ \leq\ }l}}}%
+	{\end{array}}
+\newenvironment{rcl}[1][r]%
+	{\ensuremath{\begin{array}[t]{#1@{\ }c@{\ }l}}}%
+	{\end{array}}
+
+% Dans les tableaux de variation, on a souvent besoin d'insérer deux barres
+% verticales pour indiquer les « zones interdites ».
+\newcommand{\barres}{\ensuremath{\vline\:\vline}}
+
+% Lorsque l'on réalise un long calcul, il est parfois souhaitable d'encadrer
+% sa dernière ligne. Un cas fréquent est celui des équation-bilan. 
+% La commande suivante permet de réaliser cela. Son premier (resp.
+% dernier) argument est la première (resp. dernière) colonne qui doit
+% être encadrée. Elle dispose également de trois arguments optionnels
+% entre ces deux arguments qui permettent d'encadrer plus de deux
+% colonnes.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{array}{r @{\ =\ } l}
+%		a + 1 & 7 - 3 \\
+%		  a   & 4 - 1 \\
+%		\arraybox{a}{3} \\
+%	    \end{array}$
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{array}{r @{\ } = @{\ } l}
+%               a + 1 & = & 7 - 3 \\
+%                 a   & = & 4 - 1 \\
+%               \arraybox{a}[=]{3} \\
+%           \end{array}$
+
+\newlength{\boxrulewidth}
+\setlength{\boxrulewidth}{.4pt}
+\newlength{\boxrulesep}
+\setlength{\boxrulesep}{1mm}
+
+\newlength{\gauchelong}
+\newlength{\droitelong}
+\newlength{\colonnealong}
+\newlength{\colonneblong}
+\newlength{\colonneclong}
+
+\newlength{\maxhaut}
+\newlength{\maxbas}
+
+\newcommand{\writeifexist}[1]{%
+        \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{\null}}{\null}{#1&}%
+}
+
+\newcommand{\lengthifexist}[2]{%
+       \ifthenelse{\not\equal{#1}{\null}}{%
+                \settowidth{#2}{$#1$}
+                }{\setlength{#2}{0cm}}%
+}
+
+\makeatletter
+
+\def\arraybox#1{
+    \@ifnextchar[%]
+    	{\iarraybox{#1}}%
+    	{\ivarraybox{#1}{\null}{\null}[\null]}}
+
+\def\iarraybox#1[#2]{%
+    \@ifnextchar[%]
+    	{\iiarraybox{#1}{#2}}%
+    	{\ivarraybox{#1}{#2}{\null}[\null]}}
+
+\def\iiarraybox#1#2[#3]{%
+    \@ifnextchar[%]
+  	  {\iiiarraybox{#1}{#2}{#3}}%
+    	{\ivarraybox{#1}{#2}{#3}[\null]}}
+
+\def\iiiarraybox#1#2#3[#4]{%
+    \@ifnextchar[%]
+  	  {\ivarraybox{#1}{#2}{#3}[#4]\relax}%
+    	{\ivarraybox{#1}{#2}{#3}[#4]}}%
+
+\def\ivarraybox#1#2#3[#4]#5{%
+        \settowidth{\gauchelong}{$#1\ $}%
+        \settoheight{\maxhaut}{$#1#2#3#4#5$}
+        \settodepth{\maxbas}{$#1#2#3#4#5$}
+        \lengthifexist{#2}{\colonnealong}%
+        \lengthifexist{#3}{\colonneblong}%
+        \lengthifexist{#4}{\colonneclong}%
+%
+        \raisebox{-\maxbas-\boxrulewidth-\boxrulesep}{%
+                \rule{\boxrulewidth}{%
+                \maxbas+\maxhaut+2\boxrulewidth+2\boxrulesep}}%
+        \raisebox{\maxhaut+\boxrulesep}{%
+                \makebox[0cm][l]{\rule{%
+                \gauchelong+\colonnealong+\colonneblong+\colonneclong}{%
+                \boxrulewidth}}}%
+        \raisebox{-\maxbas-\boxrulewidth-\boxrulesep}{%
+                \makebox[0cm][l]{\rule{%
+                \gauchelong+\colonnealong+\colonneblong+\colonneclong}{%
+                \boxrulewidth}}}%
+        \hskip\boxrulesep%
+        #1&%
+   		\writeifexist{#2}%
+		\writeifexist{#3}%
+        \writeifexist{#4}%
+%
+        #5%
+				% il faut les remettre apres le & il semblerait...
+        \settowidth{\droitelong}{$#5\ \eq $}
+        \settoheight{\maxhaut}{$#1#2#3#4#5$}
+        \settodepth{\maxbas}{$#1#2#3#4#5$}
+%
+        \hskip\boxrulesep%
+        \hskip-\droitelong%
+        \raisebox{\maxhaut+\boxrulesep}{%
+                \makebox[0cm][l]{\rule{\droitelong}{\boxrulewidth}}}
+        \raisebox{-\maxbas-\boxrulesep-\boxrulewidth}{%
+                \makebox[0cm][l]{\rule{\droitelong}{\boxrulewidth}}}
+        \hskip\droitelong%
+        \raisebox{-\maxbas-\boxrulesep-\boxrulewidth}{%
+                \rule{\boxrulewidth}{%
+                \maxbas+\maxhaut+2\boxrulesep+2\boxrulewidth}}
+}
+
+\makeatother
+
+% La commande \arraybox comporte un bug connu mais que nous ne savons pas
+% résoudre. Il est possible de remplacer dans un tableau l'espace entre les
+% colonnes par n'importe quoi d'autre à l'aide de '@'. Or, lorsqu'on remplace
+% dans un tableau de plus de trois colonnes cet espace par quelque chose de
+% plus grand, par exemple « @{\ =\ } », la boîte produite par \arraybox
+% ne ferme pas bien, il reste un « jour » horizontal. (Si vous avez une
+% idée pour corriger ce problème, envoyez-nous un mail à annales.sty@H-K.fr !)
+%
+% Si vous rencontrez ce cas, vous pouvez utiliser la commande suivante,
+% \EncadreDansTableau, qui marche toujours (mais qui est moins
+% ergonomique). 
+%
+% Son premier argument est une longueur, en points, dont il faut 
+% décaler le cadre vers la gauche. Son deuxième argument est le même code 
+% que celui de la dernière ligne du tableau, en changeant les '&' par ce
+% qu'ils sont censés représenter. Il faut placer cette commande avant le
+% code qui correspond à la dernière ligne du tableau.
+%
+% Exemple: $\begin{array}{r @{\ =\ } l}
+%               a + 1 & 7 - 3 \\
+%                 a   & 4 - 1 \\
+%               \EncadreDansTableau{5}{a \ =\  3} a & 3 \\
+%           \end{array}$
+
+\newcommand{\EncadreDansTableau}[2]{%
+%	\typeout{^^JEncadreDansTableau est obsolete, veuillez
+%	utiliser arraybox SVP.^^J}
+        \begin{picture}(0,0)%
+        \put(-#1,0){\fbox{\ensuremath{\hphantom{#2}\vphantom{#2}}}}%
+        \end{picture}%
+}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   La physique   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%% Les unités.
+
+% Présenter les unités correctement peut être pénible sans une macro 
+% appropriée car d'un côté il faut que les lettres (m, kg, etc.) apparaissent
+% comme dans le texte, et de l'autre on souhaite utiliser des exposants.
+% La macro \U est faite pour cela.
+%
+% Exemple: $ g = 9,81 \U{m^2 s^{-1}} $
+
+\newcommand{\U}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{~#1}}}
+
+% Le cas particulier des Angström doit être traité à part pour avoir un
+% bon rendu.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \ell = 2 \U{\Angstrom} $
+%\newlength{\angstromlength}
+%\settowidth{\angstromlength}{A}
+%\setlength{\angstromlength}{\angstromlength / 2 + 0.003mm}
+%\newcommand{\angstrom}{%
+%	\hskip\angstromlength
+%	\makebox[0pt]{%
+%		\ensuremath{%
+%		\overset{\text{\tiny$\circ$}}{\rule{0pt}{2.2mm}}%
+%		}%
+%	}%
+%	\hskip-\angstromlength A%
+%}
+\newcommand{\angstrom}{\ensuremath{\mathring{A}}}
+\newcommand{\Angstrom}{\angstrom}				% Synonyme
+
+% Les degrés.
+% Exemple: $T\e{f} = 10 \celsius$
+% Exemple: $T\e{i} = 10 \U{K}$
+\newcommand{\celsius}{\ensuremath{\text{\degre{}C}}\xspace}
+\renewcommand{\degre}{\ensuremath{{}^{\text{\footnotesize\ensuremath{\circ}}}}}
+%\renewcommand{\degres}{\degre}					% Synonyme
+\def\degres{\degre}
+
+% Les indices
+%
+% Les indices placés à côté d'une lettre peuvent être essentiellement de deux 
+% natures: soit ils désignent un numéro, comme dans 'u_n', soit ils désignent
+% une abréviation, comme dans 'T_\text{f}' (température finale).
+%
+% Les premiers ne posent aucun problème à composer: $u_n$. Les seconds, en 
+% revanche, sont pénibles parce qu'il faudrait en permanence utiliser \text
+% pour les faire apparaître en droit, ce qui est indispensable. La commande
+% \e s'en occupe pour vous.
+%
+% Exemple: $ T\e{finale} = 1 \U{K} $
+%
+% Attention, n'abusez pas non plus de cette commande: il ne serait pas correct
+% d'écrire $u\e{n}$. Il faut alors s'en tenir à la règle habituelle: $u_n$.
+%
+% Les commandes \liq, \sol et \gaz servent à indiquer la phase.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \He\liq $
+
+\newcommand{\e}[1]{\ensuremath{{}_{\text{#1}}}}
+\newcommand{\liq}{\ensuremath{\e{\ensuremath{(\ell)}}}}
+\newcommand{\gaz}{\ensuremath{\e{(g)}}}
+\newcommand{\sol}{\ensuremath{\e{(s)}}}
+\newcommand{\aq}{\ensuremath{\e{(aq)}}}
+
+% On en profite pour la thermochimie. Des combinaisons plus complexes sont
+% aussi possibles avec \e.
+\newcommand{\Deltar}{\ensuremath{\Delta_{\text{r}}}}
+\newcommand{\Deltaf}{\ensuremath{\Delta_{\text{f}}}}
+\newcommand{\deltar}{\Deltar}
+\newcommand{\deltaf}{\Deltaf}
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   La chimie   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%               %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% La chimie est toujours difficile à composer. Le pire est naturellement la
+% chimie organique, qui exige des dessins. Mais même le simple fait d'utiliser
+% le symbole d'un élément demande du travail, puisque le symbole doit 
+% apparaître en caractères droits. Pour les quelques éléments dont le symbole
+% est réduit à une lettre (B,C,F,I,K,N,O,U), pas de problème. Pour tous les 
+% autres, il faudrait utiliser \text, comme dans $\text{Al}_2 O_3$.
+%
+% Pour simplifier le travail de composition, au moins deux commandes ont été 
+% accordées à chaque élément: l'un avec le nom complet, l'autre avec le 
+% symbole. Pour ce dernier cas, veillez à ne pas oublier les majuscules.
+%
+% Exemple: $ \Al_2 O_3 $
+
+\newcommand{\aluminium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Al}}}
+\newcommand{\alu}{\aluminium}
+\newcommand{\Al}{\aluminium}
+\newcommand{\argent}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ag}}}   
+\newcommand{\Ag}{\argent}
+\newcommand{\argon}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ar}}}
+\newcommand{\Ar}{\argon}
+\newcommand{\arsenic}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{As}}}
+\newcommand{\As}{\arsenic}
+\newcommand{\baryum}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ba}}}
+\newcommand{\Ba}{\baryum}
+\newcommand{\beryllium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Be}}}
+\newcommand{\Be}{\beryllium}
+\newcommand{\bismuth}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Bi}}}
+\newcommand{\Bi}{\bismuth}
+\newcommand{\brome}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Br}}}
+\newcommand{\Br}{\brome}
+\newcommand{\cadmium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cd}}}
+\newcommand{\Cd}{\cadmium}
+\newcommand{\calcium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ca}}}    
+\newcommand{\Ca}{\calcium}
+\newcommand{\cerium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ce}}}
+\newcommand{\Ce}{\cerium}
+\newcommand{\cesium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cs}}}
+\newcommand{\Cs}{\cesium}
+\newcommand{\chlore}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cl}}}   
+\newcommand{\Cl}{\chlore}
+\newcommand{\chrome}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cr}}}
+\newcommand{\Cr}{\chrome}
+\newcommand{\cobalt}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Co}}}
+\newcommand{\Co}{\cobalt}
+\newcommand{\cuivre}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cu}}}
+\newcommand{\Cu}{\cuivre}
+\newcommand{\etain}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Sn}}}
+\newcommand{\Sn}{\etain}
+\newcommand{\europium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Eu}}}
+\newcommand{\Eu}{\europium}
+\newcommand{\fer}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Fe}}}  
+\newcommand{\Fe}{\fer}
+\newcommand{\gallium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ga}}} 
+\newcommand{\Ga}{\gallium}
+\newcommand{\germanium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ge}}} 
+\newcommand{\Ge}{\germanium}
+\newcommand{\helium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{He}}}
+\newcommand{\He}{\helium}
+\newcommand{\krypton}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Kr}}}
+\newcommand{\Kr}{\krypton}
+\newcommand{\lithium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Li}}}
+\newcommand{\Li}{\lithium}
+\newcommand{\magnesium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Mg}}}
+\newcommand{\Mg}{\magnesium}
+\newcommand{\manganese}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Mn}}}
+\newcommand{\Mn}{\manganese}
+\newcommand{\mercure}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Hg}}}
+\newcommand{\Hg}{\mercure}
+\newcommand{\molybdene}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Mo}}}
+\newcommand{\Mo}{\molybdene}
+\newcommand{\neon}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ne}}}
+\newcommand{\Ne}{\neon}
+\newcommand{\nickel}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ni}}}
+\newcommand{\Ni}{\nickel}
+\newcommand{\palladium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Pd}}}
+\newcommand{\Pd}{\palladium}
+\newcommand{\platine}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Pt}}}
+\newcommand{\Pt}{\platine}
+\newcommand{\plomb}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Pb}}}
+\newcommand{\Pb}{\plomb}
+\newcommand{\polonium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Po}}}
+\newcommand{\Po}{\polonium}
+\newcommand{\radon}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Rn}}}
+\newcommand{\Rn}{\radon}
+\newcommand{\rubidium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Rb}}}
+\newcommand{\Rb}{\rubidium}
+\newcommand{\samarium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Sm}}}
+\newcommand{\Sm}{\samarium}
+\newcommand{\selenium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Se}}}
+\newcommand{\Se}{\selenium}
+\newcommand{\silicium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Si}}}
+\newcommand{\Si}{\silicium}
+\newcommand{\sodium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Na}}} 
+\newcommand{\Na}{\sodium}
+\newcommand{\strontium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Sr}}}  
+\newcommand{\Sr}{\strontium}
+\newcommand{\titane}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Ti}}}
+\newcommand{\Ti}{\titane}
+\newcommand{\thallium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Tl}}}
+\newcommand{\Tl}{\thallium}
+\newcommand{\xenon}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Xe}}}
+\newcommand{\Xe}{\xenon}
+\newcommand{\zinc}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Zn}}}   
+\newcommand{\Zn}{\zinc}
+\newcommand{\zirconium}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Zr}}}                               
+\newcommand{\Zr}{\zirconium}   
+
+% D'autres raccourcis peuvent se révéler pratiques.
+\newcommand{\affinite}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{A}}}
+\newcommand{\cuivreI}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cu}^{+}}}
+	\newcommand{\CuI}{\cuivreI}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\cuivreII}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}}}
+	\newcommand{\CuII}{\cuivreII}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\ferII}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}}}
+	\newcommand{\FeII}{\ferII}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\ferIII}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}}}
+	\newcommand{\FeIII}{\ferIII}				% Synonyme
+%
+\newcommand{\elec}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^{-}}} % Pour les ½-équations rédox.
+\newcommand{\methyl}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Me}}}
+	\newcommand{\Met}{\methyl}				% Synonyme
+	\newcommand{\Me}{\methyl}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\ethyl}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Et}}}
+	\newcommand{\Et}{\ethyl}				% Synonyme
+\newcommand{\butyl}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{Bu}}}
+	\newcommand{\Bu}{\butyl}				% Synonyme
+%
+\newcommand{\pH}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pH}}}
+\newcommand{\pOH}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pOH}}}
+\newcommand{\pKa}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pKa}}}
+\newcommand{\pKb}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pKb}}}
+\newcommand{\pKe}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pKe}}}
+\newcommand{\pKd}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pKd}}}
+\newcommand{\pKs}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{pKs}}}
+\newcommand{\Ka}{\ensuremath{\text{Ka}}}
+\newcommand{\Kb}{\ensuremath{\text{Kb}}}
+\newcommand{\Ke}{\ensuremath{\text{Ke}}}
+\newcommand{\Ks}{\ensuremath{\text{Ks}}}
+\newcommand{\Kd}{\ensuremath{\text{Kd}}}
+%
+\newcommand{\sulfate}{\ensuremath{{SO_4}^{2-}}} 
+\newcommand{\sulfite}{\ensuremath{{SO_3}^{2-}}} 
+\newcommand{\nitrate}{\ensuremath{{NO_3}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\nitrite}{\ensuremath{{NO_2}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\hydronium}{\ensuremath{{H_3O}^{+}}} 
+\newcommand{\phosphate}{\ensuremath{{PO_4}^{3-}}} 
+\newcommand{\carbonate}{\ensuremath{{CO_3}^{2-}}} 
+\newcommand{\ammonium}{\ensuremath{{NH_4}^{+}}} 
+\newcommand{\bicarbonate}{\ensuremath{{HCO_3}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\bichromate}{\ensuremath{{\chrome_2O_7}^{2-}}} 
+\newcommand{\borate}{\ensuremath{{BO_3}^{3-}}} 
+\newcommand{\chlorate}{\ensuremath{{\chlore O_3}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\perchlorate}{\ensuremath{{\chlore O_4}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\chlorite}{\ensuremath{{\chlore O_2}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\chromate}{\ensuremath{{\chrome O_4}^{2-}}} 
+\newcommand{\dithionate}{\ensuremath{{S_4O_6}^{2-}}} 
+\newcommand{\hypochlorite}{\ensuremath{{\chlore O}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\permanganate}{\ensuremath{{\manganese O_4}^{-}}} 
+\newcommand{\thiosulfate}{\ensuremath{{S_2O_3}^{2-}}}
+
+% Pour les concentrations, on doit parfois ajuster la taille des crochets.
+\newcommand{\concentration}[1]{\ensuremath{\left[#1\right]}}
+
+% On peut aussi raccourcir l'unité la plus fréquence en chimie.
+% Exemple: $ [\ferII ]\e{finale} = 0,10 \conc $
+\newcommand{\conc}{\ensuremath{\U{mol.L^{-1}}}}
+
+% Le K°.
+\newcommand{\Kzero}{{\ensuremath{K^\circ}}}
+
+% P° et c°.
+\newcommand{\Pzero}{{\ensuremath{P^\circ}}}
+\newcommand{\czero}{{\ensuremath{c^\circ}}}
+
+% Les grandeurs standard.
+% Exemple: $\Deltar H\zero$
+\newcommand{\zero}{\ensuremath{^{\circ}}}
+
+% On est parfois amené à préciser des liaisons d'une molécule qui n'est pas 
+% dessinée mais « décrite » dans le texte, comme $H_3 C - \Cl$ ou 
+% $H_2 C = C H_2$. Pour que le rendu soit correct, on peut utiliser les 
+% commandes suivantes, l'idéal étant d'enrober la molécule dans une \mbox
+% pour s'assurer que LaTeX ne va pas augmenter ou rétrécir l'espace pour faire
+% en sorte que la ligne joigne correctement les deux marges.
+%
+% Exemple: L'éthylène (\mbox{$H_2 C \double C H_2$}) étant toxique, blablabla.
+
+\newcommand{\simple}{{\ensuremath{%
+    \mathchoice%
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{0.232ex}{\ensuremath{-}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{0.232ex}{\ensuremath{-}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{-0.05ex}{\ensuremath{-}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{-0.15ex}{\ensuremath{-}}}}
+}}}
+
+\newcommand{\double}{{\ensuremath{%
+    \mathchoice%
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{0.232ex}{\ensuremath{=}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{0.232ex}{\ensuremath{=}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{-0.005ex}{\ensuremath{=}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{-0.177ex}{\ensuremath{=}}}}
+}}}
+
+\newcommand{\triple}{{\ensuremath{%
+    \mathchoice%
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{0.232ex}{\ensuremath{\equiv}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{0.232ex}{\ensuremath{\equiv}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{-0.005ex}{\ensuremath{\equiv}}}}
+        {\mbox{\raisebox{-0.177ex}{\ensuremath{\equiv}}}}
+}}}
+
+%\newcommand{\simple}{\ensuremath{\!-\!}}
+%\newcommand{\double}{\ensuremath{\!=\!}}
+%\newcommand{\triple}{\ensuremath{\!\equiv\!}}
+
+% Les équilibres doivent être dessinés avec des demi-flèches.
+% \Equilibre laisse plus de place (horizontale) autour du symbole que 
+% \equilibre.
+\newcommand{\equilibre}{\ensuremath{\ \rightleftharpoons\ }}
+\newcommand{\Equilibre}{\ensuremath{\ \,\rightleftharpoons\,\ }}
+
+% Une simple flèche pour la cinétique 
+\newcommand{\kdonne}[1]{%
+	\ensuremath{%
+		{\overset{\raisebox{-2pt}{\scriptsize #1}}{\ \,\longrightarrow\,\ }}%
+	}%
+}
+
+%% Les configurations électroniques de quelques éléments.
+
+\newcommand{\ConfigurationAzote}{\ensuremath{%
+	\raisebox{0.5pt}{|}\,%
+        \underset{\text{\normalsize $\cdot$}}%
+        {\overset{\text{\raisebox{-1pt}{\normalsize $\cdot$}}}{N}}%
+        \hskip1pt\cdot%
+	}}
+\newcommand{\ConfigurationOxygene}{\ensuremath{%
+	\cdot\hskip1pt%
+	\underset{\raisebox{2pt}{\text{\normalsize{$-$}}}}%
+	{\overset{\raisebox{-2pt}{\text{\normalsize{$-$}}}}{O}}%
+	\hskip1pt\cdot%
+	}}
+\newcommand{\ConfigurationCarbone}{\ensuremath{%
+	\cdot\hskip1pt%
+	\underset{\raisebox{2pt}{\text{\normalsize{$\cdot$}}}}%
+	{\overset{\raisebox{-2pt}{\text{\normalsize{$\cdot$}}}}{C}}%
+	\hskip1pt\cdot%
+	}}
+\newcommand{\ConfigurationHydrogene}{\ensuremath{H\hskip0.5pt\cdot}}
+
+%% Pour dessiner les spins.
+
+\newcommand{\spinup}{
+        \begin{picture}(10,10)
+        \put(2.5,2.5){$\uparrow$}
+        \path(0,0)(10,0)(10,10)(0,10)(0,0) 
+        \end{picture}
+	}
+\newcommand{\spindown}{
+        \begin{picture}(10,10)
+        \put(2.5,2.5){$\downarrow$}
+        \path(0,0)(10,0)(10,10)(0,10)(0,0) 
+        \end{picture}
+	}
+\newcommand{\spindouble}{
+        \begin{picture}(10,10)
+        \put(1,2.5){$\uparrow\!\downarrow$}
+        \path(0,0)(10,0)(10,10)(0,10)(0,0) 
+        \end{picture}
+	}
+\newcommand{\spinvide}{
+        \begin{picture}(10,10)
+        \path(0,0)(10,0)(10,10)(0,10)(0,0) 
+        \end{picture}
+	}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   L'informatique   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                    %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% Insérer un code source en précisant le nom de la version et le fichier
+% à inclure.
+% Exemple: \codesource{Version Caml}{PS/MP_INFO_X_1_2002__1.ml}
+%\newcommand{\codesource}[2]{%
+%	\medskip\noindent%
+%	\textbf{#1}%
+%	\verbatiminput{#2}%
+%}
+% Je modifie cette commande car depuis 2003, seules les versions Caml des
+% corrigés sont proposées.
+%\newcommand{\codesource}[1]{\medskip\noindent\verbatiminput{#1}}
+\newcommand{\codesource}[1]{%
+    \medskip\noindent%
+    \NoAutoSpaceBeforeFDP%  Pas d'espace avant les ':' et ';'
+    \verbatiminput{#1}%
+    \AutoSpaceBeforeFDP%
+    }
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                          %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%   Les fautes de frappe   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%                          %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%\renewcommand{\mp}{\pm}
+\renewcommand{\mp}{\errmessage{Commande interdite: utiliser \string\pm}}
+
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/callphys.def
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/callphys.def	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/callphys.def	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+General options
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+tracer    (Run with or without tracer transport ?)
+F
+diurnal   (Diurnal cycle ?  if diurnal=F, diurnal averaged solar heating)
+T
+season    (Seasonal cycle ? if season=F, Ls stays constant like in "start")
+T
+lwrite    (want some more output on the screen ?) 
+F
+stats     (Saving statistics in file "cumul" ?)
+F
+calleofdump (Saving EOF profiles in file "profiles" for Climate Database ?)
+F
+Dust scenario. Used if the dust is prescribed (i.e. if tracer=F or active=F)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+iaervar  (=1 Dust opt.deph read in startfi; =2 Viking scenario; =3 MGS scenario 
+4        (=4 Mars Year 24 from TES assimilation)
+iddist  (Dust vertical distribution: =0: old distrib. (Pollack90) 
+3       (=1: top set by "topdustref"; =2: Viking scenario; =3 MGS scenario )
+topdustref (Dust top altitude (km). Matter only if iddist=1)
+55.
+Physical Parameterizations :
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+callrad   (call radiative transfer ?)
+T
+callnlte (call NLTE radiative schemes ?   matter only if callrad=T)
+F
+callnirco2 (call CO2 NIR absorption ?   matter only if callrad=T)
+T
+calldifv  (call turbulent vertical diffusion ?)
+T
+calladj   (call convective adjustment ?)
+F 
+callcond  (call CO2 condensation ?)
+T
+callsoil  (call thermal conduction in the soil ?)
+T
+calllott  (call Lott's gravity wave/subgrid topography scheme ?)
+F
+Radiative transfer options :
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+iradia    (the rad.transfer is computed every "iradia" physical timestep)
+37 
+callg2d   (Output of the exchange coefficient mattrix ? for diagnostic only)
+F
+rayleigh  (Rayleigh scattering : should be =F for now)
+F
+Tracer (dust water, ice and/or chemical species) options (use if tracer=T) :
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+dustbin    (DUST: Transported dust ? (if >0, uses q(1) to q(dustbin))
+0
+active     (DUST: Radiatively active dust ? (uses q(1) to q(dustbin))
+F
+doubleq    (DUST: needs dustbin=1, use mass q(1) and nb q(2) mr to predict dust size ?)
+F
+lifting    (DUST: lifted by GCM surface winds ?)
+F
+dustdevil  (DUST: lifted by dust devils ?)
+F
+scavenging (DUST: Scavenging by CO2 snowfall ?)
+F
+sedimentation (DUST/WATERICE: Gravitationnal sedimentation ?)
+F
+iceparty   (WATERICE: Water cycle includes water ice mixing ratio q(nqmx-1))
+F
+activice   (WATERICE: Radiatively active transported atmospheric water ice ?)
+F
+water      (WATER: Compute water cycle using q(nqmx) )
+F
+caps       (WATER: put the current permanent caps at both poles)
+F
+photochem  (PHOTOCHEMISTRY: chemical species included)
+F
+Thermospheric options (relevant if tracer=T) :
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+callthermos  (call thermosphere ?)
+F
+thermoswater  (WATER: included without cycle	only if water=F)
+F
+callconduct  (call thermal conduction ?     matter only if callthermos=T)
+F
+calleuv  (call EUV heating ?                matter only if callthermos=T)
+F
+callmolvis  (call molecular viscosity ?     matter only if callthermos=T)
+F
+callmoldiff  (call molecular diffusion ?    matter only if callthermos=T)
+F
+thermochem  (call thermospheric photochemistry ?  matter only if callthermos=T)
+F
+solarcondate (date for solar flux calculation: 1985 < date < 2002))
+1993.4       (Solar min=1996.4 ave=1993.4 max=1990.6)
+
+
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/foreword.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/foreword.tex	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/foreword.tex	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+\chapter{Foreword}
+
+\vk
+Welcome! This manual describes how to use the Laboratoire de M\'et\'eorologie Dynamique (LMD) Martian Mesoscale Model. Many thanks for looking forward to using this model. Developping the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model required countless hours of hard work! A significant part of the model development and validation have been funded by ESA and CNES which are acknowledged here.
+
+\mk
+The main contact to reach at LMD to become an user of the model is Aymeric SPIGA (main developper, \href{mailto:aymeric.spiga@upmc.fr}{\nolinkurl{aymeric.spiga@upmc.fr}}). Alternative contacts at LMD for mesoscale modeling inquiries are Ehouarn MILLOUR~\url{ehouarn.millour@lmd.jussieu.fr} or Fran\c cois FORGET~\url{francois.forget@lmd.jussieu.fr}. The model is distributed freely to academic partners in the frame of scientific collaborations, but not to industrial and commercial partners. At any event, we are open both to new scientific collaboration projects and contractual proposals.
+
+\mk
+[To our academic partners] Please cite the reference paper \textit{Spiga and Forget} [2009]\nocite{Spig:09} if you'd like to refer to the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model in one of your publication. If your paper makes use of specific simulations carried out with the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, please consider including A. Spiga as a co-author of your work and asking for help with writing the part related to mesoscale modeling. If you have any idea of specific simulations and wonder if it is ever possible to perform those with the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, please do not hesitate to ask! If your study requires a significant work on a peculiar Martian physical parameterization, please do not hesitate to tell us about it and we would determine additional participants in the LMD team.
+
+\mk
+Part of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model is based on the terrestrial model WRF which is in the public domain. If you are an user of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, you are therefore an user of the WRF model. Please take a minute to fill in the WRF registration form so that the WRF development team knows about the people using their model: \url{http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/wrf-regist.php}. \noindent \scriptsize \emph{WRF was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) which is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). NCAR and UCAR make no proprietary claims, either statutory or otherwise, to this version and release of WRF and consider WRF to be in the public domain for use by any person or entity for any purpose without any fee or charge. UCAR requests that any WRF user include this notice on any partial or full copies of WRF. WRF is provided on an "AS IS" basis and any warranties, either express or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of non-infringement, originality, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, are disclaimed. In no event shall UCAR be liable for any damages, whatsoever, whether direct, indirect, consequential or special, that arise out of or in connection with the access, use or performance of WRF, including infringement actions. WRF is a registered trademark of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR).} \normalsize
+
+\clearemptydoublepage
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/installation.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/installation.tex	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/installation.tex	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+\chapter{Installing the model}
+
+\vk
+This chapter is meant for first time users of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model. We describe how to install the model on your system. Experience with either the terrestrial WRF mesoscale model or the LMD Martian GCM is not absolutely required,
+although it would help you getting more easily through the installation process.
+
+\mk
+\section{Prerequisites}
+
+\sk
+\subsection{General requirements}
+
+\sk
+In order to install the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, please ensure the following prerequisites:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item your computer is connected to the internet;
+\item you have~\ttt{200 Mo} free disk space available;
+\item your OS is Linux\footnote{The model was also successfully compiled on MacOSX; ``howto" information is available upon request but could have become obsolete on recent versions of Apple hardware and software. It is probably possible to compile the model on Windows using Cygwin but this has not implemented nor tested. You are kindly advised to install a Linux distribution on your computer (e.g. Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, ...).} with a decent set of basic commmands (\ttt{sed}, \ttt{awk}, \ldots);
+\item at least one of the following Fortran compilers is installed on your computer
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Portland Group commercial compiler \ttt{pgf90}
+\item G95 free compiler\footnote{Sources and binaries available on \url{http://www.g95.org}} \ttt{g95} 
+\item Intel commercial compiler \ttt{ifort} 
+\end{itemize}
+\item your C compiler is \ttt{gcc} and C development libraries are included;
+\item \ttt{bash}, \ttt{m4} and \ttt{perl} are installed on your computer;
+\item \ttt{netCDF} libraries\footnote{The outputs from model computations are in netCDF format. This is a convenient self-describing file format widely used in atmospheric science and data analysis. Further information and downloads can be found in \url{http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf}.} have been compiled \emph{on your system with the Fortran compiler suite you aimed to use to compile the model}. Three environment variables associated with the \ttt{NETCDF} libraries must be defined with the following commands\footnote{Note that all command lines proposed in this document are defined in \ttt{bash} script language}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+declare -x NETCDF=/disk/user/netcdf  
+declare -x NCDFLIB=$NETCDF/lib       
+declare -x NCDFINC=$NETCDF/include       
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{citemize} 
+
+\sk
+\begin{finger}
+\item 
+You might also find useful -- though not mandatory -- to install on your system the following software:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item \ttt{ncview}\footnote{ \url{http://meteora.ucsd.edu/~pierce/ncview\_home\_page.html} }: tool to visualize the contents of a netCDF file;
+\item \ttt{nco}\footnote{ \url{ http://nco.sourceforge.net } }: tools to manipulate and modify netCDF files;
+\item \ttt{epd}\footnote{ \url{ http://www.enthought.com/products/getepd.php }. A complete version is available free of charge for students and employees at degree-granting institutions. A limited version with essential librairies is available free of charge for any user. }: the python distribution suite packaged by Enthought, including many librairies for plotting, scientific computations, data analysis...
+\end{citemize}
+\end{finger}
+
+\sk
+Parallel computations with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard are supported by the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model. If you want to use this capability, you would have to add the installation of MPICH2 as a additional prerequisite. Once the installation is completed, it is required to define the environment variable \ttt{\$WHERE\_MPI} to point in your \ttt{mpich} \ttt{bin} directory, even if you added the \ttt{\$LMDMOD/MPI/mpich2-1.0.8/bin} directory to your \ttt{\$PATH} variable. 
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item \scriptsize Here is a brief ``how-to" to install MPICH2, although this surely does not replace reading carefully installation notes and choosing what installation suits best your system. Please download the current stable version of the sources (e.g. we choose here an old version \ttt{mpich2-1.0.8.tar.gz} to illustrate the commands) on the MPICH2 website \url{http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2} and install the MPICH2 utilities by the following commands:
+\begin{verbatim}
+mkdir $LMDMOD/MPI
+mv mpich2-1.0.8.tar.gz $LMDMOD/MPI
+cd $LMDMOD/MPI
+tar xzvf mpich2-1.0.8.tar.gz
+cd mpich2-1.0.8
+./configure --prefix=$PWD --with-device=ch3:nemesis > conf.log 2> conferr.log &
+# please wait...
+make > mk.log 2> mkerr.log &
+declare -x WHERE_MPI=$LMDMOD/MPI/mpich2-1.0.8/bin
+\end{verbatim}
+\normalsize
+\end{finger}
+
+\sk
+\subsection{Compiling the terrestrial WRF model}
+
+\sk The LMD Martian Mesoscale Model is based on the terrestrial NCEP/NCAR ARW-WRF Mesoscale Model. As a first step towards the compilation of the Martian version, we advise you to check that the terrestrial model compiles on your computer with either \ttt{g95} or \ttt{pgf90} or \ttt{ifort}. On the ARW-WRF website \url{http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/download/get\_source.html}, you will be allowed to freely download the model after a quick registration process (click on ``New users"). Make sure to download the version 2.2 of the WRF model and copy the \ttt{WRFV2.2.TAR.gz} archive to your current working directory. Then please extract the model sources and configure the compilation process:
+\begin{verbatim}
+tar xzvf WRFV2.2.TAR.gz
+cd WRFV2
+./configure
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\sk
+The \ttt{configure} script analyzes your architecture and proposes you several possible compilation options. Make sure to choose the ``single-threaded, no nesting" option related to either \ttt{g95} (should be option $13$ on a $32$~bits Linux PC) or \ttt{pgf90} (should be option $1$ on a $32$~bits Linux PC) or \ttt{ifort}. The next step is then to compile the WRF model by choosing the kind of simulations you would like to run. A simple and direct test consists in trying to compile the idealized case of a 2D flow impinging on a small hill:
+\begin{verbatim}
+./compile em_hill2d_x > log_compile 2> log_error &
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\begin{finger} \item In case you encounter problems compiling the ARW-WRF model, please read documentation on the website \url{http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users}, contact the WRF helpdesk or search the web for your error message. Our team will not be able to offer support for the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model if the ARW-WRF model does not compile and run on your system. \end{finger}
+
+\sk
+If the compilation is successful, the file \ttt{log\_error} should be empty or only reporting few warnings). In the \ttt{main} folder two executables \ttt{ideal.exe} and \ttt{run.exe} should be found and allow you to run the test simulation:
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd test/em_hill2d_x
+./ideal.exe
+./wrf.exe
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\sk
+During the simulation, the time taken by the computer to perform integrations at each dynamical timestep  is displayed in the standard output. The simulation should end with a message \ttt{SUCCESS COMPLETE WRF}. The model results are stored in a \ttt{wrfout} netCDF data file you might like to browse with a \ttt{NETCDF}-compliant software such as \ttt{ncview}, or read with your favorite graphical software. 
+%
+\begin{finger} \item If you compiled the model with \ttt{g95}, \ttt{ideal.exe} will probably complain about an error reading the namelist. Please move the line \ttt{non\_hydrostatic} below the line \ttt{v\_sca\_adv\_order} in the \ttt{namelist.input} file to solve the problem. \end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\section{Main installation of the model sources}
+
+\sk
+\subsection{Method 1: You were given a \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS.tar.gz} archive}
+
+\sk
+Please set the environment variable \ttt{\$LMDMOD} to point at the directory where you will install the model and define the environment variable \ttt{\$MMM} as \ttt{\$LMDMOD/LMD\_MM\_MARS}. Copy the \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS.tar.gz} file in the \ttt{\$LMDMOD} directory and extract the files. Then execute the \ttt{prepare} script that would do some necessary installation tasks\footnote{Deflate the various compressed archives contained into \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS}, download the ARW-WRF sources from the web, apply a (significant) ``Martian patch" to these sources and build the structure of your \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS} directory} for you:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}       
+declare -x LMDMOD=/disk/user/MODELS
+declare -x MMM=$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS
+cp LMD_MM_MARS.tar.gz $LMDMOD
+cd $LMDMOD
+tar xzvf LMD_MM_MARS.tar.gz
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS
+./prepare
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\sk
+\subsection{Method 2: You were given a \ttt{svn} link \ttt{the\_link}}
+
+\sk
+\emph{You must have Subversion (\ttt{svn}) installed on your system to follow this method}. Please use the name of our server repository combined to an \ttt{svn checkout} command to get the model sources\footnote{At this stage, it is essential to have registered to the WRF website (see foreword) because our server contains some part of the ARW-WRF sources.}. Please also set the environment variable \ttt{\$LMDMOD} and \ttt{\$MMM}:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+svn checkout the_link -N the_name_of_your_local_destination_folder
+cd the_name_of_your_local_destination_folder
+svn update LMDZ.MARS MESOSCALE
+cd MESOSCALE
+declare -x LMDMOD=$PWD
+declare -x MMM=$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\sk
+The first download of the model sources could be a bit long. Compared to method~$1$, this method~$2$ using \ttt{svn} would allow you to easily get the latest updates and bug fixes done on the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model by the development team\footnote{If you are not interested by this feature, please replace the command line featuring \ttt{svn checkout} by this command line \ttt{svn export the\_link/LMDZ.MARS the\_link/MESOSCALE} }:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd the_name_of_your_local_destination_folder
+svn update LMDZ.MARS MESOSCALE
+svn info | more
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\mk
+\section{Structure of the \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS} directory}
+
+\sk
+Please check the contents of the \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS} and the \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS/SRC} directories by the following command line:
+\begin{verbatim}
+ls $MMM
+ls $MMM/SRC
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\sk
+Contents of~\ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS} directory:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item seven \ttt{bash} scripts: 
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \ttt{build\_static}, 
+\item \ttt{copy\_model},
+\item \ttt{makemeso}, 
+\item \ttt{prepare},
+\ttt{prepare\_ini},
+\ttt{prepare\_offline}, 
+\ttt{prepare\_post},
+\item \ttt{save\_all}; 
+\end{itemize}
+\item the sources directory \ttt{SRC};
+\item the static data directory \ttt{WPS\_GEOG};
+\item the simulation utilities directory \ttt{SIMU}.
+\end{citemize}
+
+\sk
+Contents of~\ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS/SRC} directory:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item the main model sources in \ttt{WRFV2},
+\item the preprocessing sources in \ttt{WPS} and \ttt{PREP\_MARS},
+\item the postprocessing sources in \ttt{POSTPROC} and \ttt{ARWpost},
+\item three \ttt{tar.gz} archives and two information text files.
+\end{citemize}
+
+\sk
+Contents of~\ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS/WPS\_GEOG} directory:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item three directories \ttt{albedo\_GCM}, \ttt{mola\_GCM}, \ttt{thermal\_GCM}, \ttt{res}
+\item one data file \ttt{dust\_tes.nc}
+\end{citemize}
+
+\sk
+The directory~\ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS/SIMU} contains many files and directories not important at this stage. If you used method~$2$, you will probably notice that other directories than~\ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS} are present in \ttt{\$LMDMOD}, but those are not important at this stage.
+
+\clearemptydoublepage
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/keep
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/keep	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/keep	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+\sk
+\marge Now a few environment variables are needed for the model to compile and run correctly.  You also need the environment variable \ttt{\$LMDMOD} to point at the directory where you will install the model.
+
+\begin{verbatim}       
+declare -x LMDMOD=/disk/user/MODELS
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\sk
+If everything went well up until this stage, you are now ready to install, compile and run the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model.
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/namelist.input_full
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/namelist.input_full	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/namelist.input_full	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+ &time_control
+ start_year       = 2024,    !! (p1) Start Martian Year (20XX for MY XX)
+ start_month      = 07,      !! (p1) Start Martian Month 
+ start_day        = 01,      !! (p1) Start Martian Day 
+ start_hour       = 06,      !! (p1) Start Martian Hour (at longitude 0)
+ end_year         = 2024,    !! (p1) End Martian Year (20XX for MY XX)
+ end_month        = 07,      !! (p1) End Martian Month
+ end_day          = 02,      !! (p1) End Martian Day
+ end_hour         = 06,      !! (p1) End Martian Hour (at longitude 0)
+ history_interval    = 37,   !! Frequency of outputs (37 --> 3700s = 1 Martian hour)  
+ frames_per_outfile  = 24,   !! Size of time dimension in files 
+ restart          = .false.  !! (*) Output restart files ?
+ restart_interval = 8880     !! (*) Frequency of output restart files ?
+ io_form_history  = 2        !! (*) Choice of NETCDF for ouputs
+ io_form_restart  = 2        !! (*) Choice of NETCDF for ouputs     
+ io_form_input    = 2        !! (*) Choice of NETCDF for ouputs
+ io_form_boundary = 2        !! (*) Choice of NETCDF for ouputs
+ debug_level      = 0        !! (*) Verbose level
+ !!
+ !! OPTIONAL
+ !!
+ interval_seconds = 3700     !! (p2) Frequency of large-scale fields update (s)
+ input_from_file = T,        !! (n)(p2) Initialize a given domain with an input file
+ /
+
+
+ &domains
+ time_step   = 50            !! Dynamical timestep
+ dx = 20000,                 !! (p2) Horizontal resolution
+ dy = 20000,                 !! (p2) Horizontal resolution (should be equal to dx)
+ e_we   = 61,                !! (r)(p2) Number of longitude grid points
+ e_sn   = 61,                !! (r)(p2) Number of latitude grid points
+ e_vert = 61,                !! (r)(p2) Number of vertical levels
+ p_top_requested = 5         !! (p3) Chosen value of pressure at the top of the model
+ !!
+ !! OPTIONAL
+ !!
+ time_step_fract_num = 0     !! Additional fraction to time_step: numerator 
+ time_step_fract_den = 1     !! Additional fraction to time_step: denominator
+ num_metgrid_levels = 26     !! (p1) number of vertical levels in GCM inputs (+1)
+ force_sfc_in_vinterp = 8    !! (p3) Number of levels hardwired in the PBL 
+                             !!         NB: decrease this parameter when low model top 
+ max_dz = 1500.              !! (p3) Maximal interval (m) between vertical levels
+ eta_levels = -1.            !! (p3)  Specify a list of e_vert eta levels
+ max_dom = 1                 !! (r)(n)(p2) Total number of domains
+ grid_id                = 1, !! (n)(p2) Identification of the domain
+ parent_id              = 0, !! (n)(p2) Associated parent domain
+ i_parent_start         = 0, !! (n)(p2) x-position of the bottom-left nest corner
+ j_parent_start         = 0, !! (n)(p2) x-position of the bottom-left nest corner
+ parent_grid_ratio      = 1, !! (n)(p2) Ratio of horizontal resolution parent/nest
+ parent_time_step_ratio = 1, !! (n) Ratio of time step parent/nest
+ /
+
+ &physics
+ !!
+ !! OPTIONAL
+ !!
+ radt = 1,                   !! Ratio between physical and dynamical time step
+ mars =  0,                  !! (r)(p2) Configuration of tracers: 
+                             !!         0: no tracers, 1: water vapor + ice, 2: dust
+ init_TI = 0.,               !! (p3) Define constant thermal inertia value 
+ init_AL = 0.,               !! (p3) Define constant albedo value 
+ init_U = 0.,                !! (p3) Define constant ini/bdy zonal wind value
+ init_V = 0.,                !! (p3) Define constant ini/bdy meridional wind value
+ init_WX = 0.,               !! (p3) \  Ini/bdy wind profile is everywhere equal to
+ init_WY = 0.,               !! (p3) /  the wind profile @ grid pt (init_WX,init_WY)
+ init_MU = 0.,               !! (p3) Multiply ini & bdy zonal wind by init_U
+ init_MV = 0.,               !! (p3) Multiply ini & bdy meridional wind by init_V
+ init_LES = F,               !! (p3) Uniform domain initialization for LES
+ /
+
+ &dynamics
+ !!
+ !! OPTIONAL
+ !!
+ time_step_sound = 6,        !! Ratio of time step dynamic/acoustic integration
+                             !!   NB: an increase could help solve instabilities
+ non_hydrostatic = T,        !! Integrate in non-hydrostatic/hydrostatic mode
+ pd_scalar = F,              !! Positive-definite advection scheme for tracers 
+ !!
+ diff_opt = 1                !! (*d) Diffusion option [set to 0 if LES or GCM]
+ km_opt = 4                  !! (*d) Eddy coefficient option           
+ diff_6th_factor = 2,        !! (*d) Knievel numerical diffusion [set to 0 if LES]      
+ diff_6th_opt = 0.2,         !! (*d) Knievel numerical coeff. [set to 0.5 if GCM]       
+ smdiv = 0.1,                !! (*d) Divergence damping
+ emdiv = 0.01,               !! (*d) External-mode filter for mass coord. model
+ epssm = 0.1,                !! (*d) Time off-centering for vertical sound waves
+ h_mom_adv_order = 5,        !! (*d) Horizontal momentum advection order
+ v_mom_adv_order = 3,        !! (*d) Vertical momentum advection order
+ h_sca_adv_order = 5,        !! (*d) Horizontal scalar advection order
+ v_sca_adv_order = 3,        !! (*d) Vertical scalar advection order
+ /
+
+ &bdy_control
+ !!
+ !! OPTIONAL
+ !!
+ specified = T,              !! (n)(p3) Boundary conditions specified by GCM 
+ nested = F,                 !! (n)(p3) Boundary conditions from parent domain
+ periodic_x = F,             !! (p3) Periodic boundary conditions over x
+ periodic_y = F,             !! (p3) Periodic boundary conditions over y
+ open_xs = F,                !! (p3) Open boundary conditions @ western boundary
+ open_xe = F,                !! (p3) Open boundary conditions @ eastern boundary
+ open_ys = F,                !! (p3) Open boundary conditions @ southern boundary
+ open_ye = F,                !! (p3) Open boundary conditions @ northern boundary
+ spec_bdy_width = 5          !! (p3) Width of transition zone with specified=T
+                             !!      NB: spec_bdy_width must equal relax_zone+1
+ relax_zone = 4              !! (p3) Width of relaxation zone with specified=T
+ /
+
+ &grib2
+ /
+
+ &fdda
+ /
+
+ &namelist_quilt              !! (*)
+ nio_tasks_per_group = 0,     !! (*)
+ nio_groups = 1,              !! (*)
+ /                            !! (*)
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/newfred.bib
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/newfred.bib	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/newfred.bib	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,15918 @@
+
+@string{aa = "Astron.~Astrophys."}
+@string{aap = "Astron.~Astrophys."}
+@string{ae = "Atmosph.~Environ."}
+
+@string{ang = "Ann.~Geophys."}
+
+@string{ao = "Appl.~Opt."}
+
+@string{apj="Astrophys.~Jour."}
+
+@string{araa="Ann.~Rev.~Astron.~Astrophys."}
+
+@string{aereps="Ann.~Rev.~Earth~Planet~Sci."}
+
+@string{asr="Adv.~Space~Res."}
+
+@string{baas="Bull.~Am.~Astron.~Soc."}
+
+@string{bams="Bull.~Am.~Meteorol.~Soc."}
+
+@string{bpa2 = "Beitr.~Phys.~Atmosph." }
+
+@string{bpa="Contrib.~Atmos.~Phys."}
+
+@string{cap="Contrib.~Atmos.~Phys."}
+
+@string{cc  = "Climatic~Change"}
+
+@string{jc = "J.~Climate"}
+
+@string{gfd="Geophys.~Fluid~Dyn."}
+
+@string{grl="Geophys.~Res.~Lett."}
+
+@string{iaop= "Izvestiya,~Atmos.~Ocean.~Phys."}
+
+@string{jam = "J.~Appl.~Met."}
+
+@string{jas = "J.~Atmos.~Sci."}
+
+@string{jcp = "J.~Computational~Phys."}
+
+@string{jgr = "J.~Geophys.~Res."}
+
+@string{jmsj = "J.~Meteor.~Soc.~Jap."}
+
+@string{josa = "J.~Opt.~Soc.~Am."}
+
+@string{jpo = "J.~Phys.~Oceanogr."}
+
+@string{jqsrt = "J.~Spectrosc.~Radiat.~Transfer"}
+
+@string{jqsrt="J.~Quant.~Spectrosc.~Radiat.~Transfer"}
+
+@string{lnp="Lect. Notes Phys."}
+
+@string{lps="Lunar Planet Sci."}
+
+@string{mwr = "Mon. Wea. Rev." }
+
+@string{pss="Planet.~Space~Sci."}
+
+@string{ptrsl="Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London"}
+
+@string{qjr = "Q.~J.~R.~Meteorol.~Soc."}
+
+@string{rg="Rev.~Geophys."}
+
+@string{sci="Science"}
+
+@string{qjrms="Q.~J.~R.~Meteorol.~Soc."}
+
+@string{rg="Rev.~Geophys."}
+
+@string{blm="Boundary-layer Meteorol."}
+
+@article{Zent:93,
+   author = {Zent, A. P. and Haberle, R. M. and Houben, H. C. and Jakosky, B. M.},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {3319-3337},
+   publisher = {Masson},
+   title = {A coupled subsurface-boundary layer model of water on {Mars}},
+   volume = {98},
+   year = {1997}
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:01,
+   author = {Forget, F. and Wanherdrick, Y. and Lewis, S. R.},
+   howpublished = {{ESA technical report, available on 
+{\tt http://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/mars/esadoc/lmd/esadoc.html} }},
+   title = {Validation of the {Mars General Circulation model and Mars Climate Database with new spacecraftobservations}},
+   year = {2001}
+}
+
+@article{Bake:01,
+   author = {Baker, V. R.},
+   journal = {Nature},
+   pages = {228-236},
+   title = {Water and the martian landscape},
+   year = {2001}
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:01egs,
+   author = {Forget et al.},
+   howpublished = {Oral presentation at the EGS assembly, Nice},
+   title = {Simulation of the upper martian atmosphere up to 120 km with a General Circulation Model},
+   year = {2001}
+}
+
+@misc{Cant:01sub,
+   author = {Cantor, B. and James, P.B. and Caplinger , M. and Wolff, M. J.},
+   howpublished = {Submitted to JGR},
+   title = {Martian dust storms: 1999 Mars Orbiter Camera Observations},
+   year = {2001}
+}
+
+@article{Hins:01,
+   author = {Hinson, D},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {1463-1480},
+   title = {Radio Occultation measurements of forced atmospheric waves on {Mars}},
+   volume = {106},
+   year = {2001}
+}
+
+@article{Schu:98,
+   author = {Schulz, M. and Balkanski, Y. J.  and Guelle, W. and Dulac, F.},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {10,579-10,592},
+   title = {Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of {Saharan} dust episode tested against staellite-derived optical thickness},
+   volume = {103},
+   year = {1998}
+}
+
+@article{Wils:00,
+   author = {Wilson, R.~J. and Richardson, M.~I.},
+   journal = {Icarus},
+   pages = {555-579},
+   title = {Infrared measurements of atmospheric temperatures revisited},
+   volume = {145},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@article{Scho:97,
+   author = {Schofield, J. T. and Crisp, D. and Barnes, J. R. and Haberle, R. M. and Magalha{\~a}es, J. A. and Murphy, J. R. and Seiff, A. and Larsen, S. and Wilson, G.},
+   journal = {Science},
+   pages = {1752-1757},
+   title = {The {Mars Pathfinder Atmospheric Structure Investigation/Meteorology (ASI/MET)} experiment},
+   volume = {278},
+   year = {1997}
+}
+
+@article{Josh:00,
+   author = {Joshi, M. and Haberle, R. M. and Hollingsworth, J. and Hinson, D.},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {17,601-17615},
+   title = {A comparison of {MGS} phase 1 aerobraking radio occultation data and the {NASA Ames Mars GCM}.},
+   volume = {105},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:00,
+   author = {Clancy, R. T. and Sandor, B. J. and Woff, M. J. and Christensen, P. R. and Smith, M. D. and Pearl, J. C. and Conrath, B. J. and Wilson, R. J.},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {9553-9571},
+   title = {An intercomparison of ground-based millimeter, {MGS TES}, and {Viking} atmospheric temperature measurements: Seasonal and interannual variability of temperatures and dust loading in the global {Mars} atmosphere},
+   type = {atmosphere},
+   volume = {105},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@article{Forb:00,
+   author = {Forbes, J. M. and Hagan, M. E.},
+   journal = grl,
+   pages = {3563-3566},
+   title = {Diurnal {Kelvin} wave in the atmosphere of {Mars}: Toward and understanding of {``Stationary''} density structures observed by the {MGS} accelerometer.},
+   volume = {27},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@article{Conr:00,
+   author = {Conrath, B. J. and Pearl, J. C. and Smith, M. D. and Maguire, W. C. and Christensen, P. R. and Dason, S. and Kaelberer, M. S.},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {9509-9519},
+   title = {{Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Tes)} observations : atmospheric temperature during aerobraking and science phasing.},
+   volume = {105},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Smit:01tes,
+   author = {{Smith}, M.~D. and {Pearl}, J.~C. and {Conrath}, B.~J. and {Christensen}, P.~R.},
+    title = {Thermal Emission Spectrometer results: Mars atmospheric thermal structure and aerosol distribution},
+  journal = jgr,
+     year = 2001,
+   volume = 106,
+    pages = {23929-23945},
+      doi = {10.1029/2000JE001321},
+}
+
+@article{Hins:99,
+   author = {Hinson, D. P. and Flasar, M. and Simpson, R. A. and Twicken, J. D. and Tyler, G. L.},
+   journal = jgr,
+   pages = {26,997-27,012},
+   title = {Initial results from radio occultation measurements with Mars Global Surveyor},
+   volume = {104},
+   year = {1999}
+}
+
+@article{Keat:98,
+   author = {Keating, G. M. and Bougher S. W. and 29-coauthors.},
+   journal = {Science},
+   pages = {1672-1676},
+   title = {The structure of the upper atmosphere of Mars: {In} situ accelerometer measurements from {Mars Global Surveyor}},
+   volume = {279},
+   year = {1998}
+}
+
+@article{Mell:00,
+   author = {Mellon, M. T. and Jakosky, B. M. and Kieffer, H. H. and Christensen, P. R.},
+   journal = {Icarus},
+   pages = {437-455},
+   title = {High resolution Thermal inertia mapping from the {Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer}},
+   volume = {148},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@article{Will:93,
+   author = {Williams , A. G. and Hacker , J. M.},
+   journal = blm,
+   pages = {55-74},
+   title = {Interactions between coherent eddies in the lower convective boundary layer},
+   volume = {64},
+   year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Will:92,
+   author = {Williams , A. G. and Hacker , J. M.},
+   journal = blm,
+   pages = {213--245},
+   title = {The composite shape and structure of coherent eddies in the convective boundary layer},
+   volume = {61},
+   year = {1992}
+}
+
+@misc{Will:9
+}
+
+@article{Ayot:96,
+   author = {Ayotte , K. W. and Sullivan , P. P. and Andrén , A. and Doney , S. C. and Holtslag , A. A. and Large , W. G. and McWilliams , J. C. and Moeng , C.-N. and Otte , M. J. and Tribbia , J. J. and Wyngaard , J. C.},
+   address = {, J. C.},
+   journal = blm,
+   pages = {131--175},
+   title = {An evaluation of neutral and convective planetary boundary-layer parameterizations relative to large eddy simulations},
+   volume = {79},
+   year = {1996}
+}
+
+@misc{Lebo:00,
+   author = {Lebonnois , S. and Toublanc , D. and Hourdin , F. and Rannou , P.},
+   howpublished = {submitted to Icarus},
+   title = {Seasonal variations of {Titan}'s atmospheric composition},
+   year = {2000}
+}
+
+@misc{Bona:00,
+   author = {Bonazzola , M. and Picon , L. and Laurent , H. and Hourdin , F. and S\`ese , G. and Pawlowska , H. and Sadourny , R.},
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+   author = {Ono , A.M. and Paige , D. A.},
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+   pages = {1060},
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+},
+   volume = {28},
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+   author = {Forget, F.},
+   howpublished = {Présentation invitée au ``Mars GCM intercomparison workshop''},
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+}
+
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+   author = {Menou , Kristen},
+   school = {DEA d'astrophysique et t\'echniques spatiales,  {PARIS-7}},
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+   year = {1995}
+}
+
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+   author = {De Vaulgrenant , Guyonne},
+   school = {DEA d'océanographie,  m\'et\'eorologie et environnement  {(PARIS-VI)}},
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+   year = {1996}
+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {32-44},
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+volume = {94},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Ryan:82,
+author = {Ryan , J. A. and Sharman, R. D. and Lucich , R. D.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {7279-7284},
+title = {Mars water vapor, near surface.},
+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
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+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
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+author = {Kahn, R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5265-5275},
+title = {Temperature measurements of a {Martian} local dust storm},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
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+author = {Ryan, J. A. and Lucich , R. D.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {11005-11011},
+title = {Possible dust devils vortices on {Mars}},
+volume = {1983},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Mich:93,
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+volume = {100},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
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+}
+
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+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4643-4651},
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+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
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+year = {1980}
+}
+
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+year = {1989}
+}
+
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+booktitle = {{XXV Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf.}},
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+year = {1994}
+}
+
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+}
+
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+volume = {222},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
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+volume = {92},
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+}
+
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+journal = {Icarus},
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+title = {Mars: the regolith-atmosphere -cap system and climate change},
+volume = {50},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
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+journal = grl,
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+year = {1994}
+}
+
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+year = {1989}
+}
+
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+year = {1994}
+}
+
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+title = {Complex refractive index of {Martian} dust: wavelength dependence and composition},
+volume = {30},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
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+title = {Complex refractive index of {Martian} dust: {Mariner 9 ultraviolet observations}.},
+volume = {27},
+year = {1976}
+}
+
+@article{Chyl:78,
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+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {198-203},
+title = {Scaterring by nonspherical particles and optical properties of {Martian} dust.},
+volume = {36},
+year = {1978}
+}
+
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+journal = jas,
+pages = {723-734},
+title = {Mariner 9 television limb observations of dust and ice hazes on {Mars}},
+volume = {35},
+year = {1978}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:90,
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+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Jaqu:86,
+author = {Jaquin , F. and Gierasch , P. and Kahn , R.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {442-461},
+title = {The vertical structure of limb hazes in the {Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {68},
+year = {1986}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Hour:95intermarsnet,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand , Olivier and Forget , Fran\c{c}ois and Fournier , Richard},
+booktitle = {International workshop on {INTERMARSNET}},
+note = {invited presentation},
+organization = {ESA /NASA and EGS},
+title = {Numerical simulation of the circulation of the {Martian} atmosphere in {Europe}},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Forg:95intermarsnet,
+author = {Forget , Fran\c{c}ois and Hansen , G. B. and Pollack , J.  B.},
+booktitle = {International workshop on {INTERMARSNET}},
+note = {oral presentation},
+organization = {ESA /NASA and EGS},
+title = {Condensation of the {Martian} {CO$_2$} polar caps},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
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+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Forget , F. and Talagrand , O.},
+address = {Lunar and Planetary Institute,  Houston},
+booktitle = {Workshop on atmospheric transport on {Mars} (MSATT meeting)},
+institution = {LPI},
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+pages = {16-17},
+series = {{LPI} Technical Report},
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+type = {Technical Report},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
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+author = {Hou, A. Y.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {3437-3455},
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+volume = {41},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Forg:93msatt,
+author = {Forget , F. and Pollack , J. B.},
+address = {Lunar and Planetary Institute,  Houston},
+booktitle = {Workshop on atmospheric transport on {Mars} (MSATT meeting)},
+institution = {LPI},
+number = {93-05},
+pages = {16-17},
+series = {{LPI} Technical Report},
+title = {Impact of the {CO$_2$} and {H$_2$O} Clouds of the {Martian} polar hood on the polar energy balance},
+type = {Technical Report},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@incollection{Forg:97book,
+author = {Forget , F.},
+booktitle = {Solar system ices},
+editor = {Schmitt , B.  and De Bergh,  C.  and Festou , M.},
+pages = {477-507},
+publisher = {Kluwer Academic},
+title = {Mars {CO$_2$} ice polar caps},
+year = {1997}
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:95cnes,
+author = {Forget, F.},
+howpublished = {Rapport Technique BA/AM/3448, CNES},
+institution = {CNES},
+number = {BA/AM/3448},
+title = {Projet Aerostat Martien~: Etude et modelisation de l'environnement atmospherique: {Conclusion pour le projet MARS 96}, bases pour des projets futurs},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:95ice,
+author = {Forget, F.},
+howpublished = {Invited presentation at the ``Solar system ices'' symposium in Toulouse (France)},
+title = {Mars {CO$_2$} ice seasonal polar caps},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
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+author = {Haberle , R. M. and Jakosky , B. M.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {187-204},
+title = {Atmospheric effects on the remote determination of thermal inertia of {Mars}},
+volume = {90},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Coll:96,
+author = {Collins, M. and Lewis, S. R. and Read, P. L. and Hourdin, F.},
+journal = {Icarus},
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+volume = {120},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
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+author = {Dalton , B. et al.},
+howpublished = {in ``The Case for Mars III''},
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+}
+
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+author = {Fournier , R. and Forget , F. and Collins , M. and Hourdin , F.},
+institution = {ESA},
+number = {ESA contract  (Ref.~11369/95/NL/JG(SC))},
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+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@techreport{Four:96gcmtesting,
+author = {Fournier , R. and Forget , F. and Collins , M. and Hourdin , F.},
+institution = {ESA},
+number = {ESA contract  (Ref.~11369/95/NL/JG(SC))},
+title = {Technical note on GCM testing},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
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+author = {Mauroy ,   P.},
+institution = {CNES},
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+}
+
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+address = {mars},
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+number = {BA/AM/1513},
+title = {Consequences probables du changement de date de la missionsur les performances de l'aerostat},
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+
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+
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+year = {1984}
+}
+
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+
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+
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+
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+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Butl:95,
+author = {Butler, B.J. and Muhleman , D.O. and Slade , M.J.},
+howpublished = {Abstract for the "Solar System Ices" international symposium, Toulouse, France},
+title = {The difference in the residual ice caps on {Mars} as deduced from {VLA/Goldstone} radar images},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Cape:70,
+author = {Capen , C. F. and Capen , V. W.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {100-108},
+title = {Martian north polar cap, 1962-1968},
+volume = {13},
+year = {1970}
+}
+
+@article{Iwis:82,
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+journal = jgr,
+pages = {10265-10269},
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+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
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+
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+journal = baas,
+pages = {846-847},
+title = {Condensation phase of the {Martian} south polar cap},
+volume = {15},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
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+journal = jas,
+pages = {817-835},
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+volume = {40},
+year = {1983}
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+
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+volume = {65},
+year = {1983}
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+
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+volume = {103},
+year = {1993}
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+
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+publisher = {University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1969.},
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+year = {1983}
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+
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+volume = {99},
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+
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+
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+author = {Hansen  ,  Garry  B.},
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+volume = {86},
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+
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+volume = {44},
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+volume = {167},
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+pages = {615-646},
+title = {A study of the thermal and dynamical structure of the {Martian}  lower atmosphere},
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+
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+journal = {Science},
+pages = {496-499},
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+volume = {166},
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+
+@article{Hans:92,
+author = {Hansen , G.  B.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {978},
+title = {The spectral absorption of {CO$_2$} ice from 0.18 to 4.8 microns},
+volume = {24},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Hans:92triton,
+author = {Hansen, C. J. and Paige , D. A.},
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+pages = {273-288},
+title = {A thermal model for the seasonal nitrogen cycle on {Triton}},
+volume = {99},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
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+author = {Brown, R. H. and Kirk, R. L.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {1965-1981},
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+volume = {99},
+year = {1994}
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+title = {Vapor pressure and heats of sublimation of liquids and solids of interest in cryogenics below 1-atm pressure},
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+
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+journal = jgr,
+pages = {510-514},
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+volume = {75},
+year = {1970}
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+
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+author = {Kieffer, H. H.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {501-509},
+title = {Spectral reflectance of {CO$_2$-H$_2$O} frosts},
+volume = {75},
+year = {1970}
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+
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+author = {Clark , R. N. and McCord , T. B.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {367-370},
+title = {Mars residual polar cap : {Earth}-based spectroscopic confirmation of water ice as a major constituent and evidence for hydrated minerals},
+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
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+
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+author = {Jakosky , B. M.},
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+volume = {88},
+year = {1983}
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+volume = {57},
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+
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+
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+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {36-62},
+title = {Water vapor saturation at low altitudes around {Mars}
+aphelion: a key to {Mars} climate},
+volume = {122},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Encr:95,
+author = {Encrenaz , T. and Lellouch , E. and Cernicharo , J. and Paubert , G.  and Gulkis , S.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {110-118},
+title = {A tentative detection of the {183-GHz} water vapor line in the {Martian} atmosphere: {Contraint} upon the {H$_2$O}  abundance and vertical distribution},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:96,
+author = {Clancy, R.T.  and  Wolff , M. J.  and  James, P. B.  and Smith , E. and Billawala , Y. N.  and Lee , S. W.  and Callan , M.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {12777-12783},
+title = {Mars ozone measurements near the 1995 aphelion: {Hubble} space telescope ultraviolet spectroscopy with the faint object spectrograph},
+volume = {101},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@techreport{Alli:93,
+author = {Allison , M and Chandler , M. A. and Del Genio , A. D. and Lacis , A. and Rind , D.  and Rossow , W. B. and Travis , L. D.  and Zhou , W.},
+institution = {LPI},
+number = {93-05},
+title = {The {NASA GISS}   {Mars}  general circulation model : preliminary experiments.},
+type = {Technical Report},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@techreport{Wils:93,
+author = {Wilson , R. J.},
+institution = {LPI},
+number = {93-05},
+title = {Three dimensional numerical simulation of thermal tides in the {Martian} atmosphere.},
+type = {Technical Report},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Thom:92,
+author = {Thomas , P. and Squyres , S. and Herkenhoff , K. and Howard , A. and Murray , B.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
+pages = {pp. 767-795},
+publisher = {Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {Polar deposits of {Mars}},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Fana:92,
+author = {Fanale, F. P. and Postawko, S. E. and Pollack, J. B. and
+Carr, M. H. and Pepin, R. O.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
+pages = {pp. 1135-1179},
+publisher = {Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {Epochal climate change and volatile history},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Theo:93,
+author = {Th{\'e}odore , B and Lellouch , E. and Chassefiere , E. and Hauchecorne , A.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {512-528},
+title = {Solsticial temperature inversions in the {Martian} middle atmosphere : observational clues and 2-{D} modeling},
+volume = {105},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Josh:94nat,
+author = {Joshi , M. M. and Lewis , S. R. and Read , P. L. and Catling , D. C.},
+journal = {Nature},
+month = {February},
+pages = {548-551},
+title = {Western boundary currents in the atmosphere of {Mars}},
+volume = {367},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Josh:95,
+author = {Joshi , M. M. and Lewis , S. R. and Read P. L. and Catling , D. C.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5485-5500},
+title = {Western Boundary Courrents in the {Martian}  atmosphere : Numerical simulations and observational evidence},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Hutz:95,
+author = {Hutzell , William T. and McKay , Christopher P. and Toon , Owen B. and Hourdin , F.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {112-129},
+title = {Simulations of {Titan's} brightness by a two-dimensional haze model},
+volume = {119},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Cous:su,
+author = {Coustenis, A. and B{\'e}zard , B.},
+note = {Submitted for publication},
+title = {{Titan's} atmosphere from {Voyager} infrared observations: {IV} Latitudinal variations of temperature and composition},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Beza:95,
+author = {B\'ezard , Bruno and Coustenis , Athena and McKay , Christopher P.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {267-276},
+title = {Titan's stratospheric temperature asymmetry: a radiative origin},
+volume = {113},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Upad:94,
+author = {Upadhyaya , H. C. and Agrawal , S. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = {Proc. Indian Nation Sci. Acad.},
+pages = {193,204},
+title = {Variational data assimilation with an adiabatic version of the {LMD} {GCM} using adjoint methods},
+volume = {60},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Rabi:93,
+author = {Rabier , F. and Courtier , P. and Pailleux , J. and Talagrand , O. and Vasijevic , D.},
+journal = qjrms,
+pages = {845-880},
+title = {A comparison bewteen four-dimensional variational assimilation and simplified sequential assimilation relying on three-dimensional analysis},
+volume = {119},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Tala:96,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier},
+note = {submitted to J. Meteor. Soc. Japan},
+title = {Assimilation of Observations, an Introduction},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Li:96,
+author = {Li , Zhao-Xin},
+journal = {NATO AISI series},
+pages = {127-137},
+title = {Comparison of convection parametrizations in an atmospheric General Circulation model},
+volume = {I 34},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Hutz:93,
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+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {162-174},
+title = {Effects of time-varying haze production on {Titan's} geometric albedo},
+volume = {105},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Jame:87,
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+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {306-312},
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+volume = {71},
+year = {1987}
+}
+
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+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {79-101},
+title = {Monitoring {Mars} with the {Hubble} space telescope~: 1990-1991 observations.},
+volume = {109},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Keeg:91,
+author = {Keegan , K. D. and Bachman , J. E. and Paige , D. A.},
+journal = lps,
+pages = {701-702},
+title = {Thermal and albedo mapping of the north polar region of {Mars}},
+volume = {XXII},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Paig:91,
+author = {Paige , D. A. and Keegan , K. D.},
+journal = lps,
+pages = {1013-1014},
+title = {Thermal and albedo mapping of the south polar region of {Mars}},
+volume = {XXII},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Paig:90jgr,
+author = {Paige , David A. and Herkenhoff , K. E. and Murray , B. C.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B2},
+pages = {1319-1335},
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+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@techreport{Paig:93,
+author = {Paige ,David A.  and Crisp , D. and Santee M. L.  and Richardson , M. I.},
+institution = {L.P.I.},
+title = {IRTM brightness temperature maps of the {Martian} south polar region during the polar night : the cold spots don't move},
+type = {MSATT final meeting report.},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Sutt:78,
+author = {Sutton , Jordan L. and Leovy , Conway B. and Tillman , James E.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {2346-2355},
+title = {Diurnal variations of the {Martian} surface layer meteorological parameters during the first 45 sols at two {Viking} lander sites},
+volume = {35},
+year = {1978}
+}
+
+@article{Till:94,
+author = {Tillman, James E. and Landberg , Lars and Larsen , Soren E.},
+journal = jas,
+month = {june},
+number = {12},
+pages = {1709-1727},
+title = {The boundary layer of {Mars} : fluxes stability, turbulent spectra and growth of the mixed layer},
+volume = {51},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
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+journal = blm,
+pages = {363-372},
+title = {A review of the flux profile relationships},
+year = {1974}
+}
+
+@article{Hans:93,
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+volume = {25},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
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+author = {Barnes , J. R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {1401-1421},
+title = {Possible  effect of breaking gravity waves on the circulation of the middle atmosphere of {Mars}},
+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Warr:84,
+author = {Warren , S. G.},
+journal = {Applied~Optics},
+pages = {1206-1225},
+title = {Optical constant of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwaves},
+volume = {23},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Bell:93,
+author = {Bell,  James F. III and Calvin  , W. M. and Pollack ,  J. B.  and Crisp , D.},
+journal = {Lunar~and~Plan.~Sci.},
+pages = {83-84},
+title = {An observational search for {CO2} ice clouds on {Mars}},
+volume = {XXIV},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Bell:90,
+author = {Bell III, J. F.  and McCord , T. B. and Owensby , P. D.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {14447-14461},
+title = {Observational evidence of crystalline iron oxides on {Mars}},
+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Bell:93b,
+author = {Bell, James F. and Crisp , D.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {2-19},
+title = {Groundbased imaging spectroscopy of {Mars} in the near infrared : preliminary results},
+volume = {104},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Forg:96,
+author = {Forget, F. and Pollack,  J.B.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {16,865-16,880},
+title = {Thermal infrared observations of the condensing {Martian} polar caps: {CO$_2$} ice temperatures and radiative budget},
+volume = {101},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:93,
+author = {Martin , Terry Z. and Richardson , Mark I.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {10,941-10,949},
+title = {New Dust Opacity Mapping From \protect{Viking} Infrared Thermal Mapper Data},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:93leo,
+author = {Martin , Leonard J. and Zurek , Richard W.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E2},
+pages = {3221-3246},
+title = {An analysis of the history of dust activity on {Mars}},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
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+author = {Louis , J.-F.},
+journal = blm,
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+year = {1979}
+}
+
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+year = {1991}
+}
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+}
+
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+}
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+}
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+year = {1979}
+}
+
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+pages = {40-51},
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+}
+
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+volume = {45},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
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+journal = jgr,
+pages = {1495-1510},
+title = {Winter frost at {Viking  Lander} 2 site},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
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+journal = jgr,
+pages = {10189-10209},
+title = {Some observational constraints on the global-scale wind systems of \protect{Mars}},
+volume = {88},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Kahn:84,
+author = {Kahn , R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {6671-6688},
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+volume = {89},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Maga:87,
+author = {Magalhaes , J. A.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {442-468},
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+volume = {70},
+year = {1987}
+}
+
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+author = {Magalhaes , J. and Gierasch , P.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {9975-9984},
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+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
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+author = {Kieffer , H. H.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {8263-8288},
+title = {Mars south polar spring and summer temperatures: a residual CO$_2$ frost},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Gadi:78,
+author = {Gadian , A. M.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {454-465},
+title = {The dynamics of and the heat transfer by baroclinic eddies and large-scale stationnary topographically forced long waves in the \protect{Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {33},
+year = {1978}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:74,
+author = {Martin , L. J.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {108-115},
+title = {The major \protect{Martian} dust stroms of 1971 and 1973},
+volume = {23},
+year = {1974}
+}
+
+@article{Mell:74,
+author = {Mellor , George L. and Yamada , Tetsuji},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {1791-1806},
+title = {A Hierarchy of Turbulence Closure Models for Planetary Boundary Layers},
+volume = {31},
+year = {1974}
+}
+
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+pages = {851-875},
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+volume = {20},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
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+volume = {50},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Frie:94,
+author = {Friedson , A. J.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {40-57},
+title = {Gravity waves in {Titan's} atmosphere},
+volume = {109},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Jame:82,
+author = {James , P. B. and North , G. R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {10271-10283},
+title = {The seasonal {CO$_2$} cycle on \protect{Mars} : An application of an energy balance climate model},
+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Davi:77,
+author = {Davies ,  D. W. and Farmer , C. B.  and LaPorte  , D. D.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {3815-3822},
+title = {Behavior of volatile in {Mars}' polar areas~:  a model incorporating new experimental data.},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
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+journal = {Science},
+pages = {799-806},
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+volume = {204},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
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+volume = {27},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@article{Wall:81,
+author = {Wall, Stephen D.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {173-183},
+title = {Analysis of condensates formed at the {Viking} 2 lander site : the first winter},
+volume = {47},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
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+author = {Hart , Helen M. and Jakosky , Bruce M.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {134-142},
+title = {Composition and stability of the condensate observed at the {Viking} lander 2 site on {Mars}},
+volume = {66},
+year = {1986}
+}
+
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+journal = jgr,
+number = {E5},
+pages = {7735-7757},
+title = {Atmosphere and Climate Studies Using the \protect{Mars} Observer Pressure Modulator Infrared Radiometer},
+volume = {97},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Mayn:97,
+author = {Karine Maynard},
+school = {Universit\'e Paris-6},
+title = {Param\'etrisation de la diffusion lat\'erale dans un mod\`ele de circulation g\'en\'erale de l'atmosph\`ere},
+type = {th\`ese},
+year = {1997}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Hour:92f,
+author = {Hourdin, Fr\'ed\'eric},
+school = {Universit\'e Paris-7},
+title = {Etude et mod\'elisation num\'erique de la circulation g\'en\'erale des atmosph\`eres plan\'etaires},
+type = {th\`ese},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Forg:96these,
+author = {Forget, Fran\c{c}ois},
+school = {Universit\'e Paris-6},
+title = {Le climat de la plan\`ete Mars~:
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+type = {th\`ese},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Bouc:95,
+author = {Boucher, Olivier},
+school = {Universit\'e Paris-6},
+title = {
+Etude de quelques interactions a{\'e}rosol-nuage-rayonnement~: mod{\'e}lisation et simulations avec un mod{\'e}le de circulation g{\'e}n{\'e}rale},
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+year = {1995}
+}
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+author = {Lorenz , Edward N.},
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+}
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+}
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+
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+institution = {LMD},
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+year = {1995}
+}
+
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+journal = {Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Phys. Kl.},
+pages = {55},
+title = {\"Uber Strahlungsgleichgewicht und atmospher\"ische Strahlung.},
+volume = {1},
+year = {1912}
+}
+
+@book{Palt:76,
+author = {Paltridge , G. W. and Platt , C. M. R.},
+address = {335 Jan Van Galenstraat/ P. O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
+publisher = {Elsevier scientific publishing company},
+title = {Radiative processes in meteorology and climatology},
+year = {1976}
+}
+
+@article{Pall:81,
+author = {Palluconi , F. D. and Kieffer , H. H.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {415-426},
+title = {Thermal inertia mapping of {Mars} from {$60^{\mbox{o}}$S to $60^{\mbox{o}}$N}},
+volume = {45},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
+@article{Ples:81,
+author = {Pleskot , L. K. and Miner ,  E. D.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {179-201},
+title = {Time variability of {Martian} bolometric albedo},
+volume = {45},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Forg:91,
+author = {Forget , Fran\c{c}ois},
+note = {Rapport du stage de DEA "Oc\'eanologie, m\'et\'eorologie et environnement" de Paris VI},
+title = {Simulation nu\'erique de l'atmosph\`ere Martienne},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Forg:95,
+author = {Forget , F. and Pollack , J. B. and Hansen , G. B.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {21,119-21,234},
+title = {Low brightness temperatures of {Martian} polar caps: {CO$_2$} clouds or low surface emissivity?},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Hour:96estecb,
+author = { Hourdin , F. and Forget , Fran\c{c}ois and Fournier , Richard and Talagrand , O. and Read , P. L. and Collins , M. and Lewis , S. R. and Thomas , P. J.},
+booktitle = {Environement Modelling for Space-based Applications},
+editor = {A. Hilgers and T.-D. Guyenne},
+pages = {315-320},
+series = {ESA},
+title = {Numerical Modelling of the General Circulation of the {Martian} Atmosphere},
+volume = {SP-392},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Hour:96estec,
+author = { Hourdin , F. and Talagrand , O. and Menou , K. and Fournier , R. and Dufresnes , J.-L. and Gautier , D. and Courtin , R.  and B\'ezard , B. and McKay , C. P.},
+booktitle = {Environement Modelling for Space-based Applications},
+editor = {A. Hilgers and T.-D. Guyenne},
+pages = {329-333},
+series = {ESA},
+title = { Numerical Modelling of the Circulation of Superrotating Atmospheres: {Venus and Titan}},
+volume = {SP-392},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Four:96estec,
+author = { Fournier , R. and Deleersnijder , E. and Hourdin , F. and Lahellec , A. and Forget , F. and Talagrand , O.},
+booktitle = {Environement Modelling for Space-based Applications},
+editor = {A. Hilgers and T.-D. Guyenne},
+pages = {321},
+series = {ESA},
+title = { A  Boundary-Layer Parametrisation for {Martian General Circulation Models}},
+volume = {SP-392},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@misc{Coll:96estec,
+author = { Read , P. L. and Collins , M. and Lewis , S. R. and Thomas , P. J. and Talagrand , O. and Forget , F. and Fournier , R. and Hourdin , F.},
+howpublished = { Oral presentation at the Symopsium on Environment Modelling for space-based applications, ESTEC/ESA},
+title = { A Climate Database for the {Martian} Atmosphere},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Coll:95a,
+author = {Collins , M. and James , I. N.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E7},
+pages = {14421-14432},
+title = {Regular and irregular baroclinic waves in a simplified global circulation model of the {Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:95dps,
+author = {Forget, F.  and Hansen , G.B. and Pollack , J.B.},
+howpublished = {Oral presentation at the 27th annual DPS meeting
+(Kona). Abstracts book, p44},
+title = {Low brightness temperatures of {Martian} polar caps},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Habe:95dps,
+author = {Haberle, R. M. and Schaeffer , J.},
+howpublished = {Oral presentation at the 27th annual DPS meeting
+(Kona). Abstracts book, p12},
+title = {Obliquity experiment with a Mars general circulation model},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Wood:95,
+author = {Wood, S. E. and Richardson, M. I. and Paige, D. A.},
+howpublished = {Oral presentation at the 27th annual DPS meeting (Kona). Abstracts book, p44},
+title = {Microphysical and radiative processes in {CO$_2$} snow on {Mars}},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Tala:95dps,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Forget , F. and Hourdin , F. and Read , P. and Collins, M. and Lewis , S.},
+howpublished = {Oral presentation at the 27th annual DPS meeting (Kona). Abstracts book, p13},
+title = {A plan for developing  a {Martian} climate database},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@misc{Hour:95dps,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand , O.  and Courtin , R.  and Gautier , D. and McKay , C. P.},
+howpublished = {Oral presentation at the 27th annual DPS meeting (Kona). Abstracts book, p51},
+title = {Atmospheric superrotation on {Titan}},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Forg:93dps,
+author = {Forget , F. and Pollack , J. B.},
+journal = baas,
+note = {Oral presentation at the 25th annual DPS meeting (Boulder)},
+pages = {1070},
+title = {Impact of the {CO$_2$} and {H$_2$O} clouds of the {Martian } polar hood on the polar energy balance},
+volume = {25},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Hour:89,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric},
+note = {stage de DEA "Astrophysique et T\'echniques spatiales" Universit\'e Paris 7},
+title = {Adaptation du Mod\`ele de Circulation G\'en\'eral du \protect{LMD} aux conditions \protect{Martiennes}},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@book{Good:89,
+author = {Goody , R. M. and Yung , Y. L.},
+address = {200 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016},
+edition = {second},
+publisher = {Oxford University Press.},
+title = {Atmospheric Radiation, Theoretical Basis},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@article{Brig:77,
+author = {Briggs , Geoffrey and Klaasen , Kenneth and Thorpe , Thomas and Wellman , John},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4121-4149},
+title = {Martian dynamical phenomenon during {June-November} 1976: \protect{Viking} orbiter imaging results},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Brig:74,
+author = {Briggs , G. A. and Leovy , C. B.},
+journal = bams,
+pages = {278-296},
+title = {Mariner 9 observations of the \protect{Mars} north polar hood},
+volume = {55},
+year = {1974}
+}
+
+@article{Brig:74b,
+author = {Briggs, G. A},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {167-191},
+title = {The nature of the residual {Martian} polar caps},
+volume = {23},
+year = {1974}
+}
+
+@article{Klio:73,
+author = {Kliore , A. J. and Fjeldbo , G. and Seidel, B. L. and Woiceshyn , P. M.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4331-4350},
+title = {S band occultation measurements of the atmosphere and topography of \protect{Mars} with \protect{Mariner} 9: {Extended} mission coverage of polar intermediate latitudes},
+volume = {78},
+year = {1973}
+}
+
+@article{Klio:72,
+author = {Kliore , A. J. and  Cain , D. L. and  Fjeldbo , G. and  Seidel , B. L.  and
+Sykes , M. J.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {484-516},
+title = {The  atmosphere of {Mars from Mariner 9} radio occultation
+measurements},
+volume = {17},
+year = {1972}
+}
+
+@article{Vere:77,
+author = {Vereka , J. and Thomas , P. and Greeley , R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4167-4187},
+title = {A study of variables fitures on \protect{Mars} during the \protect{Viking} primary mission},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Conr:73,
+author = {Conrath , B. and Curran , R. and Hanel , R. and Kunde , V. and Maguire , W. and Pearl , J. and Pirraglia , J. and Welker , J. and Burke , T.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4267-4278},
+title = {Atmospheric and surface properties of \protect{Mars} obtained by infrared spectroscopy on \protect{Mariner} 9},
+volume = {78},
+year = {1973}
+}
+
+@article{Chri:84,
+author = {Christensen , P. R. and  Zurek , R. W.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4587-4596},
+title = { Martian  north polar hazes and surface ice: {Results} from the \protect{Viking} survey/completion mission},
+volume = {89},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Conr:75,
+author = {Conrath , B. J.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {36-46},
+title = {Thermal structure of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere during the dissipation of dust storm of 1971},
+volume = {24},
+year = {1975}
+}
+
+@techreport{Chri:94,
+author = {Christensen , P. R. and Edgett  , K. S.},
+institution = {LPI},
+number = {94-04},
+title = {Physical properties ({Particle size, rock abundance}) from thermal infrared remote observations : implication for {Mars} landing site},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Ditt:79,
+author = {Ditteon, R. and Kieffer, H. H.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {8294-8300},
+title = {Optical properties of solid {CO$_2$}: {Application} to {Mars}},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Chri:75,
+author = {Christensen, E. J.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {2909-2913},
+title = {Martian topography derived from occultation, radar, spectral, and optical measurements},
+volume = {80},
+year = {1975}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Paig:92a,
+author = {Paige  , David A.  and  Bachman , Jennifer E.  and Keegan K. D.},
+note = {Submitted to the Jour. Geophys. Res},
+title = {Thermal and albedo mapping of the polar regions of {Mars} using {Viking} thermal mapper observations : 1. {North} polar region},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Simp:92,
+author = {Simpson , Richard A. and Harmon , John K. and Zisk , Stanley H. and Thompson , T. W.  and Muhleman , Duane O.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
+pages = {pp.~652-685},
+publisher = {University of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {Radar determination of {Mars} surface properties},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Fjel:77,
+author = {Fjeldbo , Gunnar and Sweetnam , Donald and Brenkle , Joseph and Christensen , Edward and Farless , Jitendra and Seidel , Boris and Michael , William and Wallio , Andrew and Grossi , Marioand},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4317-4324},
+title = {Viking radio occultation measurements of the {Martian} atmosphere and topography: primary coverage},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Farm:77,
+author = {Farmer , C. B. and Davies , D. W. and Holland , A. L. and La Porte , D. D. and Doms , P. E.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4225-4248},
+title = {Mars: water vapor observations from the \protect{Viking} orbiters},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Farm:79,
+author = {Farmer , C. B. and Doms , P. E.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2881-2888},
+title = {Global seasonal variation of water vapor on \protect{Mars} and the  implications for permafrost},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Kief:77,
+author = {Kieffer , Hugh H. and Martin , T. Z. and Peterfreund , R. and Jakosky , Bruce M. and Miner , Ellis D. and Palluconi , Frank Don},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4249-4291},
+title = {Thermal and albedo mapping during the \protect{Viking} primary mission},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Kief:76b,
+author = {Kieffer , H. H. and  Christensen , P. R. and  Martin , T. Z. and
+Miner, E. D. and Palluconi , F. D.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {1346-1351},
+title = {Infrared  thermal mapping of the {Martian} surface and atmosphere: {Viking} observation of diurnal and geometric observation},
+volume = {194},
+year = {1976}
+}
+
+@article{Kerz:77,
+author = {Kerzhanovich , V. V.},
+title = "{Mars 6 - Improved analysis of the descent module measurements}",
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {1-25},
+doi = {10.1016/0019-1035(77)90117-8},
+volume = {30},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Owen:77,
+author = {Owen , Tobias and Biemann , K. and Rushneck , D. R. and Biller , J. E. and Howarth , D. W. and Lafleur , A. L.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4635-4639},
+title = {The composition of the atmosphere at the surface of \protect{Mars}},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Squy:94,
+author = {Squyres, S.W. and Kasting , J.F.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {744-749},
+title = {Early {Mars} , how warm and how wet?},
+volume = {265},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Davi:79,
+author = {Davies , D. W.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B14},
+pages = {8335-8340},
+title = {The relative humidity of \protect{Mars} atmosphere},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Davi:79a,
+author = {Davies , Donald W.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2875-2879},
+title = {The vertical distribution of \protect{Mars} water vapor},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Owen:72,
+author = {Owen , T. and Sagan , C.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {557-568},
+title = {Minor constituents in planetary atmospheres: {Ultraviolet} spectroscopy from the {Orbiting Astronomical Observatory}},
+volume = {16},
+year = {1972}
+}
+
+@article{Davi:79c,
+author = {Davies , Donald W.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {8289-8293},
+title = {Effect of dust on the heating of {Mars's} surface and atmosphere},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:85,
+author = {Pollack , James B. and McKay C. P.},
+journal = sci,
+pages = {245-262},
+title = {The impact of polar stratospheric clouds on the heating rates of the winter polar stratosphere},
+volume = {42},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:77,
+author = {Pollack , James B. and Colburn , David and Kahn , Ralph and Hunter , June and Warren , Van Camp and Carlston , C. E. and Wolf , M. R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4479-4496},
+title = {Properties of aerosols in the {Martian} atmosphere, as infered from \protect{Viking} lander imaging data},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Seif:83,
+author = {Seiff , A.},
+booktitle = {Venus},
+crossref = {Hunt:83},
+pages = {215-279},
+title = {Thermal structure of the atmosphere of \protect{Venus}},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Seif:77,
+author = {Seiff , Alvin and Kirk , Donn B.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4364-4378},
+title = {Structure of the atmosphere of \protect{Mars} in summer mid-latitudes},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Ekon:83,
+author = {Ekonomov , A. P. and Golovin , Yu. M. and Moroz , M. I. and Moshkin , B. Ye},
+booktitle = {Venus},
+crossref = {Hunt:83},
+pages = {632-649},
+title = {Solar scattered raiation measurements by \protect{Venus} probes},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Schu:83,
+author = {Schubert , Gerald},
+booktitle = {Venus},
+crossref = {Hunt:83},
+pages = {681-765},
+title = {General ciruclation and the dynamical state of the \protect{Venus} atmosphere},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Kerz:83,
+author = {Kerzhanovich , V. V. and Marov , M. Ya. Marov},
+booktitle = {Venus},
+crossref = {Hunt::83},
+pages = {766-778},
+title = {The atmospheric dyanmics of \protect{Venus} according to \protect{Doppler} measurements by the \protect{Venera} entry probes},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Toma:83,
+author = {Tomasko , Martin G.},
+booktitle = {Venus},
+crossref = {Hunt:83},
+pages = {604-631},
+title = {The thermal balance of the lower atmosphere of \protect{Venus}},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Cour:28,
+author = {Courant , R. and Friedrichs , K. O. and Lewy , H.},
+title = {On the Partial Difference Equations of Mathematical Physics},
+journal = {Math. Ann.},
+pages = {32},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1928}
+}
+
+@book{Oort:83,
+author = {Oort , Abraham H.},
+publisher = {NOAA},
+series = {NOAA profesional paper},
+title = {Global  Atmospheric Circulations Statics,  1958-1973},
+volume = {14},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Huss:86,
+author = {Husson , N. and Ch\'edin , A. and Scott , N. A. and Bailly , D. and Graner , G. and Lacome , N. and Levy , A. and Rossetti , C. and Tarrago , G. and Camy-Peyret , C. and Flaud , J. M. etc.},
+journal = ang,
+pages = {185-190},
+title = {The \protect{GEISA} spectroscopic line parameters data bank in 1984},
+volume = {4},
+year = {1986},
+anotate = "  and Bauer , A. , and Colmont , J. M. and Monnanteuil , N. and Hilico , J. C. and Pierre , G. and Loete , M. and Champion , J. P. and Rothman , L. S. and Brown , L.R. and Orton , G. and Varanasi , P. and Rinsland , C. P. and Smith , M. A. H. and Goldman , A."
+}
+
+@article{Fouq:74,
+author = {Fouquart , Yves},
+journal = jqsrt,
+pages = {497-508},
+title = {Utilisation des approximants de Pad\'e pour l'\'etude des largeurs \'equivalentes des raies form\'ees en atmosph\`ere diffusante},
+volume = {14},
+year = {1974}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:88,
+author = {Talagrand , O.},
+journal = {La Recherche},
+pages = {1010-1021},
+title = {La dynamique des atmosph\`eres plan\'etaires},
+volume = {19},
+year = {1988}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:86,
+author = {Talagrand , O.},
+journal = {Bull. de la Soc. Fran\c{c}aise de Phys.},
+pages = {3-8},
+title = {La circulation des atmosph\`eres plan\'etaires},
+volume = {61},
+year = {1986}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Tala:92,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Hourdin , F. and Forget , F.},
+booktitle = {Atmospheres, Hydrospheres and Space Sciences},
+organization = {European Geophysical Scociety},
+pages = {Suppl:III,C--494},
+title = {Numerical simulation of the circulation of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {10},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Hour:92c,
+author = {Hourdin , F. and Talagrand , O. and Le Van , Phu and Courtin , R. and Gautier , D. and McKay , C. P.},
+booktitle = {Atmospheres, Hydrospheres and Space Sciences},
+organization = {European Geophysical Scociety},
+pages = {Suppl:III,C--496},
+title = {Study of atmospheric superrotation: Numerical simulations},
+volume = {10},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Will:82,
+author = {Williams , Gareth P. and Holloway ,  J. Leith Jr},
+journal = {Nature},
+pages = {295-299},
+title = {The range and unity of planetary circulations},
+volume = {297},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Inge:90,
+author = {Ingersoll , Andrew P.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {308-315},
+title = {Atmospheric dynamics of the outer planets},
+volume = {248},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Inge:90triton,
+author = {Ingersoll, A. P.},
+journal = {Nature},
+pages = {315-316},
+title = {Dynamic of {Triton}'s atmosphere},
+volume = {344},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Traf:84,
+author = {Trafton, L.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {312-324},
+title = {Large seasonal variations in {Triton's} atmosphere},
+volume = {58},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Inge:85,
+author = {Ingersoll, A. P. and Summers, M. E. and Schlipf, S. G.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {375-390},
+title = {Supersonic meteorology of {Io} - sublimation - driven flow of {SO}$_2$},
+volume = {64},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@article{Inge:93,
+author = {Ingersoll,  A. P. and Lyons , J. R.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {10951-10961},
+title = {Mars dust storms: interranual variability and chaos},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Traf:83,
+author = {Trafton, L. and Stern, S. A.},
+journal = {Astophysical Journal},
+pages = {872-881},
+title = {On the global distribution of {Pluto}'s atmosphere},
+volume = {267},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Land:90,
+author = {Landberg , Lars and Tillman , James E. and Larsen , Soren E.},
+journal = {manuscript},
+title = {Turbulence spectra from the boundary layer of \protect{Mars}},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@incollection{Kasa:77,
+author = {Kasahara , Akira},
+booktitle = {Methods in computational physics},
+editor = {Julius Chang},
+journal = {Methods in Computational Physics},
+pages = {1-66},
+publisher = {Academic press, inc.},
+title = {Computational aspects of numerical models for weather prediction and climate simulation},
+volume = {17},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@techreport{LeVa:89,
+author = {Le Van , Phu},
+address = {24 rue Lhomond/75 231 Paris CEDEX 05},
+institution = {Laboratoire de M\'et\'eorologie Dynamique du CNRS},
+month = {Note interne},
+number = {147},
+title = {Description de directives pour l'utilisation de la nouvelle dynamique du \protect{Mod\`ele} de \protect{Circulation} \protect{G\'en\'erale}},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Cass:89,
+author = {Cass\'e , Vincent},
+school = {Universit\'e Paris VI},
+title = {Elaboration d'un mod\`ele coupl\'e oc\'ean tropical--atmosph\`ere globale},
+type = {Th\`ese},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@article{Zure:93,
+author = {Zurek , Richard W. and Martin , Leonard J.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E2},
+pages = {3247-3259},
+title = {Interannual variability of planet-encircling dust storms on {Mars}},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Lell:93,
+author = {Lellouch, E. and Goldstein, J. J. and Bougher , S. and Theodore, B. and Rosenqvist , J.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1060},
+title = {{Mars'} middle atmosphere circulation near equinox from microwave observations},
+volume = {25},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Zure:82,
+author = {Zurek, R. W.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {288-310},
+title = {Martian great dust storm, an update},
+volume = {50},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Paig:85,
+author = {Paige , D. A. and Ingersoll , A. P.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {1160-1168},
+title = {Annual heat balance of \protect{Martian} polar caps: \protect{Viking} observations},
+volume = {228},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Holl:92,
+author = {Hollingsworth ,  J. L.},
+school = {Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis},
+title = {Modeling the forced planetary waves in the {Mars} atmosphere},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Paig:85phd,
+author = {Paige , David A.},
+school = {Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena},
+title = {{\em The annual heat balance of the {Martian} polar caps from {Viking} observations}},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@article{Paig:90,
+author = {Paige,  David A. and Crisp, David and Santee , M. L.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1075},
+title = {It  snows on {Mars}},
+volume = {22},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@misc{w
+}
+
+@article{Paig:92,
+author = {Paige , David A. and Wood , Stephen E.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {15-27},
+title = {Modeling the \protect{Martian} Seasonal {$CO_2$} Cycle: 2. Interannual variability},
+volume = {99},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:93,
+author = {Pollack , J. B. and Haberle , R. M. and Murphy , J. R. and Shaeffer , J. and Lee , H.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {3149-3181},
+title = {Simulation of the general circulation of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere \protect{2}, {Seasonnal} pressure variations},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Paig:94s,
+author = {Paige , David A. and  Keegan , K. D.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {25993-26013},
+title = {Thermal and Albedo Mapping of the Polar Regions of {Mars}, 2, {South} Polar Region},
+volume = {99},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:93venus,
+author = {Pollack , J. B. and Dalton , J. B. and Grinspoon , D. and
+Wattson , D. R. B. and  Freedman , R. and Crisp , D.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {1-42},
+title = {Near-infrared light from
+{Venus} nightside: {A} spectroscopic analysis},
+volume = {103},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:95,
+author = {Pollack , J. B. and Ockert-Bell , M. E. and Shepard , M. K.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5235-5250},
+title = {Viking {Lander} image analysis of {Martian} atmospheric dust},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Habe:93,
+author = {Haberle , R. M. and Pollack , J. B. and Barnes , J. R. and Zurek , R. W. and Leovy , C. B. and Murphy , J. R. and Lee , H. and Schaeffer , J.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E2},
+pages = {3093-3124},
+title = {Mars Atmospheric Dynamics as Simulated by the \protect{NASA/Ames} General Circulation model, 1, The zonal-Mean Circulation},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Habe:93pbl,
+author = {Haberle , R.M. and Houben , H. C. and Hertenstein, R. and Herdtle,,T.},
+journal = jas,
+month = {june},
+pages = {1544-1559},
+title = {A boundary layer model for {Mars}: {Comparison} with {Viking Lander} and entry data},
+volume = {50},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Siil:94,
+author = {Siili , Tero},
+school = {Helsinki University of Technology},
+title = {Numerical studies of some surface-induced mesoscale phenomena in the {Martian} atmosphere},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Hane:72,
+author = {Hanel, R. and Conrath, R. and Hovis, W. and Kunde, V. and Lowman, P. and Maguire, W. and
+Pearl, J. and  Pirraglia, J. and  Prabhakara, C. and  Schlachman, B. and Levin, G.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {423-442},
+title = {Investigation of the {Martian} environment by infrared spectroscopy on {Mariner} 9},
+volume = {17},
+year = {1972}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:82,
+author = {Pollack , James B.},
+journal = asr,
+pages = {43-56},
+title = {Properties and effects of \protect{Martian} atmospheric dust},
+volume = {2},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Warr:90,
+author = {Warren , S. G. and Wiscombe , W. J. and Firestone , J. F.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {717-741},
+title = {Spectral albedo and emissivity of {CO}$_2$ in \protect{Martian} polar caps: model results},
+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Wood:92,
+author = {Wood , S. E. and Paige , D. A.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {1-14},
+title = {Modeling the {Martian} seasonal  {CO$_2$} Cycle:  {Fitting} the \protect{Viking} lander pressure curves},
+volume = {99},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Wood:84,
+author = {Woodward , P. R. and Colella , Phillip},
+journal = jcp,
+pages = {115-173},
+title = {The numerical simulation of Two-dimensional fluid flow with strong shocks},
+volume = {54},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Wood:81,
+author = {Woodward , P. R. and Colella , P.},
+journal = lnp,
+pages = {434--441},
+title = {High resolution difference schemes for compressible gaz dynamics},
+volume = {141},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
+@article{Carp:90,
+author = {Carpenter , R. L. and Droegemeier , K. K. and Woodward , P. R. and Hane , C. E.},
+journal = mwr,
+pages = {586--612},
+title = {Application of the Piecewise Parabolic Method ({PPM}) to meteorological modeling},
+volume = {118},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Leig:66,
+author = {Leighton , R. R. and Murray , B. C.},
+journal = sci,
+pages = {136-144},
+title = {Behavior of carbon dioxide and other volatiles on \protect{Mars}},
+volume = {153},
+year = {1966}
+}
+
+@article{Paig:94n,
+author = {Paige , D. A. and Bachman , J. E.  and Keegan , K. D.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {25959-25991},
+title = {Thermal and albedo mapping of the polar regions of {Mars} using {Viking} thermal mapper observations, 1, {North} polar region},
+volume = {99},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@techreport{Warr:86,
+author = {Warrilow , D. A. and Sangster , A. B. and Slingo , A.},
+address = {Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ},
+institution = {UKMO},
+number = {DCTN 38},
+title = {Modeling of land surface processes and their influence on \protect{European} climate},
+year = {1986}
+}
+
+@article{Warr:86co2,
+author = {Warren, S. G.},
+journal = {Appl. Opt.},
+pages = {2650-2674},
+title = {Optical constants of carbon dioxide ice},
+volume = {25},
+year = {1986}
+}
+
+@article{Barn:81,
+author = {Barnes , Jeffrey R.},
+journal = jas,
+number = {2},
+pages = {225-234},
+title = {Midlatitude disturbances in the \protect{Martian} atmosphere: A second \protect{Mars} year},
+volume = {38},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
+@misc{pola
+}
+
+@article{Barn:80,
+author = {Barnes , J. R.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {2002-2015},
+title = {Time spectral analysis of the midlatitude disturbances in the \protect{Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {37},
+year = {1980}
+}
+
+@article{Barn:87,
+author = {Barnes , Jeffey R. and Hollingsworth , Jeffrey L.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {313-334},
+title = {Dynamical modeling of a planetary wave mechanism for a \protect{Martian} polar warming},
+volume = {71},
+year = {1987}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:81,
+author = {Pollack , James B. and Leovy , Coneway B. and Greiman , Paul W. and Mintz , Yale},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {3-29},
+title = {A \protect{Martian} \protect{General} \protect{Circulation} \protect{Model} Experiment with Large Topography},
+volume = {38},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Bill:92,
+author = {Billebaud , F. and Rosenqvist , J. and Maillard , J. P. and Lellouch , E. and Encrenaz , T. and Hourdin , F.},
+booktitle = {EGS},
+title = {Search for spatial variations in the \protect{CO} abundance on \protect{Mars} at $2.3\mu$m},
+year = {1998}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Mart:91,
+author = {Martin , T. Z.},
+address = {Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX2 0BW, England},
+booktitle = {The environmental model of \protect{Mars}},
+editor = {Szeg\"o K.},
+pages = {89-100},
+publisher = {Pergamon press plc},
+series = {COSPAR Colloquia series},
+title = {Thermal environnement of \protect{Mars}.},
+volume = {2},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:79,
+author = {Martin , Terry Z. and Peterfreund , Alan R. and Miner , Ellis D. and Kieffer , Hugh H. and Hunt , Garry E.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {2381-2842},
+title = {Thermal infrared properties of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere, 1, {Global} behavior at 7, 9, 11 and 20 \protect{$\mu$m}},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:79a,
+author = {Martin , Terry Z. and Kieffer , Hugh H.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2843-2852},
+title = {Thermal infrared properties of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere, 2, The \protect{$15-\mu$m}  band measurements},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Pete:79,
+author = {Peterfreund , Alan R. and Kieffer , Hugh H.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2853-2863},
+title = {Thermal infrared properties of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere: 3. local dust clouds},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Hunt:79a,
+author = {Hunt , Garry E.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2865-2879},
+title = {Thermal IR properties of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere: 4. Predictions of the resence of Dust and ice clouds from \protect{Viking} \protect{IRTM} spectral measurements},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:86,
+author = {Martin , Terry Z.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {2-21},
+title = {Thermal infrared opacity of the \protect{Mars} atmosphere},
+volume = {66},
+year = {1986}
+}
+
+@techreport{Polc:91q,
+author = {Polcher , J. and Harzallah , A. and Bony , S.a and Chalita , S. N. and Cohen-Solal , E. and Forichon , M. and Hourdin , F. and LeTreut , H. and  Le Van , P. and Li , Z. X. and Rogel , P.},
+address = {ENS/24 rue Lhomond/75 005 Paris},
+institution = {LMD / CNRS},
+number = {170},
+title = {Le cycle 5 du \protect{Mod\`ele} de \protect{Circulation} \protect{G\'en\'erale} du \protect{LMD}},
+type = {Note interne},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@misc{pol,
+author = { }
+}
+
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+author = {Chandrasekhar , S.},
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+publisher = {Dover publications},
+title = {Radiative transfer},
+year = {1960}
+}
+
+@techreport{Polc:91a,
+author = {Polcher , Jan and Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric},
+institution = {LMD},
+number = {162},
+title = {Une gestion orient\'ee \protect{UNIX} du mod\`ele de circulation g\'en\'erale du \protect{LMD}},
+type = {note interne},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@techreport{Hour:91c,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Polcher , Jan and Li , Zhao  Xin},
+institution = {LMD},
+number = {161},
+title = {Vers une meilleur utilisation du logiciel \protect{UNIRAS}. Pr\'esentation de la biblioth\`eque commune de programmes graphiques lmdgraph et de la norme lmdstd d'\'ecriture des fichiers},
+type = {note interne},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:92,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E11},
+pages = {18,319-18,335},
+title = {A new representation of the \protect{CO$_2$ 15~$\mu$m} band for a \protect{Martian} General Circulation Model},
+volume = {97},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
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+author = {Leovy, C. B.},
+journal = {Adv. Space Res.},
+pages = {19-44},
+title = {Martian meteorological variability},
+volume = {2},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
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+author = {Leovy, Conway},
+journal = {Adv. Geophys},
+pages = {327-346},
+title = {The general circulation of {Mars} : {Model} and observations.},
+volume = {28a},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@article{Curt:52,
+author = {Curtis , A. R.},
+journal = qjr,
+pages = {638},
+title = {Contribution to a discussion of a statistical model for water vapor absorption', by \protect{R. M. Goody}},
+volume = {78},
+year = {1952}
+}
+
+@article{Mart:81,
+author = {Martin, T.  Z.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {427-446},
+title = {Mean thermal and albedo behavior of the {Mars} surface and atmosphere over a {Martian} year},
+volume = {45},
+year = {1981}
+}
+
+@article{Gods:53,
+author = {Godson , W. L.},
+journal = qjr,
+pages = {367},
+title = {The evaluation of infra-red radiative fluxes due to atmospheric vater vapor},
+volume = {79},
+year = {1953}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:93,
+author = {Hourdin , F. and Le Van , Phu and Forget , F. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {3625-3640},
+title = {Meteorological variability and the annual surface pressure cycle on \protect{Mars}},
+volume = {50},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Forg:94lpi,
+author = {Forget , F. and Hourdin , F. and Talagrand , O.},
+booktitle = {{Mars Pathfinder Landing}},
+series = {LPI Technical Report},
+title = {Mars pathfinder meteorological observations on the basis of results of an atmospheric general circulation model},
+volume = {94-04},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Forg:94egs,
+author = {Forget , F. and Pollack, J.B.},
+journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 19th annual European Geophysical Society meeting},
+pages = {613},
+title = {Climatology and impact of the {Martian CO$_2$ and H$_2$O polar clouds from thermal infrared data}},
+volume = {12},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:94egs,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Hourdin , F. and Forget , F.},
+journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 19th annual European Geophysical
+Society meeting},
+pages = {613},
+title = {The {Viking} pressure measurements and the {LMD Martian
+atmospheric GCM}},
+volume = {12},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:94egs,
+author = {Hourdin , F and   Talagrand , O. and Courtin , R.  and  Gautier , D. and  McKay , C.P.},
+journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 19th annual European Geophysical
+Society mee
+ting},
+pages = {613},
+title = {A strong atmospheric superrotation on {Titan}: numerical results},
+volume = {12},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Hans:94,
+author = {Hansen , Garry B.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1114},
+title = {Low brightness temperatures of {Martian} polar deposits: {New} insight from recent measurement  of  {CO$_2$} ice.},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Hans:90,
+author = {Hansen, C. A. and {McEwen}, A. S. and Ingersoll, A. P. and Terrile, R. J.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {421-424},
+title = {Surface and airborne evidence for plumes and winds on {Triton}},
+volume = {250},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@unpublished{Hour:94,
+author = {Hourdin, Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand, Olivier},
+note = {submitted to J.~Atmosph.~Sci.},
+title = {Superrotation of Planetary Atmospheres: a Numerical Study},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:95b,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand , Olivier and Sadourny , Robert and Courtin R\'egis and Gautier , Daniel and McKay , Christopher P.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {358-374},
+title = {General Circulation of the Atmosphere of {Titan}},
+volume = {117},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Cour:94,
+author = {Courtier , P. and Thepaut , J.-N. and Hollingsworth , A.},
+journal = qjrms,
+pages = {1367-1387},
+title = {A strategy for implementation of 4D-Var, using an incremental approach},
+volume = {120},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Forg:these,
+author = {Forget , Fran\c{c}ois},
+school = {Université Paris 6},
+title = {Le climat de la plan{è}te {Mars}~:  de l'importance des poussi{ères} et  des régions polaires},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
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+author = {Murphy , J. R.},
+address = {Seattle},
+school = {Univ. of Washington},
+title = {A dimensional hierarchy of numerical simulations of {Martian} global dust storms},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+
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+author = {Barnes , J. R. and Pollack , J. B. and Haberle , R. M. and Zurek , R. W. and Leovy , C. B. and Lee , H and Schaeffer , J.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E2},
+pages = {3125-3148},
+title = {Mars atmospheric dynamics as simulated by the \protect{NASA/Ames} General Circulation Model, \protect{2}, {Transient} baroclinic eddies},
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+year = {1993}
+}
+
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+}
+
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+}
+
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+journal = pss,
+pages = {273-279},
+title = {\protect{CCD} images of \protect{Mars} with the $1m$ reflector atop \protect{Pic-du-Midi}},
+volume = {39},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
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+author = {Hourdin , F.},
+institution = {Lab. de M\'et\'eorol Dyn., Cent. Nat. de la Rech.
+Sci., Paris},
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+title = {Conservation du moment angulaire dans le mod\`ele de circulation g\'en\'erale du \protect{LMD}},
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+year = {1992}
+}
+
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+journal = jas,
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+volume = {35},
+year = {1978}
+}
+
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+journal = jgr,
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+pages = {2923-2927},
+title = {The seasonal variation of atmospheric pressure on \protect{Mars} as affected by the south polar cap},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
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+author = {Hess ,  Seymour L.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {2969-2973},
+title = {Static stability and thermal wind in an atmosphere of
+variable composition: {Application} to {Mars}},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Hudg:93,
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+volume = {86},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
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+author = {Hunt, G. E.},
+journal = grl,
+pages = {481-484},
+title = {On the infrared radiative properties of {CO2} ice
+clouds: {Applications} to {Mars}.},
+volume = {7},
+year = {1980}
+}
+
+@article{Hess:80,
+author = {Hess , S. L. and Ryan , J. A. and Tillman , J. E. and Henry , R. M. and Leovy , C. B.},
+journal = grl,
+pages = {197-200},
+title = {The annual cycle of pressure on \protect{Mars} measured by \protect{Viking} landers 1 and 2},
+volume = {7},
+year = {1980}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:87,
+author = {Jakosky ,  Bruce M. and Martin , Terry Z.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {528-534},
+title = {Mars: {North}-polar atmospheric warming during dust storms},
+volume = {72},
+year = {1987}
+}
+
+@article{Hess:77,
+author = {Hess , S. L. and Henry , R. M. and Leovy , C. B. and Ryan , J. A. and Tillman , J. E.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4559-4574},
+title = {Meteorological results from the surface of \protect{Mars}: \protect{Viking} 1 and 2},
+volume = {82},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:95,
+author = {Jakosky , B. M. and Henderson , B. G. and Mellon ,   M. T.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {1579-1584},
+title = {Chaotic obliquity and the nature of the {Martian} climate},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:95b,
+author = {Jakosky , B. M.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {352-357},
+title = {Out on a limb: {Martian} atmospheric dust opacity during the past hundred years},
+volume = {117},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Habe:95,
+author = {Haberle , Robert M.},
+journal = {Nature},
+pages = {595-596},
+title = {Buried dry ice on Mars},
+volume = {374},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Dros:91,
+author = {Drossart , P. and Rosenqvist , J. and Erard , S. and Langevin , Y. and Bibring , J. P. and Combes , M.},
+journal = ang,
+pages = {754-760},
+title = {Martian aerosol properties from the \protect{{\em Phobos}/ISM} experiment},
+volume = {9},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Jaco:82,
+author = {Jacobsen , I. and Heise , E.},
+journal = bpa,
+pages = {128-141},
+title = {A new economical method for the computation of the surface temperature in numerical models.},
+volume = {55},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Jame:79,
+author = {James , Philip B. and Briggs , Geoffrey and Barnes , Jeffrey and Spruck , Andrea},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2889-2922},
+title = {Seasonal recession of \protect{Mars'} south polar cap as seen by \protect{V}iking},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Jame:79nor,
+author = {James, Philip B.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {8332-8334},
+title = {Recession of {Martian} north polar cap : 1977-1978 {Viking} Observations},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Jame:82nor,
+author = {James, Philip B.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {565-569},
+title = {Recession of {Martian} north polar cap : 1979-1980 {Viking} Observations},
+volume = {52},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Tied:89,
+author = {M. Tiedtke},
+journal = {Mon. Wea. Rev.},
+pages = {1179-1800},
+title = {A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models},
+volume = {117},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@article{Till:88,
+author = {Tillman , James E.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {D8},
+pages = {9433-9451},
+title = {Mars global atmospheric oscillations: Annually synchronized transient normal-mode oscillations and the triggering of global dust storms},
+volume = {93},
+year = {1988}
+}
+
+@article{Till:93,
+author = {Tillman  , James E. and Johnson , Neal C. and Guttorp , Peter and Percival , Donald B.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {E6},
+pages = {10,963-10,971},
+title = {The \protect{Martian} annual atmospheric pressure cycle: years without great dust storms},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Till:79,
+author = {Tillman , James E. and Henry , Robert M. and Hess , Seymour L.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2947-2955},
+title = {Frontal systems during passage of the \protect{Martian} north polar hood over the \protect{Viking} lander 2 site prior to the first 1977 dust storm},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Leov:79a,
+author = {Leovy , Conway B. and Zurek , Richard W.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2956-2968},
+title = {Thermal tides and \protect{Martian} dust storms: direct evidence for coupling},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Leov:73,
+author = {Leovy , C. B. and Briggs , G. A. and Smith , B. A.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {4252-4266},
+title = {Mars atmosphere during the \protect{Mariner} 9 extended mission: Television results},
+volume = {78},
+year = {1973}
+}
+
+@article{Leov:73a,
+author = {Leovy , C. B. and Pollack , J. B.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {195-201},
+title = {A first look at atmospheric dynamics and temperature variations on {Titan}},
+volume = {19},
+year = {1973}
+}
+
+@article{Kahn:82,
+author = {Kahn , R. and Gierasch , P.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {867-880},
+title = {Long clouds observations on \protect{Mars} and implications for boundary layer characteristics over slopes},
+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Ryan:85,
+author = {Ryan , J,. A.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {A7},
+pages = {6319-6325},
+title = {Mars atmospheric circulation: aspects from \protect{V}iking \protect{L}anders},
+volume = {90},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:79,
+author = {Jakosky , Bruce M.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B14},
+pages = {8252-8282},
+title = {The effect of nonideal surfaces on the derived thermal properties of \protect{M}ars},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:82,
+author = {Jakosky , B. M. and Farmer , C. B.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B4},
+pages = {2999-3019},
+title = {The seasonal and global behavior of Water Vapor in the \protect{Mars} atmosphere: complete global results of the \protect{Viking} atmospheric vater detector experiment},
+volume = {87},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Habe:82,
+author = {Haberle , Robert M. and Leovy , Conway B. and Pollack , J. B.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {322-367},
+title = {Some effects of global dust storms on the atmospheric circulation of \protect{M}ars},
+volume = {50},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Jous:89,
+author = {Joussaume , Sylvie},
+address = {Paris},
+school = {Universit\'e Pierre et Marie Curie},
+title = {Simulations du climat du dernier max. glaciaire \`a l'aide d'un \protect{MCG} de l'atm. incluant  une mod\'el. du cycle des isotopes de l'eau et des poussi\`eres d'orig. desert.},
+type = {Th\`ese de \protect{D}octorat d'\protect{E}tat \`es \protect{S}ciences \protect{P}hysiques},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Youn:77,
+author = {Young , R. E. and Pollack , J. B.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {1315-1351},
+title = {A three-dimensional model of dynamical processes in the {Venus} atmosphere},
+volume = {34},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{West:88,
+author = {Westphal , Douglas L. and Toon , Owen B. and Carlson
+, Toby N.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {2145-2175},
+title = {A case of mobilization and transport of \protect{S}aharan dust},
+volume = {45},
+year = {1988}
+}
+
+@article{Murp:90,
+author = {Murphy , James R. and Haberle , Robert M. and Pollack , James B.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B9},
+pages = {14,629-14,647},
+title = {Numerical simulations of the decay of \protect{M}artian dust storms},
+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Murp:93,
+author = {Murphy, J.R. and Haberle , R. M. and Toon, O.B.  and  Pollack, J.B.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {3197-3220},
+title = {Martian global dust storms: zonally symetric numerical simulations including size dependent  particle transport.},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Toon:89,
+author = {Toon , O. B. and McKay , C. P. and Ackerman , T. P. and Santhanam , K.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {16,287-16,301},
+title = {Rapid calculation of radiative heating rates and photodissociation rates in inhomogeneous multiple scattering atmospheres},
+volume = {94},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@article{Toon:77,
+author = {Toon, O. B. and Pollack , J. B. and Sagan , C.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {663-696},
+title = {Physical properties of the particles composing the  {Martian} dust storm of 1971-1972},
+volume = {30},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Wisc:80,
+author = {Wiscombe , W. J. and Warren, S. G.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {2712-2733},
+title = {A model for the spectral albedo of snow, {I}, {Pure snow}},
+volume = {37},
+year = {1980}
+}
+
+@article{McKa:91,
+author = {McKay , Chris P. and Pollack , James B. and Courtin , R\'egis},
+journal = sci,
+pages = {1118-1121},
+title = {The greenhouse and anti-greenhouse effects on \protect{T}itan},
+volume = {253},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Toon:91,
+author = {Toon , O. B. and McKay , C. P. and Griffith , C. A. and Turco , R. P.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+note = {submitted},
+title = {Titan's arerosols},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Goli:70,
+author = {Golitsyn , G. S.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {1-24},
+title = {A similarity Approach to the General Circulation of planetary atmospheres},
+volume = {13},
+year = {1970}
+}
+
+@article{Goli:84,
+author = {Golitsyn , G. S.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {289-306},
+title = {Some problems of \protect{Venus'} atmospheric dynamics},
+volume = {60},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Goli:77,
+author = {Golitsyn , G. S.},
+journal = iaop,
+pages = {780-791},
+title = {Similarity theory in \protect{Soviet} works on geophysical dynamics},
+volume = {13},
+year = {1977}
+}
+
+@article{Goli:75,
+author = {Golitsyn , G. S.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {70-75},
+title = {Another look at atmospheric dynamics on {Titan} and some of its general consequences},
+volume = {24},
+year = {1975}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:90dps,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Le~Van , P. and Talagrand , O. and Courtin , R. and Gautier , D. and McKay , C. P.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 22nd annual DPS meeting
+(Charlottesville, Virginia)},
+pages = {1086},
+title = {The Circulation of the Atmosphere of \protect{Titan} : Development of a General Circulation Model},
+volume = {22},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:91dps,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Le~Van , P. and Talagrand , O. and Courtin , R. and Gautier , D. and McKay , C. P.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 23rd annual DPS meeting (Palo Alto, California)},
+pages = {1187},
+title = {Numerical simulation of the circulation of \protect{T}itan's atmosphere: Study of a possible \protect{V}enus-like superrotation},
+volume = {23},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:92dps,
+author = {Hourdin , F. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 24th annual DPS meeting (M\"unich, Germany)},
+pages = {1004},
+title = {Study of atmospheric superrotation: Numerical simulations},
+volume = {24},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:94cospar,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = {Cospar 94 proceeding},
+note = {Invited presentation at the 30th {COSPAR} Scientific Assembly, Hamburg, Germany},
+pages = {133},
+title = {The {Martian} General Circulation},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:94dps,
+author = {Hourdin , F. and Talagrand , O.  and Courtin , R. and Gautier , D. and McKay , C. P.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 26th annual DPS meeting (Washington)},
+pages = {1184},
+title = {The Gerneral Circulation of the Atmosphere of {Titan}},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:94dps,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier and Forget , Fran\c{c}ois and Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 26th annual DPS meeting (Washington)},
+pages = {1125},
+title = {Martian seasonal transient pressure variations : {GCM}
+simulations and {Viking} observations},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Forg:94dps,
+author = {Forget , Fran\c{c}ois and Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand , Olivier  and Pollack , James B.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 26th annual DPS meeting (Washington)},
+pages = {1125},
+title = {Observations and simulation of the {Martian} Polar Climate : Impact of the {CO$_2$} Clouds},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Forg:98,
+author = {Forget, F. and Hourdin, F. and Talagrand, O.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {302-316},
+title = {{CO$_2$} snow fall on {Mars}: Simulation with a general circulation model},
+volume = {131},
+year = {1998}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:93dps,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Le~Van , P. and Talagrand , O.  and Courtin , R. and Gautier , D. and McKay , C. P.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 25th annual DPS meeting (Boulder)},
+pages = {1105},
+title = {Superrotation: the case of {Titan}},
+volume = {25},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:95,
+author = {Hourdin , F. and Forget , F. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5501-5523},
+title = {The sensitivity of the {Martian} surface pressure to various parameters: {A} comparison between numerical simulations and {Viking} observations},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Duqu:91,
+author = {Duquennoy, A. and Mayor, M.},
+journal = {Astron. Astrophys.},
+pages = {485-524},
+title = {Multiplicity among solar-type stars in the solar neighborhood. {II. Distribution of the orbital elements in an unbiased sample.}},
+volume = {248},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Whit:97,
+author = {Whitmire, D. and Matese, J. and Criswell, L. and Mikkola, S.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {196},
+title = {Habitable planet formation in binary star systems},
+volume = {132},
+year = {1997}
+}
+
+@article{Weth:96,
+author = {Wetherill, G. W.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {219-238},
+title = {The formation and habitability of extra-solar planets},
+volume = {119},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:95esa,
+author = {Forget , F. and Hansen , G.B. and Pollack , J.B.},
+howpublished = {Oral presentation at the International Workshop on Intermarsnet, Capri, Italy.},
+title = {Condensation of the {Martian CO$_2$} polar caps},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Habe:96,
+author = {Haberle, R. M. and Catling, D. C.},
+journal = pss,
+pages = {1361-1383},
+title = {A micro-meteorological mission for global network science on {Mars}: rationale and measurement requirements},
+volume = {44},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Lewi:96,
+author = {Lewis, S. R. and Read, P. L. and Collins , M.},
+journal = pss,
+pages = {1395-1409},
+title = {Martian atmospheric data assimilation with a simplified general circulation model: orbiter and Lander networks},
+volume = {44},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:96dps,
+author = {Jakosky, B. M.  and  Zent, A. P. and Zurek, R.W.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1064},
+title = {The {Mars} water cycle: determining the role of regolith-atmosphere exchange},
+volume = {28},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@misc{Maro:95,
+author = {Marov, M.  and Walberg, G. and Jits, R.},
+howpublished = {Mars mission Research Center, NCSU},
+title = {Microlander network for meteorological {Mars} monitoring},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{Merr:96,
+author = {Merrihew, S. C.  and Haberle, R. M. and Lemke, L. G.},
+journal = pss,
+pages = {1385-1393},
+title = {A micro-meteorological mission for global network science on {Mars}: a conceptual design},
+year = {1996}
+}
+
+@article{IMEW:94,
+author = {The  {International Mars Exploration Working Group}},
+howpublished = pss,
+journal = pss,
+pages = {581-595},
+title = {International strategy for the exploration of {Mars}},
+volume = {43},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:93dps,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Hourdin , F. and Forget , F.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 25th annual DPS meeting (Boulder)},
+pages = {1071},
+title = {Numerical simulation of the General Circulation of the
+{Martian} Atmosphere and the Viking Pressure Data},
+volume = {25},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@misc{}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:90dps,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier and Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 22nd annual DPS meeting
+(Charlottesville, Virginia)},
+pages = {1074},
+title = {A general Circulation Model of the {Martian} Atmosphere},
+volume = {22},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:91dps,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Hourdin , F. and Forget , F.},
+journal = baas,
+note = {Oral presentation at the 23rd annual DPS meeting (Palo Alto, California)},
+pages = {1217},
+title = {The \protect{LMD} \protect{M}artian General Circulation Model: Results about the Annual Pressure Cycle},
+volume = {23},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:92dps,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Hourdin , F. and Forget , F.},
+journal = {BAAS},
+note = {Oral presentation at the 24th annual DPS meeting (M\"unich, Germany)},
+pages = {922},
+title = {Study of atmospheric superrotation: Numerical simulations},
+volume = {24},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Tala:93assim,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier},
+address = {Berlin},
+booktitle = {Energy and Weather Cycles in the Climate System},
+editor = {A. Raschke and D. Jacob},
+organization = {NATO Advanced Study Institute},
+pages = {187-213},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+series = {NATO ASI Series},
+title = {Data Assimilations Problems},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Rabi:92,
+author = {Rabier , F. and Courtier , P. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = bpa,
+pages = {177-192},
+title = {An application of adjoint models to sensitivity analysis},
+volume = {65},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Tala:91assim,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier},
+address = {Philadelphie},
+booktitle = {Automatic differentitation of algorithms: Theory, implementation, and application},
+editor = {A. Griewank and G. F. Corliss},
+pages = {169-180},
+publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
+title = {The use of adjoint equations in numerical modeling of the atmospheric circulation},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Tour:84,
+author = {Tourte , Jean-Louis},
+address = {Paris},
+school = {Universit\'e \protect{P}ierre et \protect{M}arie \protect{C}urie},
+title = {Mod\'elisation num\'erique de la circulation de l'atmosph\`ere de \protect{V}\'enus},
+type = {Th\`ese de docteur -ing\'enieur},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Tanr:84,
+author = {Tanr\'e , D. and Geylen , J.-F. and Slingo , J.},
+address = {Hampton},
+booktitle = {Aerosols and their climatic effects},
+editor = {H..E. Gerber and A. Deepack},
+pages = {133-177},
+publisher = {A. Deepack Publishing},
+title = {First results of the introduction of aerosol-radiation interaction in the \protect{ECMWF} low resolution global model},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
+@article{Del:87,
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+pages = {973-986},
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+}
+
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+pages = {821},
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+volume = {15},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@book{Elsa:42,
+author = {Elsasser , W. M.},
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+year = {1942}
+}
+
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+year = {1964}
+}
+
+@article{Fouq:80,
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+volume = {53},
+year = {1980}
+}
+
+@book{Abra:65,
+address = {New York},
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+year = {1965}
+}
+
+@article{Gier:67,
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+journal = pss,
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+volume = {15},
+year = {1967}
+}
+
+@article{Kuhn:79,
+author = {Kuhn ,  W. R. and Atreya , S. K. and Postawko , S. E.},
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+number = {B14},
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+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Lind:85,
+author = {Lindner , Leo Bernhard},
+school = {Fac. of the Grad. Sch. of the Univ. of Colo., Boulder},
+title = {The aeronomy and radiative transfer of the \protect{M}artian atmosphere},
+year = {1985}
+}
+
+@article{Lind:90,
+author = {Lindner , B. L.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {1367-1379},
+title = {The {Martian} polar cap: {Radiative} effects of ozone, clouds, and airborne dust},
+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@book{Lind:90book,
+author = {Lindzen , R. S.},
+publisher = {Cmabridge University Press},
+title = {Dynamics in atmospheric physicsq},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@book{Jame:94book,
+author = {James, I. N.},
+publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
+title = {Introduction to circulating atmospheres},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Lind:93,
+author = {Lindner , B. L.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {3339-3344},
+title = {The hemispherical asymmetry in the {Martian} polar caps.},
+volume = {98},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Lind:83,
+author = {Lindal , G. F. and Wood , G. E. and Hotz , H. B. and Sweetnam , D. N. and Eshleman , V. R. and Tyler , G. L.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {348--363},
+title = {The atmosphere of {Titan}: an analysis of the {Voyager~1} radio occultation measurements},
+volume = {53},
+year = {1983}
+}
+
+@article{Lind:79a,
+author = {Lindal , G. F. and Hotz , H. B. and Sweetnam , D. N. and Shippony , Z. and Brenkle , J. P. and Hartsell , G. V. and Spear , R. T. and Micheal , W. H.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {8443-8456},
+title = {Viking radio occultation measurements of the atmosphere and topography on \protect{M}ars},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@book{Liou:80,
+author = {Liou , Kuo-Nan},
+address = {San Diego, Calif.},
+editor = {Academic press},
+publisher = {Academic},
+title = {An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation},
+year = {1980}
+}
+
+@phdthesis{Li:90,
+author = {Li , Zhao Xin},
+school = {Universit\'e Paris 7},
+title = {Etude de l'int\'eratcion nuage-rayonnement dans le contexte deu changement climatique d\^u \`a l'augmentation dez gaz \`a effet de serre dans l'atmosph\`ere},
+type = {Th\`ese},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Leov:69,
+author = {Leovy , Conway and Mintz , Yale},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {1167-1190},
+title = {Numerical simulation of the atmospheric circulation and climate of \protect{M}ars},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1969}
+}
+
+@article{Leov:79,
+author = {Leovy , Conway B.},
+journal = araa,
+pages = {387-413},
+title = {Martian meteorology},
+volume = {17},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:79,
+author = {Pollack , James B. and Colburn , David S. and Flasar , F. Michael and Kahn , Ralph and Carlston , C. E. and Pidek , D.},
+journal = jgr,
+number = {B6},
+pages = {2929-2945},
+title = {Properties and effects of dust particles suspended in the \protect{M}artian atmosphere},
+volume = {84},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Mart:92,
+author = {Martin , L. J. and James, P. B. and Dollfus , A. and Iwasaki, K. and Beish , J. D.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
+journal = {Icarus},
+publisher = {University of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {Telescopic observations: visual, photographic, polarimetric},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:93lpi,
+author = {Clancy  , R. T. and Lee , S. W. and Gladstone , G. R.},
+institution = {LPI},
+number = {93-05},
+title = {Particle sizes and composition of {Mars} atmospheric dust based upon {Viking}  and {Mariner 9} observations.},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:93,
+author = {Clancy,  T.  and Grossman , A.  and Muhleman , D.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1060},
+title = {A cold , dry, cloudy, dust-free {Mars} atmosphere in the 1990's},
+volume = {25},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:94,
+author = {Clancy, R. T. and Lellouch , E. and Billawala , Y. N. and Sandor , B. J. and Rudy, D. J.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1130},
+title = {Microwave observations of a 1994 {Mars} global dust storm},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:95,
+author = {Clancy, R. T. and Lee , S. W.  and Gladstone , G. R. and McMillan , W. W.  and Rousch , T.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5251-5263},
+title = {A new model for {Mars} atmospheric dust based upon analysis of ultraviolet through infrared observations from  {Mariner 9, Viking, and Phobos}},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Clan:91,
+author = {Clancy , R. T. and Lee , S. W.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {135-158},
+title = {A new look at dust and clouds in the {Mars} atmosphere: {Analysis} of emission-phase function sequences from global {Viking IRTM} observations},
+volume = {93},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Chas:95,
+author = {Chassefiere, E. and Drossart , P. and Korablev , O.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5525-5539},
+title = {Post-{Phobos} model for the altitude and size distribution of dust in the low {Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Chas:92,
+author = {Chassefiere, E. and Blamont , J. E.  and Krasnopolsky , V. A.  and Korablev , O. I. and Atreya , S. K.  and West , R. A.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {46-69},
+title = {Vertical structure and size distributions of {Martian} aerosols from solar occultation measurements},
+volume = {97},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Chas:91,
+author = {Chassefi\`{e}re, E.},
+journal = grl,
+pages = {1055-1058},
+title = {Photochemical regulation of {CO on Mars}},
+volume = {18},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Chas:92b,
+author = {Chassefi\`ere , E. and Blamont , J. E.},
+journal = grl,
+pages = {945},
+title = {Vertical transport of water ice at low latitudes in the {Martian} atmosphere},
+volume = {19},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@article{Zent:95,
+author = {Zent , A. P.  and Quinn , R. C.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {5341-5349},
+title = {Simultaneous adsorption of {CO$_{2}$ and H$_{2}$O under  Mars}-like conditions and application to the evolution of the {Martian} climate.},
+volume = {100},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Houb:94,
+author = {Houben , H. and Haberle , R. M. and Young , R.E. and Zent , A.},
+journal = baas,
+pages = {1112},
+title = {The regolith-dominated {Martian} water cycle.},
+volume = {26},
+year = {1994}
+}
+
+@article{Kora:93,
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+pages = {76-87},
+title = {Vertical structure of the {Martian} dust measured by the solar infrared occultations from the {Phobos} spacecraft.},
+volume = {102},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Colb:89,
+author = {Colburn , D. S.  and Pollack , J. B.  and  Haberle , R. M.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {159-189},
+title = {Diurnal variations in optical depth at {Mars}},
+volume = {79},
+year = {1989}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:90,
+author = {Pollack , James B. and Haberle , Robert M. and Schaeffer , J. and Lee , H.},
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+volume = {95},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Poll:90triton,
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+year = {1990}
+}
+
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+author = {Chedin , A. and Husson , N. and Scott , N. A. and Cohen-Hallaleh , I. and Berroir , A.},
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+institution = {Laboratoire de M\'et\'eorologie Dynamique du CNRS},
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+title = {The \protect{"GEISA"} data bank 1984 version},
+year = {1984}
+}
+
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+volume = {XXV},
+year = {1973}
+}
+
+@article{Mayr:91,
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+pages = {361-366},
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+volume = {367},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Savi:91,
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+journal = bpa,
+pages = {103-112},
+title = {Radiative Fluxes on a dust free \protect{M}ars},
+volume = {2},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Savi:91pbl,
+author = {Savij{\"a}rvi , Hannu},
+journal = mwr,
+pages = {833-840},
+title = {The {United} {States|} Great plains diurnal {ABL} variation and the nocturnal low-level jet},
+volume = {119},
+year = {1991}
+}
+
+@article{Savi:93,
+author = {Savij\"arvi , H. and Siili , T.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {77-88},
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+volume = {50},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Savi:XXa,
+author = {Savij\"arvi , Hannu},
+journal = {not published},
+title = {A model study of the \protect{PBL} structure on Mars and Earth},
+year = {19XX}
+}
+
+@article{Savi:95,
+author = {Savij{\"a}rvi , Hannu},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {120-127},
+title = {Mars boundary layer modeling : diurnal moisture cycle and soil properties at the {Viking} Lander~1 site},
+volume = {117},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Seif:82,
+author = {Seiff , A.},
+journal = asr,
+pages = {3-17},
+title = {Post-\protect{V}iking models for the stucture of the summer atmosphere of \protect{M}ars},
+volume = {2},
+year = {1982}
+}
+
+@article{Seif:76,
+author = {Seiff , Alvin and Kirk , Donn B.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {1300-1303},
+title = {Structure of the \protect{Mars'} atmosphere up to 100 kilometers from the entry measurements of \protect{Viking} 2},
+volume = {194},
+year = {1976}
+}
+
+@article{Shor:76,
+author = {Shorthill , Richard W. and Moore , Henry J. and Hutton , Robert E.  and Scott , Ronald F. and Spitzer , Cary R.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {1309-1318},
+title = {The environment of \protect{Viking} 2 lander},
+volume = {194},
+year = {1976}
+}
+
+@article{Kief:76,
+author = {Kieffer , Hugh H. and Chase , S. C.  and Miner,  E. D.  and Palluconi , Frank Don.  and M\"unch , Guidoa and Neugebauer , Gerry and Martin, Terry Z.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {780-786},
+title = {Infrared Thermal mapping of the {Martian} surface and atmosphere: First results},
+volume = {193},
+year = {1976}
+}
+
+@article{Kief:76c,
+author = {Kieffer , H. H. and Chase , S. C.  and Martin , T. Z.  and Miner , E. D.  and Palluconi , F. D.},
+journal = {Science},
+pages = {1341-1343},
+title = {Martian north pole summer temperatures : dirty water ice},
+volume = {194},
+year = {76}
+}
+
+@article{Hers:84,
+author = {Herschel , W.},
+journal = {Philos. Trans.},
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+title = {On the remarkable appearance of the polar regions of the planet {Mars}, the inclination of its axis, the position of its poles, and its spheroidical figure; {With} a few hints relative to its diameter},
+volume = {24},
+year = {1784}
+}
+
+@article{Mana:61,
+author = {Manabe , Syukuro  and M\"oller , Fritz},
+journal = mwr,
+pages = {503-532},
+title = {On the radiative  equilibrium and heat balance of the atmosphere},
+volume = {89},
+year = {1961}
+}
+
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+journal = jas,
+pages = {361-385},
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+}
+
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+journal = {Tellus},
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+}
+
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+year = {1986}
+}
+
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+year = {1980}
+}
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+year = {1980}
+}
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+
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+}
+
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+
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+pages = {693-698},
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+year = {1981}
+}
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+author = {Laskar , J and Robutel , P.},
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+volume = {85},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
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+}
+
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+}
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+author = {Peixoto , Jos\'e P.  and Oort , Abraham H.},
+address = {New York},
+publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
+title = {Physics of Climate},
+year = {1992}
+}
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+}
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+year = {1990}
+}
+
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+year = {1967}
+}
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+pages = {421-427},
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+volume = {39},
+year = {1988}
+}
+
+@article{Zhu:89,
+author = {Zhu , Xun},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {511-520},
+title = {Radiative cooling calculated by random models with \protect{$S^{-1-\beta}$} tailed distribution},
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+year = {1989}
+}
+
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+author = {Fels , Stephen B.},
+journal = ao,
+pages = {2634-2637},
+title = {Simple strategies for inclusion of \protect{V}oigt effect in infrared cooling rate calculations},
+volume = {18},
+year = {1979}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Tala:90b,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier and Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric},
+booktitle = {International symposium on assimilation of observations in meteorology and oceanography},
+organization = {World Meteorological Organization},
+pages = {578-580},
+title = {A plan for assimilation of observations of the \protect{Martian} atmosphere},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Cour:90,
+author = {Courtier , P. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = {Tellus},
+pages = {531-549},
+title = {Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the direct and adjoint shallow-water equations},
+volume = {42A},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Cour:95,
+author = {Courtin , R\'egis and Gautier , Daniel  and McKay , Christopher P.},
+journal = {Icarus},
+pages = {144-162},
+title = {Titan's thermal emission spectrum: {Reanalysis} of the {Voyager} Infrared measurements},
+volume = {14},
+year = {1995}
+}
+
+@article{Cour:87,
+author = {Courtier , P. and Talagrand , O.},
+journal = qjrms,
+pages = {1329-1347},
+title = {Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equation. \protect{II}: Numerical results},
+volume = {113},
+year = {1987}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:90,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Courtier , P.},
+journal = {Tellus},
+pages = {531-549},
+title = {Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the direct and adjoint shallow-water equations},
+volume = {42A},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Tala:87,
+author = {Talagrand , O. and Courtier , P.},
+journal = qjrms,
+pages = {1331-1328},
+title = {Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equation. \protect{I}: Theory},
+volume = {113},
+year = {1987}
+}
+
+@article{Good:52,
+author = {Goody , R. M.},
+journal = qjr,
+pages = {165-169},
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+volume = {78},
+year = {1952}
+}
+
+@article{Hour:90a,
+author = {Fr\'ed\'eric Hourdin and Talagrand , Olivier},
+journal = ang,
+note = {Poster presentation at the XV General Assembly of the EGS},
+pages = {328},
+title = {A general Circulation Model of the {Martian} Atmosphere},
+volume = {Special Issue},
+year = {1990}
+}
+
+@article{Jako:93,
+author = {Jakosky, B. M.   and Henderson , B. G.  and Mellon M. T.},
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+pages = {286-297},
+title = {The {Mars} water cycle at other epochs~: recent history of the polar caps and layered terrain.},
+volume = {102},
+year = {1993}
+}
+
+@article{Ward:74,
+author = {Ward  ,  W. R. and Murray , B. C. and Malin , M. C.},
+journal = jgr,
+pages = {3387-3395},
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+volume = {79},
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+}
+
+@article{Tala:91,
+author = {Talagrand , Olivier and Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Le Van , Phu},
+journal = ang,
+note = {Oral presentation at the XVI General Assembly of the EGS},
+pages = {C422},
+title = {Development of the \protect{LMD} General Circulation Model of the {Martian} atmosphere: a progress report},
+volume = {9 supp.},
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+}
+
+@article{Hou:92,
+author = {Hou , Arthur Y. and Lindzen , Richard S.},
+journal = jas,
+pages = {1233-1241},
+title = {The influence of concentrated heating on the \protect{Hadley} circulation},
+volume = {49},
+year = {1992}
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+
+@article{Hour:91,
+author = {Hourdin , Fr\'ed\'eric and Talagrand , Olivier},
+journal = ang,
+note = {Oral presentation at the XVI General Assembly of the EGS},
+pages = {C409},
+title = {Hadley Circulation and Superrotation in Planetary Atmospheres},
+volume = {9 supp.},
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+
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+author = {Hourdin , F. and Le Van , P. and Talagrand , O. and Courtin , R. and Gautier , D. and McKay , C.},
+booktitle = {Symposium on \protect{Titan}},
+organization = {ESA},
+pages = {101-106},
+publisher = {ESA},
+title = {Numerical simulation of the circulation of the atmosphere of \protect{Titan}},
+volume = {SP-338},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Jame:92,
+author = {James , Ian N.},
+booktitle = {Symposium on \protect{Titan}},
+crossref = {esa:91},
+editor = {ESA},
+organization = {ESA},
+pages = {107-111},
+title = {Simple dynamical models of \protect{Titan's}
+atmospheric circulation},
+volume = {SP-338},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Kief:92b,
+author = {Kieffer , H. H. and Zent , A. P.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
+editor = {Kieffer , Jakosky , Snyder  and Matthews},
+pages = {pp. 1180-1218},
+publisher = {University of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {Quasi-periodic climate change on {Mars}},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Snyd:92,
+author = {Snyder, C. W. and Moroz, V. I.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
+editor = {Kieffer , Jakosky , Snyder  and Matthews},
+pages = {pp. 71-119},
+publisher = {University of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {Spacecraft exploration of {Mars}},
+year = {1992}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{Kief:92c,
+author = {Kieffer , H. H. and Jakosky, B. M. and Snyder , C.W.},
+booktitle = {Mars},
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+pages = {pp. 1-33},
+publisher = {University of Arizona Press, Tucson},
+title = {The planet {Mars: From} antiquity to the present},
+year = {1992}
+}
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+booktitle = {Mars},
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+year = {1992}
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+year = {1992}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+   author = {Forget, F. and {Angelats i Coll}, M.
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+   author = {{Forget}, F. and {Millour}, E. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Montabone}, L. and
+   	{Dassas}, K. and {Lewis}, S.~R. and {Read}, P.~L. and {L{\'o}pez-Valverde}, M.~A. and
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+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006mamo.conf..625G},
+}
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+   author = {{Mustard}, J.~F. and {Poulet}, F. and {Gendrin}, A. and {Bibring}, J.-P. and
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+}
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+   	{Langevin}, Y. and {Gondet}, B. and {Poulet}, F.},
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+}
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+   author = {{Gondet}, B. and {Bibring}, J.-P. and {Langevin}, Y. and {Poulet}, F. and
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+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006mamo.conf..625G},
+}
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+   author = {{Bibring}, J.-P. and {Langevin}, Y. and {Mustard}, J.~F. and
+   	{Poulet}, F. and {Arvidson}, R. and {Gendrin}, A. and {Gondet}, B. and
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+   author = {{Bibring}, J.-P. and {Soufflot}, A. and {Berth{\'e}}, M. and 
+   	{Langevin}, Y. and {Gondet}, B. and {Drossart}, P. and {Bouy{\'e}}, M. and 
+	{Combes}, M. and {Puget}, P. and {Semery}, A. and {Bellucci}, G. and 
+	{Formisano}, V. and {Moroz}, V. and {Kottsov}, V. and {Bonello}, G. and 
+	{Erard}, S. and {Forni}, O. and {Gendrin}, A. and {Manaud}, N. and 
+	{Poulet}, F. and {Poulleau}, G. and {Encrenaz}, T. and {Fouchet}, T. and 
+	{Melchiori}, R. and {Altieri}, F. and {Ignatiev}, N. and {Titov}, D. and 
+	{Zasova}, L. and {Coradini}, A. and {Capacionni}, F. and {Cerroni}, P. and 
+	{Fonti}, S. and {Mangold}, N. and {Pinet}, P. and {Schmitt}, B. and 
+	{Sotin}, C. and {Hauber}, E. and {Hoffmann}, H. and {Jaumann}, R. and 
+	{Keller}, U. and {Arvidson}, R. and {Mustard}, J. and {Forget}, F.},
+   title = "{OMEGA: Observatoire pour la Min{\'e}ralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activit{\'e}}",
+   publisher = {ESA SP-1240: Mars Express: the Scientific Payload},
+   year = 2004,
+   pages = {37-49},
+}
+
+@misc{Lang:05doc,
+	author = {Langevin, Y.},
+	title = {\protect{OMEGA} software documentation version 3},
+	year = {2005}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Wang:02,
+   author = {{Wang}, H. and {Ingersoll}, A.~P.},
+   title = "{Martian clouds observed by Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera}",
+   journal = jgr,
+   year = 2002,
+   volume = 107,
+   pages = {5078-+},
+   doi = {10.1029/2001JE001815},
+}
+
+
+@book{Read:04,
+    author = {{Read}, P.~L. and {Lewis}, S.~R.},
+    publisher = {Springer/Praxis Publishing},
+    title = {The Martian climate revisited: Atmosphere and Environment of a desert planet},
+    year = {2004},
+    adress = "Berlin \ Heidelberg \ New York"
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Crea:06,
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+   title = "{Global and seasonal distribution of gravity wave activity in Mars' lower atmosphere derived from MGS radio occultation data}",
+   journal = grl,
+   year = 2006,
+   volume = 33,
+   pages = {1803},
+  doi = {10.1029/2005GL024037},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Vinc:00,
+   author = {{Vincent}, R.~A. and {Alexander}, M.~J.},
+   title = "{Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: An observational study of seasonal and interannual variability}",
+   journal = jgr,
+   year = 2000,
+   volume = 105,
+   number = 14,
+   pages = {17971-17982},
+   doi = {10.1029/2000JD900196},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Plou:03,
+   author = {{Plougonven}, R. and {Teitelbaum}, H. and {Zeitlin}, V.},
+   title = "{Inertia gravity wave generation by the tropospheric midlatitude jet as given by the Fronts and Atlantic 
+	   Storm-Track Experiment radio soundings}",
+   journal = jgr,
+   year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+   number = 21,
+   pages = {4686-4704},
+   doi = {10.1029/2003JD003535},
+}
+
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Tyle:06,
+   author = {{Tyler}, Jr., D. and {Barnes}, J.~R. and {Skyllingstad}, E.},
+   title = "{A New Large Eddy Simulation Model to Study the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer On Mars}",
+   booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+   year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean}, M.~C. and 
+      	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis}, S.~R. and 
+	{Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+   pages = {124},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Koff:98,
+   author = {{Koffi}, E. and {B{\'e}nech}, B. and {Stein}, J. and {Terliuc}, B.
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+   year = 2002,
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+	year = 2005,
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+
+@book{Goss:75,
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+        edition = {first},
+        publisher = {Elsevier Scientific Publishing},
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+}
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+}
+
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+   author = {{Smith}, M.~D.},
+    title = "{TES atmospheric temperature, aerosol optical depth, and
+water vapor observations 1999-2004}",
+booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+     year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean},
+M.~C. and 
+	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis},
+S.~R. and 
+	{Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+    pages = {211},
+}
+
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+   author = {{Zasova}, L. and {Formisano}, V. and {Moroz}, V. and
+{Grassi}, D. and 
+	{Ignatiev}, N. and {Giuranna}, M. and {Hansen}, G. and {Blecka}, M.
+and 
+	{Ekonomov}, A. and {Lellouch}, E. and {Fonti}, S. and {Grigoriev}, A.
+and 
+	{Hirsch}, H. and {Khatuntsev}, I. and {Mattana}, A. and {Maturilli},
+A. and 
+	{Moshkin}, B. and {Patsaev}, D. and {Piccioni}, G. and {Rataj}, M.
+and 
+	{Saggin}, B.},
+    title = "{Water clouds and dust aerosols observations with PFS MEX at
+Mars}",
+  journal = pss,
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 53,
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+      doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2004.12.010},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lebo:06,
+   author = {{Lebonnois}, S. and {Qu{\'e}merais}, E. and {Montmessin},
+F. and 
+	{Lef{\`e}vre}, F. and {Perrier}, S. and {Bertaux}, J.-L. and 
+	{Forget}, F.},
+    title = "{Vertical distribution of ozone on Mars as measured by
+SPICAM/Mars Express using stellar occultations}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 111,
+    pages = {9},
+      doi = {10.1029/2005JE002643},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lang:06,
+   author = {{Langevin}, Y. and {Dout{\'e}}, S. and {Vincendon}, M. and
+{Poulet}, F. and 
+	{Bibring}, J.-P. and {Gondet}, B. and {Schmitt}, B. and {Forget}, F.
+	},
+    title = "{No signature of clear {CO$_{2}$} ice from the `cryptic'
+regions in Mars' south seasonal polar cap}",
+  journal = {Nature},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 442,
+    pages = {790-792},
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+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Mont:06franck,
+   author = {{Montmessin}, F. and {Bertaux}, J.-L. and {Qu{\'e}merais}, E. and 
+	{Korablev}, O. and {Rannou}, P. and {Forget}, F. and {Perrier}, S.  and 
+	{Fussen}, D. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {R{\'e}b{\'e}rac}, A. and 
+	{Dimarellis}, E.},
+    title = "{Subvisible {CO$_2$} ice clouds detected in the mesosphere of
+Mars}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 183,
+    pages = {403-410},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.015},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Bara:06,
+   author = {{Baratoux}, D. and {Mangold}, N. and {Forget}, F. and
+{Cord}, A. and 
+	{Pinet}, P. and {Daydou}, Y. and {Jehl}, A. and {Masson}, P. and 
+	{Neukum}, G. and {The HRSC Co-Investigator Team}},
+    title = "{The role of the wind-transported dust in slope streaks
+activity: Evidence from the HRSC data}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 183,
+    pages = {30-45},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2006.01.023},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Forg:06,
+   author = {{Forget}, F. and {Haberle}, R.~M. and {Montmessin}, F. and
+{Levrard}, B. and 
+	{Head}, J.~W.},
+    title = "{Formation of Glaciers on Mars by Atmospheric Precipitation
+at High Obliquity}",
+  journal = {Science},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 311,
+    pages = {368-371},
+      doi = {10.1126/science.1120335},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Encr:05ica,
+   author = {{Encrenaz}, T. and {B{\'e}zard}, B. and {Owen}, T. and
+{Lebonnois}, S. and 
+	{Lef{\`e}vre}, F. and {Greathouse}, T. and {Richter}, M. and 
+	{Lacy}, J. and {Atreya}, S. and {Wong}, A.~S. and {Forget}, F.  },
+    title = "{Infrared imaging spectroscopy of Mars: H$_{2}$O mapping and
+determination of {CO$_2$} isotopic ratios}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 179,
+    pages = {43-54},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2005.06.022},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Encr:05aaa,
+   author = {{Encrenaz}, T. and {Melchiorri}, R. and {Fouchet}, T. and
+{Drossart}, P. and 
+	{Lellouch}, E. and {Gondet}, B. and {Bibring}, J.-P. and {Langevin},
+Y. and 
+	{Titov}, D. and {Ignatiev}, N. and {Forget}, F.},
+    title = "{A mapping of martian water sublimation during early
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+  journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 441,
+    pages = {L9-L12},
+      doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:200500171},
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Suns:90,
+   author = {{Sunshine}, J.~M. and {Pieters}, C.~M. and {Pratt}, S.~F.},
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+approach}",
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+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Kann:05,
+   author = {{Kanner}, L.~C. and {Mustard}, J.~F. and {Bibring}, J.-P.
+and 
+	{Gendrin}, A. and {Langevin}, Y. and {Gondet}, B. and {Pelkey}, S.~M.
+and 
+	{The Omega Science Team}},
+    title = "{Analysis of Martian Pyroxene Compositions in Syrtis Major:
+Full MGM Application to OMEGA}",
+booktitle = {36th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference},
+     year = 2005,
+    pages = {1730},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Forg:07omeg,
+   author = {{Forget}, F. and {Spiga}, A. and {Dolla}, B. and {Vinatier}, S. and 
+	{Melchiorri}, R. and {Drossart}, P. and {Gendrin}, A. and {Bibring}, J.-P. and 
+	{Langevin}, Y. and {Gondet}, B.},
+    title = "{Remote sensing of surface pressure on Mars with the Mars Express/OMEGA spectrometer: 1. Retrieval method}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 112,
+   number = {E11},
+    pages = {8-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2006JE002871},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Spig:07omeg,
+   author = {{Spiga}, A. and {Forget}, F. and {Dolla}, B. and {Vinatier}, S. and 
+	{Melchiorri}, R. and {Drossart}, P. and {Gendrin}, A. and {Bibring}, J.-P. and 
+	{Langevin}, Y. and {Gondet}, B.},
+    title = "{Remote sensing of surface pressure on Mars with the Mars Express/OMEGA spectrometer: 2. Meteorological maps}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 112,
+   number = {E11},
+    pages = {8-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2006JE002870},
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:07dust,
+   author = {Forget, F. and Dolla, B. and Vinatier, S. and Spiga, A.},
+   howpublished = {submitted to Geophys. Res. Lett.},
+   title = {A very simple algorithm to compute light scattering in optically
+	   thin planetary atmosphere. Application to remote sensing on \protect{M}ars},
+   year = {2010}
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Renn:04,
+   author = {{Renno}, N.~O. and {Abreu}, V.~J. and {Koch}, J. and {Smith}, P.~H. and 
+   	{Hartogensis}, O.~K. and {De Bruin}, H.~A.~R. and {Burose}, D. and 
+	{Delory}, G.~T. and {Farrell}, W.~M. and {Watts}, C.~J. and 
+	{Garatuza}, J. and {Parker}, M. and {Carswell}, A.},
+   title = "{MATADOR 2002: A pilot field experiment on convective plumes and dust devils}",
+   journal = jgr,
+   year = 2004,
+   volume = 109,
+   number = {E18},
+   pages = {7001},
+   doi = {10.1029/2003JE002219},
+}
+
+@misc{Koch:06,
+   author = {{Koch}, J. and {Renno}, N.~O.},
+   howpublished = {submitted to JAS},
+   title = {Interactions between Boundary Layer Convection, Mineral Dust and Solar Radiation},
+   year = {2006}
+}
+
+@misc{Joug:06,
+   author = {{Jouglet}, D. and {Poulet}, F. and {Milliken}, R.~E. and {Mustard}, J.~F.
+	  and {Bibring}, J.-P. and {Langevin}, Y. and {Gondet}, B.
+	  and the \protect{OMEGA} team},
+   howpublished = {submitted to JGR},
+   title = {Hydration state of the Martian surface as seen by \protect{Mars Express OMEGA}. \protect{I} - Analysis
+	   of 3~$\mu$m hydration feature},
+   year = {2006}
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Zaso:06,
+   author = {{Zasova}, L.~V. and {Altieri}, F. and {Grassi}, D. and {Bellucci}, G. and 
+   	{Formisano}, V. and {Ignatiev}, N. and {Bibring}, J.-P. and 
+	{Drossart}, P. and {Encrenaz}, T. and {Fouchet}, T. and {The Omega Team}
+	},
+   title = "{Ozone in martian atmosphere from the 1.27 {$\mu$}m O2 Emission: OMEGA/Mars Express measurements}",
+   booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+   year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean}, M.~C. and 
+      	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis}, S.~R. and 
+	{Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+   pages = {521},
+}
+
+
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Gras:06,
+   author = {{Grassi}, D. and {Wolkenberg}, P. and {Fiorenza}, C. and
+{Formisano}, V. and 
+	{Ignatiev}, N.~I. and {Zasova}, L.~V.},
+    title = "{Studies of the local circulation in the martian atmosphere
+from PFS data}",
+booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+     year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean},
+M.~C. and 
+	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis},
+S.~R. and 
+	{Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+    pages = {131},
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Huss:92,
+   author = {{Husson}, N. and {Bonnet}, B. and {Scott}, N.~A. and
+{Chedin}, A.
+	},
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+     year = 1992,
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+}
+
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Cham:06,
+   author = {{Chamberlain}, S. and {Bailey}, J. and {Walter}, M. and {Simpson}, A. and 
+   	{Crisp}, D.},
+   title = "{Topographic and atmospheric pressure mapping using near infrared imaging and spectral observations of Mars}",
+   booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+   year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean}, M.~C. and 
+      	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis}, S.~R. and 
+        {Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+   pages = {146},
+}
+						     
+@ARTICLE{Habe:04,
+   author = {{Haberle}, R.~M. and {Mattingly}, B. and {Titus}, T.~N.},
+    title = "{Reconciling different observations of the $CO_{2}$ ice mass
+loading of the Martian north polar cap}",
+  journal = grl,
+     year = 2004,
+   volume = 31,
+    pages = {5702},
+      doi = {10.1029/2004GL019445},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Rafk:03,
+   author = {{Rafkin}, S.~C.~R. and {Michaels}, T.~I.},
+    title = "{Meteorological predictions for 2003 Mars Exploration Rover high-priority landing sites}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+   number = {E12},
+    pages = {8091},
+      doi = {10.1029/2002JE002027},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Toig:03,
+   author = {{Toigo}, A.~D. and {Richardson}, M.~I.},
+   title = "{Meteorology of proposed Mars Exploration Rover landing sites}",
+   journal = jgr,
+   year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+   number = {E12},
+   pages = {8092-+},
+   doi = {10.1029/2003JE002064},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Gray:66,
+   author = {{Gray}, L.~D.},
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+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Rafk:02,
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+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Buch:06,
+   author = {{Buchwitz}, M. and {de Beek}, R. and {No{\"e}l}, S. and {Burrows}, J.~P. and 
+   	{Bovensmann}, H. and {Schneising}, O. and {Khlystova}, I. and 
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+	{Heimann}, M.},
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+}
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+	{Yung}, Y.~L.},
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+   author = {{Forget}, F. and {Montabone}, L. and {Lebonnois}, S.},
+    title = "{Modelling the non-condensable gas enrichment in the polar
+night}",
+booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+     year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean},
+M.~C. and 
+	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis},
+S.~R. and 
+	{Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+    pages = {422},
+}
+
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+{Drossart}, P. and 
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+	{B{\'e}zard}, B.},
+    title = "{Seasonal variations of the martian CO over Hellas as
+observed by OMEGA/Mars Express}",
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+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 459,
+    pages = {265-270},
+      doi = {10.1051/0004-6361:20065586},
+}
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+@ARTICLE{Basu:06,
+  author = {{Basu}, S. and {Wilson}, J. and {Richardson}, M. and
+   {Ingersoll}, A.
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+   title = "{Simulation of spontaneous and variable global
+   dust storms with the GFDL Mars GCM}",
+   journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
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+   volume = 111,
+   number = {E10},
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+   doi = {10.1029/2005JE002660}, 
+   }
+
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+{Montmessin}, F.
+	},
+    title = "{Global distribution of total ozone on Mars from SPICAM/MEX UV 
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+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 111,
+   number = {E10},
+    pages = {9},
+      doi = {10.1029/2006JE002681},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Squy:04,
+author = {{Squyres}, S.~W. and {Grotzinger}, J.~P. and
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+{Morris}, R.~V. and 
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+journal = {Science},
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+        doi = {10.1126/science.1104559},
+}
+
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+@ARTICLE{Ansa:06,
+   author = {{Ansan}, V. and {Mangold}, N.},
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+   Evidence for precipitation and surface runoff}",
+     journal = pss,
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+       doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2005.12.009},
+}
+
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Forg:03,
+   author = {{Forget}, F. and {Haberle}, R.~M. and {Montmessin},
+   F. and {Cha}, S. and 
+   {Marcq}, E. and {Schaeffer}, J. and
+   {Wanherdrick}, Y.},
+       title = "{3D Simulations of the Early Mars
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+   Model}",
+   booktitle = {Third International Conference on
+   Mars Polar Science and Exploration},
+        year = 2003,
+   editor = {{Clifford}, S. and {Doran}, P.  and {Fisher}, D. and {Herd}, C.  },
+       pages = {8070},
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:04,
+   author = {Forget, F. and Bertaux, J.L. },
+   howpublished = {ESA technical report 09-2004},
+   title = {The Martian atmosphere at the time of the Beagle 2 landing: the density was not anomalously low},
+   year = 2004,
+}
+
+@misc{Forg:02mambo,
+   author = {Forget, F. {and the MAMBO team}  },
+   howpublished = {Proposition CNES, 12O pages},
+   title = {MAMBO: Mars atmosphere Microwave Brightness Observer (A
+proposal for the scientific payload onboard the CNES 2007 Premier
+Obiter)
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+   year = 2002,
+}
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+   author = {{Gonz{\'a}lez-Galindo}, F. and {Bougher}, S. and
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+	{Forget}, F. and {Bell}, J.},
+    title = "{Thermal structure of the martian thermosphere: LMD-IAA GCM
+and MTGCM intercomparisons}",
+booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+     year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget et al.}},
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+}
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+}
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+}
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+  journal = grl,
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 35,
+    pages = {7202-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2007GL032405},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Scho:06,
+   author = {{Schorghofer}, N. and {Edgett}, K.~S.},
+   title = "{Seasonal surface frost at low latitudes on Mars}",
+   journal = {Icarus},
+   year = 2006,
+   volume = 180,
+   pages = {321-334},
+   doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2005.08.022},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Ye:90,
+   author = {{Ye}, Z.~J. and {Segal}, M. and {Pielke}, R.~A.},
+    title = "{A comparative study of daytime thermally induced upslope flow on Mars and earth}",
+  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
+     year = 1990,
+   volume = 47,
+    pages = {612-628},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Siil:06,
+   author = {{Siili}, T. and {J{\"a}rvenoja}, S. and {Kauhanen}, J. and {Savij{\"a}rvi}, H.
+	},
+    title = "{Mars limited area model: status report}",
+booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere Modelling and Observations},
+     year = 2006,
+   editor = {{Forget}, F. and {Lopez-Valverde}, M.~A. and {Desjean}, M.~C. and 
+	{Huot}, J.~P. and {Lefevre}, F. and {Lebonnois}, S. and {Lewis}, S.~R. and 
+	{Millour}, E. and {Read}, P.~L. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+    pages = {129-+},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Wing:06,
+   author = {{Wing}, D.~R. and {Austin}, G.~L.},
+    title = "{Description of the University of Auckland global Mars mesoscale meteorological model}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 185,
+    pages = {370-382},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2006.07.016},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Rich:07,
+   author = {{Richardson}, M.~I. and {Toigo}, A.~D. and {Newman}, C.~E.},
+    title = "{PlanetWRF: A general purpose, local to global numerical model for planetary atmospheric and climate dynamics}",
+  journal = jgr,
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 112,
+   number = {E09001},
+      doi = {10.1029/2005JE002636},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Tyle:05,
+   author = {{Tyler}, D. and {Barnes}, J.~R.},
+    title = "{A mesoscale model study of summertime atmospheric circulations in the north polar region of Mars}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 110,
+   number = {E9},
+    pages = {6007-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2004JE002356},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Toig:02dust,
+   author = {{Toigo}, A.~D. and {Richardson}, M.~I. and {Wilson}, R.~J. and 
+	{Wang}, H. and {Ingersoll}, A.~P.},
+    title = "{A first look at dust lifting and dust storms near the south pole of Mars with a mesoscale model}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2002,
+   volume = 107,
+    pages = {5050-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2001JE001592},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kuzm:01,
+   author = {{Kuzmin}, R.~O. and {Greeley}, R. and {Rafkin}, S.~C.~R. and 
+	{Haberle}, R.},
+    title = "{Wind-Related Modification of Some Small Impact Craters on Mars}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2001,
+   volume = 153,
+    pages = {61-70},
+      doi = {10.1006/icar.2001.6654},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Fent:05,
+   author = {{Fenton}, L.~K. and {Toigo}, A.~D. and {Richardson}, M.~I.},
+    title = "{Aeolian processes in Proctor Crater on Mars: Mesoscale modeling of dune-forming winds}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 110,
+   number = {E9},
+    pages = {6005-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2004JE002309},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Gree:08,
+   author = {{Greeley}, R. and {Whelley}, P.~L. and {Neakrase}, L.~D.~V. and 
+	{Arvidson}, R.~E. and {Bridges}, N.~T. and {Cabrol}, N.~A. and 
+	{Christensen}, P.~R. and {Di}, K. and {Foley}, D.~J. and {Golombek}, M.~P. and 
+	{Herkenhoff}, K. and {Knudson}, A. and {Kuzmin}, R.~O. and {Li}, R. and 
+	{Michaels}, T. and {Squyres}, S.~W. and {Sullivan}, R. and {Thompson}, S.~D.
+	},
+    title = "{Columbia Hills, Mars: Aeolian features seen from the ground and orbit}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 113,
+   number = {E12},
+    pages = {6-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2007JE002971},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Rafk:04,
+   author = {{Rafkin}, S.~C.~R. and {Michaels}, T.~I. and {Haberle}, R.~M.
+	},
+    title = "{Meteorological predictions for the Beagle 2 mission to Mars}",
+  journal = grl,
+     year = 2004,
+   volume = 31,
+    pages = {1703-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2003GL018966},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kass:03,
+   author = {{Kass}, D.~M. and {Schofield}, J.~T. and {Michaels}, T.~I. and 
+	{Rafkin}, S.~C.~R. and {Richardson}, M.~I. and {Toigo}, A.~D.
+	},
+    title = "{Analysis of atmospheric mesoscale models for entry, descent, and landing}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+    pages = {8090-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2003JE002065},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Skam:08,
+   author = {{Skamarock}, W.~C. and {Klemp}, J.~B.},
+    title = "{A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications}",
+  journal = {Journal of Computational Physics},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 227,
+    pages = {3465-3485},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Skam:06,
+   author = {{Skamarock}, W.~C.},
+    title = "{Positive-Definite and Monotonic Limiters for Unrestricted-Time-Step Transport Schemes}",
+  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 134,
+    pages = {2241-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/MWR3170.1},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Arak:66,
+   author = {{Arakawa}, A.},
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+  journal = {Journal of Computational Physics},
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+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Klem:07,
+   author = {{Klemp}, J.~B. and {Skamarock}, W.~C. and {Dudhia}, J.},
+    title = "{Conservative Split-Explicit Time Integration Methods for the Compressible Nonhydrostatic Equations}",
+  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 135,
+    pages = {2897-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/MWR3440.1},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Wick:02,
+   author = {{Wicker}, L.~J. and {Skamarock}, W.~C.},
+    title = "{Time-Splitting Methods for Elastic Models Using Forward Time Schemes}",
+  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
+     year = 2002,
+   volume = 130,
+    pages = {2088-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Hund:95,
+   author = {{Hundsdorfer}, W.},
+    title = "{A Positive Finite-Difference Advection Scheme}",
+  journal = {Journal of Computational Physics},
+     year = 1995,
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+      doi = {10.1006/jcph.1995.1042},
+}
+
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+   author = {{Knievel}, J.~C. and {Bryan}, G.~H. and {Hacker}, J.~P.},
+    title = "{Explicit Numerical Diffusion in the WRF Model}",
+  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 135,
+    pages = {3808-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/2007MWR2100.1},
+}
+
+@article{Smag:63,
+  author   = {Smagorinsky, J.},
+  journal  = {Mon. Weather Rev.},
+  pages    = {99--164},
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+  volume   = {91},
+  year     = {1963}
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Forg:99icm5,
+   author = {{Forget}, F. and {Hourdin}, F. and {Hourdin}, C. and {Talagrand}, O.
+	},
+    title = "{Simulations of the Martian Seasonal Dust Cycle with a General Circulation Model}",
+booktitle = {The Fifth International Conference on Mars},
+     year = 1999,
+    pages = {6206-+},
+}
+
+
+@inproceedings{Forg:07emsec,
+	author = {Forget, F. and Millour, E. and Gonzalez-Galindo, F. and Spiga, A. and Lebonnois, S. and Hourdin, F. and Lewis, S.~R. and Montabone, L. and Read, P.~L. and Lefevre, F. and Montmessin, F.},
+	booktitle = {European Mars Science and Exploration Conference: Mars Express and ExoMars},
+	editor = {ESA},
+	title = {Modelling the present Mars climate system as observed by Mars Express},
+	year = {2007}
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Rafk:03adj,
+   author = {{Rafkin}, S.~C.~R.},
+    title = "{The Effect of Convective Adjustment on the Global Circulation of Mars as Simulated by a General Circulation Model}",
+booktitle = {Sixth International Conference on Mars},
+     year = 2003,
+   editor = {{Albee}, A.},
+    pages = {3059-+},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Dimi:05,
+   author = {{Dimitrijevic}, M. and {Laprise}, R.},
+    title = "{Validation of the nesting technique in a regional climate model and sensitivity tests to the resolution of the lateral boundary conditions during summer}",
+  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 25,
+    pages = {555-580},
+      doi = {10.1007/s00382-005-0023-6},
+}
+
+@article{Anti:06,
+  title={{Testing the downscaling ability of a one-way nested regional climate model in regions of complex topography}},
+  author={Antic, S. and Laprise, R. and Denis, B. and de El{\'\i}a, R.},
+  journal={Climate Dynamics},
+  volume={26},
+  number={2},
+  pages={305--325},
+  year={2006},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Putz:07,
+   author = {{Putzig}, N.~E. and {Mellon}, M.~T.},
+    title = "{Apparent thermal inertia and the surface heterogeneity of Mars}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 191,
+    pages = {68-94},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2007.05.013},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Vasa:00,
+   author = {{Vasavada}, A.~R. and {Williams}, J.-P. and {Paige}, D.~A. and 
+	{Herkenhoff}, K.~E. and {Bridges}, N.~T. and {Greeley}, R. and 
+	{Murray}, B.~C. and {Bass}, D.~S. and {McBride}, K.~S.},
+    title = "{Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites}",
+  journal = jgr,
+     year = 2000,
+   volume = 105,
+    pages = {6961-6970},
+      doi = {10.1029/1999JE001108},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Hebr:07,
+   author = {{H{\'e}brard}, E. and {Coll}, P. and {Montmessin}, F. and {Marticorena}, B. and 
+	{Bergametti}, G.},
+    title = "{Modelling the Aeolian Erosion Thresholds on Mars}",
+  journal = {LPI Contributions},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 1353,
+    pages = {3144-+},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Nayv:97,
+   author = {{Nayvelt}, L. and {Gierasch}, P.~J. and {Cook}, K.~H.},
+    title = "{Modeling and observations of Martian stationary waves.}",
+  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
+     year = 1997,
+   volume = 54,
+    pages = {986-1013},
+}
+
+@misc{Mill:08ddd,
+   author = {Millour, E. and Forget, F. and Lewis, S.~R.},
+   howpublished = {Mars Climate Database v4.3 Detailed Design Document, available on {\tt http://web.lmd.jussieu.fr/forget/dvd/docs}},
+   year = {2008}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lewi:03,
+   author = {{Lewis}, S.~R. and {Read}, P.~L.},
+    title = "{Equatorial jets in the dusty Martian atmosphere}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+    pages = {5034-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2002JE001933},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Gier:71,
+   author = {{Gierasch}, P. and {Sagan}, C.},
+    title = "{A Preliminary Assessment of Martian Wind Regimes}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 1971,
+   volume = 14,
+    pages = {312-+},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Ramp:04,
+   author = {{Rampanelli}, G. and {Zardi}, D. and {Rotunno}, R.},
+    title = "{Mechanisms of Up-Valley Winds.}",
+  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
+     year = 2004,
+   volume = 61,
+    pages = {3097-3111},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Zang:02,
+   author = {{Z{\"a}ngl}, G.},
+    title = "{An Improved Method for Computing Horizontal Diffusion in a Sigma-Coordinate Model and Its Application to Simulations over Mountainous Topography}",
+  journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
+     year = 2002,
+   volume = 130,
+    pages = {1423-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Inad:08,
+   author = {{Inada}, A. and {Garcia-Comas}, M. and {Altieri}, F. and {Gwinner}, K. and 
+	{Poulet}, F. and {Bellucci}, G. and {Keller}, H.~U. and {Markiewicz}, W.~J. and 
+	{Richardson}, M.~I. and {Hoekzema}, N. and {Neukum}, G. and 
+	{Bibring}, J.-P.},
+    title = "{Dust haze in Valles Marineris observed by HRSC and OMEGA on board Mars Express}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 113,
+   number = {E12},
+    pages = {2004-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2007JE002893},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Odak:98,
+   author = {{Odaka}, M. and {Nakajima}, K. and {Takehiro}, S. and {Ishiwatari}, M. and 
+	{Hayashi}, Y.},
+    title = "{A numerical study of the Martian atmospheric convection with a two-dimensional anelastic model}",
+  journal = {Earth, Planets, and Space},
+     year = 1998,
+   volume = 50,
+    pages = {431-437},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Sorb:07,
+   author = {{Sorbjan}, Z.},
+    title = "{Statistics of shallow convection on Mars based on large-eddy simulations. Part 1: shearless conditions}",
+  journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 123,
+    pages = {121-142},
+      doi = {10.1007/s10546-006-9128-7},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Toig:03dd,
+   author = {{Toigo}, A.~D. and {Richardson}, M.~I. and {Ewald}, S.~P. and 
+	{Gierasch}, P.~J.},
+    title = "{Numerical simulation of Martian dust devils}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+    pages = {5047-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2002JE002002},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Anto:07,
+   author = {{Antonelli}, M. and {Rotunno}, R.},
+    title = "{Large-Eddy Simulation of the Onset of the Sea Breeze}",
+  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 64,
+    pages = {4445-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/2007JAS2261.1},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Savi:04,
+   author = {{Savij{\"a}rvi}, H. and {M{\"a}{\"a}tt{\"a}nen}, A. and {Kauhanen}, J. and 
+	{Harri}, A.-M.},
+    title = "{Mars Pathfinder: New data and new model simulations}",
+  journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
+     year = 2004,
+   volume = 130,
+    pages = {669-683},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Ferr:03,
+   author = {{Ferri}, F. and {Smith}, P.~H. and {Lemmon}, M. and {Renn{\'o}}, N.~O.
+	},
+    title = "{Dust devils as observed by Mars Pathfinder}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 108,
+    pages = {5133-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2000JE001421},
+}
+
+@article{Dion:02,
+  title={{Numerical study of a Sahelian synoptic weather system: Initiation and mature stages of convection and its interactions with the large-scale dynamics}},
+  author={Diongue, A. and Lafore, JP and Redelsperger, JL and Roca, R.},
+  journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
+  volume={128},
+  number={584},
+  pages={1899--1927},
+  year={2002}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Peal:73,
+   author = {{Peale}, J.},
+    title = "{Water and the Martian W Cloud}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 1973,
+   volume = 18,
+    pages = {497-+},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Bens:03,
+   author = {{Benson}, J.~L. and {Bonev}, B.~P. and {James}, P.~B. and {Shan}, K.~J. and 
+	{Cantor}, B.~A. and {Caplinger}, M.~A.},
+    title = "{The seasonal behavior of water ice clouds in the Tharsis and Valles Marineris regions of Mars: Mars Orbiter Camera Observations}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 165,
+    pages = {34-52},
+      doi = {10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00175-1},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Mali:08,
+   author = {{Malin}, M.~C. and {Calvin}, W.~M. and {Cantor}, B.~A. and {Clancy}, R.~T. and 
+	{Haberle}, R.~M. and {James}, P.~B. and {Thomas}, P.~C. and 
+	{Wolff}, M.~J. and {Bell}, J.~F. and {Lee}, S.~W.},
+    title = "{Climate, weather, and north polar observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Color Imager}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 194,
+    pages = {501-512},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.016},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Made:08mwcm,
+   author = {Madeleine, J.~B. and Forget F. and Spiga A. and Bibring J.~P. and Gondet B. and Jouglet D. and Vincendon M. and Langevin Y. and Poulet F. and Montmessin F. and Schmitt B.},
+    title = "{Mapping water ice cloud microphysics with OMEGA/Mars Express}",
+booktitle = {Mars Water Cycle Workshop},
+     year = 2008,
+   editor = {{Montmessin}, F.},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Wolf:08mwcm,
+   author = {Wolff, M.~J. and Clancy, R.~T. and Smith, M.~D. and the CRISM and MARCI team},
+    title = "{Insights into the Mars Water Cycle Through Retrievals of Aerosols and Ozone:
+The MARCI and CRISM Datasets}",
+booktitle = {Mars Water Cycle Workshop},
+     year = 2008,
+   editor = {{Montmessin}, F.},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Raph:03,
+   author = {{Raphael}, M.~N.},
+    title = "{The Santa Ana Winds of California}",
+  journal = {Earth Interactions},
+     year = 2003,
+   volume = 7,
+   number = 8,
+    pages = {080000-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/1087-3562(2003)007},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Maat:09,
+   author = {
+{M{\"a}{\"a}tt{\"a}nen}, A. 
+and Fouchet, T. 
+and Forni, O. 
+and Melchiorri, R. 
+and Forget, F. 
+and Savijarvi, H. 
+and Bibring, J.~P. 
+and Langevin, Y. 
+and Gondet, B. 
+and Formisano, V. 
+and Giuranna, M.},
+   title = {A study of the properties of a local dust storm with \protect{Mars Express} \protect{OMEGA} and \protect{PFS} data},
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2009,
+   volume = 201,
+   number = 2,
+    pages = {504-516},
+}
+
+@misc{Mont:08,
+   author = {Montabone, L. and Martinez-Alvarado, O. and Spiga, A. and Lewis, S. R. and Read, P. L. and Forget, F.},
+   howpublished = {EGU 2008, Abstract Number 10457},
+   title = {Meteorology of the 2001 Martian planet-encircling dust storm in global and mesoscale modelling with data assimilation},
+   year = {2008}
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Smit:08mwcm,
+   author = {Smith, M.~D.},
+    title = "{Mars Water Vapor Climatology From MGS/TES}",
+booktitle = {Mars Water Cycle Workshop},
+     year = 2008,
+   editor = {{Montmessin}, F.},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Malt:08,
+   author = {{Maltagliati}, L. and {Titov}, D.~V. and {Encrenaz}, T. and 
+	{Melchiorri}, R. and {Forget}, F. and {Garcia-Comas}, M. and 
+	{Keller}, H.~U. and {Langevin}, Y. and {Bibring}, J.-P.},
+    title = "{Observations of atmospheric water vapor above the Tharsis volcanoes on Mars with the OMEGA/MEx imaging spectrometer}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 194,
+    pages = {53-64},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.027},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Giur:08,
+   author = {{Giuranna}, M. and {Grassi}, D. and {Formisano}, V. and {Montabone}, L. and {Forget}, F. and {Zasova}, L.},
+    title = "{PFS/MEX observations of the condensing $CO_{2}$ south polar cap of Mars}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 197,
+    pages = {386-402},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.019},
+}
+
+@misc{Sorb:08,
+   author = {Sorbjan, Z. and Wolff, M.~J. and Smith, M.~D.},
+   howpublished = {\textit{submitted to Icarus}},
+   title = {Temperature and turbulent heat flux profiles on Mars based on mini-TES observations},
+   year = {2008}
+}
+
+
+@article{Scor:56,
+  title={{Airflow over an isolated hill}},
+  author={Scorer, RS},
+  journal={Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc},
+  volume={82},
+  pages={75--81},
+  year={1956}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Spig:09,
+   author = {{Spiga}, A. and {Forget}, F.},
+    title = "{A new model to simulate the Martian mesoscale and microscale atmospheric circulation: Validation and first results}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2009,
+   volume = 114,
+    pages = {E02009},
+      doi = {10.1029/2008JE003242},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Vinc:07,
+   author = {{Vincendon}, M. and {Langevin}, Y. and {Poulet}, F. and
+{Bibring}, J.-P. and 
+	{Gondet}, B.},
+    title = "{Recovery of surface reflectance spectra and evaluation of
+the optical depth of aerosols in the near-IR using a Monte Carlo
+approach: Application to the OMEGA observations of high-latitude regions
+of Mars}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 112,
+   number = {E11},
+    pages = {8-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2006JE002845},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Boug:06venus,
+   author = {{Bougher}, S.~W. and {Rafkin}, S. and {Drossart}, P.},
+    title = "{Dynamics of the Venus upper atmosphere: Outstanding
+problems and new constraints expected from Venus Express}",
+  journal = pss,
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 54,
+    pages = {1371-1380},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.023},
+}
+
+@article{Lore:63,
+  title={{Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow}},
+  author={Lorenz, E.N.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={20},
+  number={2},
+  pages={130--141},
+  year={1963},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Wyng:04,
+  title={{Toward Numerical Modeling in the “Terra Incognita”}},
+  author={Wyngaard, J.C.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={61},
+  number={14},
+  pages={1816--1826},
+  year={2004},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Phil:56,
+  title={{The general circulation of the atmosphere: A numerical experiment}},
+  author={Phillips, N.A.},
+  journal={Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc},
+  volume={82},
+  pages={123--164},
+  year={1956}
+}
+
+@article{Lill:67,
+  title={{The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments}},
+  author={Lilly, DK},
+  journal={Proc. IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences},
+  volume={195},
+  year={1967}
+}
+
+@article{Dear:70,
+  title={{Convective Velocity and Temperature Scales for the Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer and for Rayleigh Convection}},
+  author={Deardorff, J.W.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={27},
+  number={8},
+  pages={1211--1213},
+  year={1970},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+
+@book{Fedo:04,
+  title={{Atmospheric turbulence and mesoscale meteorology}},
+  author={Fedorovich, E. and Rotunno, R. and Stevens, B.},
+  year={2004},
+  publisher={Cambridge University Press, Cambridge}
+}
+
+@article{Orla:75,
+  title={{A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes}},
+  author={Orlanski, I.},
+  journal={Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc},
+  volume={56},
+  number={5},
+  pages={527--534},
+  year={1975}
+}
+
+@article{Hill:68,
+  title={{Grid Telescoping in Numerical Weather Prediction}},
+  author={Hill, GE},
+  journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology},
+  volume={7},
+  number={1},
+  pages={29--38},
+  year={1968},
+  publisher={NOAA Central Library, Department of Commerce}
+}
+
+@article{Harr:72,
+  title={{A Method for Incorporating Nested Finite Grids in the Solution of Systems of Geophysical Equations}},
+  author={Harrison, E.J. and Elsberry, R.L.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={29},
+  number={7},
+  pages={1235--1245},
+  year={1972},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Yana:61,
+  title={{A Detailed Analysis of Typhoon Formation}},
+  author={Yanai, M.},
+  journal={Meteor. Soc. Japan},
+  volume={39},
+  pages={187--214},
+  year={1961}
+}
+
+@article{Char:64,
+  title={{On the Growth of the Hurricane Depression}},
+  author={Charney, J.G. and Eliassen, A.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={21},
+  number={1},
+  pages={68--75},
+  year={1964},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Ooya:69,
+  title={{Numerical Simulation of the Life Cycle of Tropical Cyclones}},
+  author={Ooyama, K.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={26},
+  number={1},
+  pages={3--40},
+  year={1969},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Anth:71,
+  title={{Preliminary results from an asymmetric model of the tropical cyclone}},
+  author={Anthes, R.~A. and Rosenthal, S.~L. and Trout, J.~W.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={99},
+  number={10},
+  pages={744--758},
+  year={1971},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Ogur:64,
+  title={{Frictionally Controlled, Thermally Driven Circulations in a Circular Vortex with Application to Tropical Cyclones}},
+  author={Ogura, Y.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={21},
+  number={6},
+  pages={610--621},
+  year={1964},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Math:74,
+  title={{A Multiple-Grid Primitive Equation Model to Simulate the Development of an Asymmetric Hurricane (Isbell, 1964)}},
+  author={Mathur, M.B.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={31},
+  number={2},
+  pages={371--393},
+  year={1974},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Rede:88,
+  title={{A Three-Dimensional Simulation of a Tropical Squall Line: Convective Organization and Thermodynamic Vertical Transport}},
+  author={Redelsperger, J.L. and Lafore, J.P.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={45},
+  number={8},
+  pages={1334--1356},
+  year={1988},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Mill:74,
+  title={{A three-dimensional primitive equation model of cumulonimbus convection}},
+  author={Miller, M.~J. and Pearce, R.~P.},
+  journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
+  volume={100},
+  number={424},
+  pages={133--154},
+  year={1974},
+  publisher={Royal Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Monc:76,
+  title={{The dynamics and simulation of tropical cumulonimbus and squall lines}},
+  author={Moncrieff, M.~W. and Miller, M.~J.},
+  journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
+  volume={102},
+  number={432},
+  pages={373--394},
+  year={1976},
+  publisher={Royal Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+
+@article{Lill:73,
+  title={{Observations of a Stationary Mountain Wave and its Associated Momentum Flux and Energy Dissipation}},
+  author={Lilly, DK and Kennedy, PJ},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={30},
+  number={6},
+  pages={1135--1152},
+  year={1973},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Quen:48,
+  title={{The problem of airflow over mountains: A summary of theoretical studies}},
+  author={Queney, P.},
+  journal={Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc},
+  volume={29},
+  number={1},
+  pages={16--26},
+  year={1948}
+}
+
+@article{Mahr:77,
+  title={{The Effects of Topography on Sea and Land Breezes in a Two-Dimensional Numerical Model}},
+  author={Mahrer, Y. and Pielke, R.A.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={105},
+  number={9},
+  pages={1151--1162},
+  year={1977},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Klem:78,
+  title={{Numerical Simulation of Hydrostatic Mountain Waves}},
+  author={Klemp, JB and Lilly, DK},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={35},
+  number={1},
+  pages={78--107},
+  year={1978},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Anth:78,
+  title={{Development of Hydrodynamic Models Suitable for Air Pollution and Other Mesometerological Studies}},
+  author={Anthes, R.A. and Warner, T.T.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={106},
+  number={8},
+  pages={1045--1078},
+  year={1978},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Mesi:88,
+  title={{The Step-Mountain Coordinate: Model Description and Performance for Cases of Alpine Lee Cyclogenesis and for a Case of an Appalachian Redevelopment}},
+  author={Mesinger, F. and Janji{\'c}, Z.I. and Ni{\v{c}}kovi{\'c}, S. and Gavrilov, D. and Deaven, D.G.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={116},
+  number={7},
+  pages={1493--1518},
+  year={1988},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Piel:92,
+  title={{A Comprehensive Meteorological Modeling System-RAMS}},
+  author={Pielke, RA and Cotton, WR and Walko, RL and Trembaek, CJ and Lyons, WA and Grasso, LD and Nieholls, ME and Moran, MD and Wesley, DA and Lee, TJ and others},
+  journal={Meteorol. Atmos. Phys},
+  volume={49},
+  pages={69--91},
+  year={1992}
+}
+
+@article{Dudh:93,
+  title={{A Nonhydrostatic Version of the Penn State--NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation Tests and Simulation of an Atlantic Cyclone and Cold Front}},
+  author={Dudhia, J.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={121},
+  number={5},
+  pages={1493--1513},
+  year={1993},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Clar:84,
+  title={{Severe Downslope Windstorm Calculations in Two and Three Spatial Dimensions Using Anelastic Interactive Grid Nesting: A Possible Mechanism for Gustiness}},
+  author={Clark, T.L. and Farley, R.~D.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={41},
+  number={3},
+  pages={329--350},
+  year={1984},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Lo:08,
+  title={{Assessment of three dynamical climate downscaling methods using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model}},
+  author={Lo, J. and Yang, Z. and Pielke, RA},
+  journal={J. Geophys. Res., doi},
+  volume={10},
+  year={2008}
+}
+
+@book{Boug:01,
+  title={{Dynamique de l’atmosphere et de l’ocean}},
+  author={Bougeault, P. and Sadourny, R.},
+  journal={Editions de l’Ecole polytechnique},
+  year={2001},
+  publisher={Editions de l'Ecole Polytechnique}
+}
+
+@article{Elia:49,
+  title={{The quasi-static equations of motion with pressure as independent variable}},
+  author={Eliassen, A.},
+  journal={Geofys. Publ., Oslo},
+  volume={17},
+  year={1949}
+}
+
+@article{Phil:57,
+  title={{A coordinate system having some special advantages for numerical forecasting}},
+  author={Phillips, NA},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={14},
+  number={2},
+  pages={184--185},
+  year={1957},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Arak:77,
+  title={{Computational design of the UCLA general circulation model}},
+  author={Arakawa, A. and Lamb, V.~R.},
+  journal={Methods in Computational Physics},
+  volume={17},
+  pages={174--267},
+  year={1977}
+}
+
+@article{Kasa:74,
+  title={{Various Vertical Coordinate Systems Used for Numerical Weather Prediction}},
+  author={Kasahara, A.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={102},
+  number={7},
+  pages={509--522},
+  year={1974},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Durr:89,
+  title={{Improving the Anelastic Approximation}},
+  author={Durran, D.R.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={46},
+  number={11},
+  pages={1453--1461},
+  year={1989},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Lafo:98,
+   author = {{Lafore}, J.~P. and {Stein}, J. and {Asencio}, N. and {Bougeault}, P. and 
+	{Ducrocq}, V. and {Duron}, J. and {Fischer}, C. and {H{\'e}reil}, P. and 
+	{Mascart}, P. and {Masson}, V. and {Pinty}, J.~P. and {Redelsperger}, J.~L. and 
+	{Richard}, E. and {Vil{\`a}-Guerau de Arellano}, J.},
+    title = "{The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulations}",
+  journal = {Annales Geophysicae},
+     year = 1998,
+   volume = 16,
+    pages = {90-109},
+}
+
+@book{Piel:84,
+  title={{Mesoscale Atmospheric Modeling}},
+  author={Pielke, RA},
+  year={1984},
+  publisher={Academic Press}
+}
+
+@article{Skam:92,
+  title={{The Stability of Time-Split Numerical Methods for the Hydrostatic and the Nonhydrostatic Elastic Equations}},
+  author={Skamarock, W.C. and Klemp, J.B.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={120},
+  number={9},
+  pages={2109--2127},
+  year={1992},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Frit:03,
+  title={{Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere}},
+  author={Fritts, D.C. and Alexander, M.J.},
+  journal={Rev. Geophys},
+  volume={41},
+  number={1},
+  pages={1003},
+  year={2003},
+}
+
+@article{Moen:07,
+  title={{Examining Two-Way Grid Nesting for Large Eddy Simulation of the PBL Using the WRF Model}},
+  author={Moeng, CH and Dudhia, J. and Klemp, J. and Sullivan, P.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={135},
+  number={6},
+  pages={2295--2311},
+  year={2007},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@misc{Skam:08weis,
+   author = {Skamarock, W.~C. and Weisman, M.~L.},
+   howpublished = {Submitted to Monthly Weather Review},
+   title = {The Impact of Positive-Definite Moisture Transport on NWP Precipitation Forecasts},
+   year = {2008}
+}
+
+@book{Alla:05,
+  title={{Analyse numérique et optimisation}},
+  author={Allaire, G.},
+  year={2005},
+  publisher={Editions de l'Ecole Polytechnique}
+}
+
+@article{Gall:06,
+  title={{Comparison of Impacts of WRF Dynamic Core, Physics Package, and Initial Conditions on Warm Season Rainfall Forecasts}},
+  author={Gallus Jr, W.A. and Bresch, J.F.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={134},
+  number={9},
+  pages={2632--2641},
+  year={2006},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Davi:08,
+  title={{Hurricane Vortex Dynamics during Atlantic Extratropical Transition}},
+  author={Davis, C.A. and Jones, S.C. and Riemer, M.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={65},
+  number={3},
+  pages={714--736},
+  year={2008},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Plou:08,
+   author = {{Plougonven}, R. and {Hertzog}, A. and {Teitelbaum}, H.},
+    title = "{Observations and simulations of a large-amplitude mountain wave breaking over the Antarctic Peninsula}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres)},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 113,
+   number = D12,
+    pages = {16113-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2007JD009739},
+}
+
+@article{Hine:08,
+  title={{Development and Testing of Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Part I: Greenland Ice Sheet Meteorology}},
+  author={Hines, K.M. and Bromwich, D.H.},
+  journal={Monthly Weather Review},
+  volume={136},
+  number={6},
+  pages={1971--1989},
+  year={2008},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@misc{Bao:08,
+   author = {Bao, J.~W. and Michelson, S.~A. and Persson, P.~O.~G. and Djalalova, I.~V. and Wilczak J.~M.},
+   howpublished = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
+   title = {Observed and WRF-Simulated Low-Level Winds in a High-Ozone Episode during the Central California Ozone Study, In Press},
+   year = {2008}
+}
+
+@article{Chen:05,
+  title={{Evaluation of Surface Sensible Weather Forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the Western United States}},
+  author={Cheng, W.Y.Y. and Steenburgh, W.J.},
+  journal={Weather and Forecasting},
+  volume={20},
+  number={5},
+  pages={812--821},
+  year={2005},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Scav:98,
+  title={{A study of the low frequency inertio-gravity waves observed during PYREX}},
+  author={Scavuzzo, CM and Lamfri, MA and Teitelbaum, H. and Lott, F.},
+  journal={J. Geophys. Res},
+  volume={103},
+  pages={1747--1758},
+  year={1998}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Alex:00,
+   author = {{Alexander}, M.~J. and {Vincent}, R.~A.},
+    title = "{Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: A model study of seasonal and interannual variability}",
+  journal = jgr,
+     year = 2000,
+   volume = 105,
+    pages = {17983-17994},
+      doi = {10.1029/2000JD900197},
+}
+
+@article{Osul:95,
+  title={{Generation of Inertia--Gravity Waves in a Simulated Life Cycle of Baroclinic Instability}},
+  author={O'sullivan, D. and Dunkerton, T.J.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={52},
+  number={21},
+  pages={3695--3716},
+  year={1995},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Pfis:93,
+  title={{Mesoscale Disturbances in the Tropical Stratosphere Excited by Convection: Observations and Effects on the Stratospheric Momentum Budget}},
+  author={Pfister, L. and Scott, S. and Loewenstein, M. and Bowen, S. and Legg, M.},
+  journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
+  volume={50},
+  number={8},
+  pages={1058--1075},
+  year={1993},
+  publisher={American Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@book{Mint:61,
+  title={{Numerical studies of planetary circulation}},
+  author={Mintz, Y.},
+  year={1961},
+  publisher={DTIC Research Report AD0263158}
+}
+
+@article{Savi:99,
+  title={{A model study of the atmospheric boundary layer in the Mars Pathfinder lander conditions}},
+  author={S{\"a}vijarvi, H.},
+  journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
+  volume={125},
+  number={554},
+  pages={483--493},
+  year={1999},
+  publisher={Royal Meteorological Society}
+}
+
+@article{Pres:97,
+  title={{The effect of bulk density and particle size sorting on the thermal conductivity of particulate materials under Martian atmospheric pressures}},
+  author={Presley, M.A. and Christensen, P.R.},
+  journal={J. Geophys. Res},
+  volume={102},
+  number={E4},
+  pages={9221--9229},
+  year={1997}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Good:67,
+   author = {{Goody}, R. and {Belton}, M.~J.~S.},
+    title = "{Radiative relaxation times for Mars. A discussion of martian atmospheric dynamics}",
+  journal = pss,
+     year = 1967,
+   volume = 15,
+    pages = {247-+},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Cant:07,
+   author = {{Cantor}, B.~A.},
+    title = "{MOC observations of the 2001 Mars planet-encircling dust storm}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 186,
+    pages = {60-96},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.019},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Mont:05luca,
+   author = {{Montabone}, L. and {Lewis}, S.~R. and {Read}, P.~L.},
+    title = "{Interannual variability of Martian dust storms in assimilation of several years of Mars global surveyor observations}",
+  journal = {Advances in Space Research},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 36,
+    pages = {2146-2155},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.047},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Gold:08,
+   author = {{Goldenson}, N. and {Desch}, S. and {Christensen}, P.},
+    title = "{Non-equilibrium between dust and gas temperatures in the Mars atmosphere}",
+  journal = grl,
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 35,
+    pages = {8813-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2007GL032907},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Banf:00,
+   author = {{Banfield}, D. and {Conrath}, B. and {Pearl}, J.~C. and {Smith}, M.~D. and 
+	{Christensen}, P.},
+    title = "{Thermal tides and stationary waves on Mars as revealed by Mars Global Surveyor thermal emission spectrometer}",
+  journal = jgr,
+     year = 2000,
+   volume = 105,
+    pages = {9521-9538},
+      doi = {10.1029/1999JE001161},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Cant:02,
+   author = {{Cantor}, B. and {Malin}, M. and {Edgett}, K.~S.},
+    title = "{Multiyear Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) observations of repeated Martian weather phenomena during the northern summer season}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2002,
+   volume = 107,
+    pages = {5014-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2001JE001588},
+}
+
+@BOOK{Chap:70,
+   author = {{Chapman}, S. and {Lindzen}, R.},
+    title = "{Atmospheric tides. Thermal and gravitational}",
+publisher = {Dordrecht: Reidel, 1970},
+     year = 1970,
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Zure:81,
+   author = {{Zurek}, R.~W. and {Leovy}, C.~B.},
+    title = "{Thermal tides in the dusty martian atmosphere - A verification of theory}",
+  journal = {Science},
+     year = 1981,
+   volume = 213,
+    pages = {437-439},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Hert:07,
+   author = {{Hertzog}, A. and {Cocquerez}, P. and {Basdevant}, C. and {Boccara}, G. and 
+	{Bordereau}, J. and {Brioit}, B. and {Cardonne}, A. and {Guilbon}, R. and 
+	{Ravissot}, A. and {Schmitt}, {\'E}. and {Valdivia}, J.-N. and 
+	{Venel}, S. and {Vial}, F.},
+    title = "{Strat{\'e}ole/Vorcore Long-duration, Superpressure Balloons to Study the Antarctic Lower Stratosphere during the 2005 Winter}",
+  journal = {Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 24,
+    pages = {2048-+},
+      doi = {10.1175/2007JTECHA948.1},
+}
+
+@article{Teit:91,
+  title={{On tidal variability induced by nonlinear interaction with planetary waves}},
+  author={Teitelbaum, H. and Vial, F.},
+  journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
+  volume={96},
+  number={A8},
+  pages={14169--14178},
+  year={1991}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Span:06,
+   author = {{Spanovich}, N. and {Smith}, M.~D. and {Smith}, P.~H. and {Wolff}, M.~J. and 
+	{Christensen}, P.~R. and {Squyres}, S.~W.},
+    title = "{Surface and near-surface atmospheric temperatures for the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 180,
+    pages = {314-320},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2005.09.014},
+}
+
+@article{Aebi:98,
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+
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+in zonal mean temperature, dust, and water ice aerosols}",
+  journal = jgr,
+ keywords = {Planetary Sciences: Solar System Objects: Mars},
+     year = 2010,
+   volume = 115,
+   number = E14,
+    pages = {12016-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2010JE003677},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kono:11,
+   author = {{Konopliv}, A.~S. and {Asmar}, S.~W. and {Folkner}, W.~M. and 
+	{Karatekin}, {\"O}. and {Nunes}, D.~C. and {Smrekar}, S.~E. and 
+	{Yoder}, C.~F. and {Zuber}, M.~T.},
+    title = "{Mars high resolution gravity fields from MRO, Mars seasonal gravity, and other dynamical
+parameters}",
+  journal = {Icarus},
+     year = 2011,
+   volume = 211,
+    pages = {401-428},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.004},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Icar..211..401K},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Hins:04clouds,
+   author = {{Hinson}, D.~P. and {Wilson}, R.~J.},
+    title = "{Temperature inversions, thermal tides, and water ice clouds in the Martian tropics}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+ keywords = {Planetary Sciences: Atmospheres-structure and dynamics, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Planetary meteorology (5445, 5739), Planetary Sciences: Meteorology (3346), Planetology: Solar System Objects: Mars, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Waves and tides},
+     year = 2004,
+   volume = 109,
+   number = E18,
+    pages = {1002-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2003JE002129},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRE..10901002H},
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Heav:10,
+   author = {{Heavens}, N.~G. and {Benson}, J.~L. and {Kass}, D.~M. and {Kleinb{\"o}hl}, A. and 
+	{Abdou}, W.~A. and {McCleese}, D.~J. and {Richardson}, M.~I. and 
+	{Schofield}, J.~T. and {Shirley}, J.~H. and {Wolkenberg}, P.~M.
+	},
+    title = "{Water ice clouds over the Martian tropics during northern summer}",
+  journal = grl,
+ keywords = {Planetary Sciences: Solar System Objects: Mars, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud physics and chemistry, Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Cloud/radiation interaction, Atmospheric Processes: Clouds and cloud feedbacks, Atmospheric Processes: General circulation (1223)},
+     year = 2010,
+   volume = 37,
+    pages = {18202-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2010GL044610},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GeoRL..3718202H},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Spen:99,
+   author = {{Spencer}, D.~A. and {Blanchard}, R.~C. and {Braun}, R.~D. and 
+	{Kallemeyn}, P.~H. and {Thurman}, S.~W.},
+    title = "{Mars Pathfinder Entry, Descent, and Landing Reconstruction}",
+  journal = {Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets},
+     year = 1999,
+   volume = 36,
+    pages = {357-366},
+      doi = {10.2514/2.3478},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JSpRo..36..357S},
+}
+
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Kara:04,
+   author = {{Karatekin}, {\"O}. and {Charbonnier}, {J.-M.} and {Wang}, F. and 
+	{Dehant}, V.},
+    title = "{Dynamic stability of atmospheric entry probes}",
+ keywords = {Planetary Atmospheres, Entry Probes},
+booktitle = {Planetary Probe Atmospheric Entry and Descent Trajectory Analysis and Science},
+     year = 2004,
+   series = {ESA Special Publication},
+   volume = 544,
+   editor = "{A.~Wilson}",
+    pages = {101-108},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESASP.544..101K},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Kara:01,
+   author = {{Karatekin}, {\"O}.},
+    title = "{Effect of surface pressure variations on the aerodynamic stability of planetary entry capsules}",
+     year = 2001,
+booktitle = {2nd International Symposium on Atmospheric reentry vehicles and systems}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Kara:10,
+   author = {{Karatekin}, {\"O}. and Viron, O. and Lambert, S. and Rosenblatt, P. and Dehant, V. and van Hoolst, T. and LeMaistre, S.},
+    title = "{Atmospheric angular momentum variations of Earth, Mars and Venus at seasonal time scales}",
+  journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
+     year = 2010,
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Wood:97,
+   author = {{Wood}, G.~E. and {Asmar}, S.~W. and {Rebold}, T.~A. and {Lee}, R.~A.},
+    title = "{Mars Pathfinder EntryDescent, and Landing Communications}",
+  journal = {Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Progress Report},
+     year = 1997,
+   volume = 131,
+    pages = {1-19},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997TDAPR.131R...1W},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Vang:10dps,
+   author = {{Vangvichith}, M. and {Forget}, F. and {Wordsworth}, R. and 
+	{Millour}, E.},
+    title = "{A 3-D General Circulation Model of Triton's Atmosphere}",
+booktitle = {AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts \#42},
+     year = 2010,
+   series = {Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society},
+   volume = 42,
+    month = oct,
+    pages = {952-+},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010DPS....42.0606V},
+  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
+}
+
+@article{Sieb:95,
+  title={{Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection}},
+  author={Siebesma, AP and Cuijpers, JWM},
+  journal={Journal of the atmospheric sciences},
+  volume={52},
+  number={6},
+  pages={650--666},
+  year={1995},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Toyo:11,
+   author = {{Toyota}, T. and {Kurita}, K. and {Spiga}, A.},
+    title = "{Distribution and time-variation of spire streaks at Pavonis Mons on Mars}",
+  journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
+     year = 2011,
+   volume = 59,
+    pages = {672-682},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2011.01.015},
+}
+
+@INPROCEEDINGS{Spig:11mamogw,
+   author = {{Spiga}, A. and {Gonzalez-Galindo}, F. and {Forget}, F. and 
+	{Lopez-Valverde}, M.-A.},
+    title = "{Martian Mesospheric CO2 Clouds and Gravity Wave Activity.}",
+booktitle = {Mars Atmosphere: Modelling and observation},
+     year = 2011,
+   editor = "{F.~Forget \& E.~Millour}",
+    pages = {409-412},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Gonz:10,
+   author = {{Gonz{\'a}lez-Galindo}, F. and {Bougher}, S.~W. and {L{\'o}pez-Valverde}, M.~A. and 
+	{Forget}, F. and {Murphy}, J.},
+    title = "{Thermal and wind structure of the Martian thermosphere as given by two General Circulation Models}",
+  journal = {Planetary and Space Sciences},
+     year = 2010,
+   volume = 58,
+    pages = {1832-1849},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2010.08.013},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010P%26SS...58.1832G},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lill:10,
+   author = {{Lillis}, R.~J. and {Bougher}, S.~W. and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Galindo}, F. and 
+	{Forget}, F. and {Smith}, M.~D. and {Chamberlin}, P.~C.},
+    title = "{Four Martian years of nightside upper thermospheric mass densities derived from electron
+reflectometry: Method extension and comparison with GCM simulations}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2010,
+    month = jul,
+   volume = 115,
+   number = E14,
+    pages = {E07014},
+      doi = {10.1029/2009JE003529},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRE..11507014L},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Smit:05,
+   author = {{Smith}, J.~C. and {Bell}, J.},
+    title = "{2001 Mars Odyssey Aerobraking}",
+  journal = {Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets},
+     year = 2005,
+   volume = 42,
+    pages = {406-415},
+      doi = {10.2514/1.15213},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{With:06b,
+   author = {{Withers}, P.},
+    title = "{Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey Accelerometer observations of the Martian upper atmosphere
+during aerobraking}",
+  journal = {Geophys.~Res.~Letters},
+     year = 2006,
+   volume = 33,
+    pages = {2201-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2005GL024447},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Tols:08,
+   author = {{Tolson}, R. and {Bemis}, E. and {Hough}, S. and {Zaleski}, K. and
+    {Keating}, G. and {Shidner}, J. and {Brown}, S. and {Brickler}, A. and
+    {Scher}, M. and {Thomas}, P.},
+    title = "{Atmospheric Modeling Using Accelerometer Data During Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Aerobraking
+Operations}",
+  journal = {Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 45,
+    pages = {511-518},
+      doi = {10.2514/1.34301},
+}
+
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Zure:07,
+   author = {{Zurek}, R.~W. and {Smrekar}, S.~E.},
+    title = "{An overview of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) science mission}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 112,
+   number = E11,
+    pages = {5-+},
+      doi = {10.1029/2006JE002701},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Jako:08,
+   author = {{Jakosky}, B.~M. and {Maven Science Team}},
+    title = "{The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) Mars Scout Mission}",
+  journal = {LPI Contributions},
+     year = 2008,
+   volume = 1447,
+    pages = {9036-+},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LPICo1447.9036J},
+  adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Gior:95,
+   author = {{Giorgini}, J. and {Wong}, S.~K. and {You}, {T.-H.} and {Chadbourne}, P. and
+    {Lim}, L.},
+    title = "{Magellan aerobrake navigation}",
+  journal = {Journal of the British Interplanetary Society},
+     year = 1995,
+   volume = 48,
+    pages = {111-122},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Chas:04,
+   author = {{Chassefi{\`e}re}, E. and {Nagy}, A. and {Mandea}, M. and {Primdahl}, F. and
+    {R{\`e}me}, H. and {Sauvaud}, {J.-A.} and {Lin}, R. and {Barabash}, S. and
+    {Mitchell}, D. and {Zurbuchen}, T. and {Leblanc}, F. and {Berthelier}, {J.-J.} and
+    {Waite}, H. and {Young}, D.~T. and {Clarke}, J. and {Parrot}, M. and
+    {Trotignon}, {J.-G.} and {Bertaux}, {J.-L.} and {Qu{\`e}merais}, E. and
+    {Barlier}, F. and {Szeg{\"o}}, K. and {Szala{\"i}}, S. and {Bougher}, S. and
+    {Forget}, F. and {Lilensten}, J. and {Barriot}, {J.-P.} and
+    {Chanteur}, G. and {Luhmann}, J. and {Hulot}, G. and {Purucker}, M. and
+    {Breuer}, D. and {Smrekar}, S. and {Jakosky}, B. and {Menvielle}, M. and
+    {Sasaki}, S. and {Acuna}, M. and {Keating}, G. and {Touboul}, P. and
+    {G{\'e}rard}, {J.-C.} and {Rochus}, P. and {Orsini}, S. and
+    {Cerutti-Maori}, G. and {Porteneuve}, J. and {Meftah}, M. and
+    {Malique}, C.},
+    title = "{DYNAMO: a Mars upper atmosphere package for investigating solar wind interaction and escape
+processes, and mapping Martian fields}",
+  journal = {Advances in Space Research},
+ keywords = {Mars, Upper atmosphere, Escape, Magnetic field, Gravity field},
+     year = 2004,
+   volume = 33,
+    pages = {2228-2235},
+      doi = {10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00528-3},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lebl:09,
+   author = {{Leblanc}, F. and {Langlais}, B. and {Fouchet}, T. and {Barabash}, S. and
+    {Breuer}, D. and {Chassefi{\`e}re}, E. and {Coates}, A. and
+    {Dehant}, V. and {Forget}, F. and {Lammer}, H. and {Lewis}, S. and
+    {Lopez-Valverde}, M. and {Mandea}, M. and {Menvielle}, M. and
+    {Pais}, A. and {Paetzold}, M. and {Read}, P. and {Sotin}, C. and
+    {Tarits}, P. and {Vennerstrom}, S.},
+    title = "{Mars Environment and Magnetic Orbiter Scientific and Measurement Objectives}",
+  journal = {Astrobiology},
+ keywords = {Mars,  Future space mission,  Solar wind, Atmosphere,  Magnetic field,  Surface,},
+     year = 2009,
+   volume = 9,
+    pages = {71-89},
+      doi = {10.1089/ast.2007.0222},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lang:09,
+   author = {{Langlais}, B. and {Leblanc}, F. and {Fouchet}, T. and {Barabash}, S. and
+    {Breuer}, D. and {Chassefi{\`e}re}, E. and {Coates}, A. and
+    {Dehant}, V. and {Forget}, F. and {Lammer}, H. and {Lewis}, S. and
+    {Lopez-Valverde}, M. and {Mandea}, M. and {Menvielle}, M. and
+    {Pais}, A. and {Paetzold}, M. and {Read}, P. and {Sotin}, C. and
+    {Tarits}, P. and {Vennerstrom}, S. and {Branduardi-Raymont}, G. and
+    {Cremonese}, G. and {Merayo}, J.~G.~M. and {Ott}, T. and {R{\`e}me}, H. and
+    {Trotignon}, J.~G. and {Walhund}, J.~E.},
+    title = "{Mars environment and magnetic orbiter model payload}",
+  journal = {Experimental Astronomy},
+ keywords = {Space vehicles, Instruments, Planets and satellites, General, Solar{\amp}ndash, terrestri
+al relations, Formation, Magnetic fields, Solar system},
+     year = 2009,
+   volume = 23,
+    pages = {761-783},
+      doi = {10.1007/s10686-008-9101-1},
+}
+
+
+
+
+@BOOK{King:87,
+   author = {{King-Hele}, D.},
+    title = "{Satellite orbits in an atmosphere. Theory and applications.}",
+booktitle = {Satellite orbits in an atmosphere.~Theory and applications..~D.~King-Hele.Blackie and Son
+ Ltd., Glasgow, UK.~11+291 pp.~ISBN 0-216-92252-6},
+     year = 1987,
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Albe:01,
+   author = {{Albee}, A.~L. and {Arvidson}, R.~E. and {Palluconi}, F. and
+    {Thorpe}, T.},
+    title = "{Overview of the Mars Global Surveyor mission}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+ keywords = {Planetology: Solar System Objects: Mars},
+     year = 2001,
+   volume = 106,
+    pages = {23291-23316},
+      doi = {10.1029/2000JE001306},
+}
+
+@BOOK{Capd:05,
+   author = {{Capderou}, M.},
+    title = "{Satellites: Orbits and missions}",
+booktitle = {Satellites: Orbits and missions, by M.~Capderou.~364 p.~With CD-ROM.~2-287-21317-1.~ Berl
+in: Springer, 2005.},
+     year = 2005,
+}
+
+
+@BOOK{Vall:07,
+   author = {{Vallado}, D.~A.},
+    title = "{Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications}",
+booktitle = {Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications, by D.A.~Vallado.~Berlin: Springer, 2007.~
+ ISBN: 978-0-387-71831-6},
+     year = 2007,
+   editor = "{Vallado, D.~A.}",
+}
+
+
+@ARTICLE{Tols:07,
+   author = {{Tolson}, R.~H. and {Keating}, G.~M. and {Zurek}, R.~W. and 
+	{Bougher}, S.~W. and {Justus}, C.~G. and {Fritts}, D.~C.},
+    title = "{Application of Accelerometer Data to Atmospheric Modeling During Mars Aerobraking Operations}",
+  journal = {Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets},
+     year = 2007,
+   volume = 44,
+    pages = {1172-1179},
+      doi = {10.2514/1.28472},
+   adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JSpRo..44.1172T},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Frit:89,
+   author = {{Fritts}, D.~C.},
+    title = "{A review of gravity wave saturation processes, effects, and variability in the middle atmosphere}",
+  journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},
+     year = 1989,
+   volume = 130,
+    pages = {343-371},
+      doi = {10.1007/BF00874464},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Lebl:95,
+   author = {{Leblanc}, T. and {Hauchecorne}, A. and {Chanin}, M.-L. and 
+	{Rodgers}, C. and {Taylor}, F. and {Livesey}, N.},
+    title = "{Mesospheric temperature inversions as seen by ISAMS in December 1991}",
+  journal = {Geophys.~Res.~Letters},
+     year = 1995,
+   volume = 22,
+    pages = {1485-1488},
+      doi = {10.1029/94GL03274},
+}
+
+@article{Vinc:11,
+  title={Observations of mesospheric {CO$_2$} and {H$_2$O} clouds on Mars},
+  author={Vincendon, M. and Pilorget, C. and Gondet, B. and Murchie, S. and Bibring, J.P.},
+  journal={Arxiv preprint arXiv:1103.3448},
+  year={2011}
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Elle:10,
+   author = {{Ellehoj}, M.~D. and {Gunnlaugsson}, H.~P. and {Taylor}, P.~A. and 
+	{Kahanp{\"a}{\"a}}, H. and {Bean}, K.~M. and {Cantor}, B.~A. and 
+	{Gheynani}, B.~T. and {Drube}, L. and {Fisher}, D. and {Harri}, A.-M. and 
+	{Holstein-Rathlou}, C. and {Lemmon}, M.~T. and {Madsen}, M.~B. and 
+	{Malin}, M.~C. and {Polkko}, J. and {Smith}, P.~H. and {Tamppari}, L.~K. and 
+	{Weng}, W. and {Whiteway}, J.},
+    title = "{Convective vortices and dust devils at the Phoenix Mars mission landing site}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2010,
+   volume = 115,
+   number = {E14},
+    pages = {E00E16},
+      doi = {10.1029/2009JE003413},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Heav:11dust,
+   author = {{Heavens}, N.~G. and {Richardson}, M.~I. and {Kleinb{\"o}hl}, A. and 
+	{Kass}, D.~M. and {McCleese}, D.~J. and {Abdou}, W. and {Benson}, J.~L. and 
+	{Schofield}, J.~T. and {Shirley}, J.~H. and {Wolkenberg}, P.~M.
+	},
+    title = "{Vertical distribution of dust in the Martian atmosphere during northern spring and summer: High-altitude tropical dust maximum at northern summer solstice}",
+  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research (Planets)},
+     year = 2011,
+   volume = 116,
+   number = {E15},
+    pages = {E01007},
+      doi = {10.1029/2010JE003692},
+}
+
+@ARTICLE{Scho:10,
+   author = {{Scholten}, F. and {Hoffmann}, H. and {M{\"a}{\"a}tt{\"a}nen}, A. and 
+	{Montmessin}, F. and {Gondet}, B. and {Hauber}, E.},
+    title = "{Concatenation of HRSC colour and OMEGA data for the determination and 3D-parameterization of high-altitude CO$_{2}$ clouds in the Martian atmosphere}",
+  journal = {Planetary and Space Science},
+     year = 2010,
+   volume = 58,
+    pages = {1207-1214},
+      doi = {10.1016/j.pss.2010.04.015},
+}
+
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/these.bst
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/these.bst	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/these.bst	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,1252 @@
+%
+% Style de bibliographie pour the`se - d'apres alpha.bst
+%
+% Matthieu Herrb (matthieu@laas.fr) - Juillet 89, Octobre 90
+%
+%        Les references seront designees tant dans le texte que dans
+% la liste recapitulative (ordonnee suivant l'ordre alphabetique du nom
+% du premier auteur), par le nom du premier auteur suivi des deux
+% derniers chiffres de l'annee de publication, le tout entre crochets.
+% Si deux references du meme auteur se rapportent a la meme annee, elles
+% seront differenciees par des lettres minuscules (a, b, etc.)
+%
+ 
+	% version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09.
+	% Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
+	% Copying of this file is authorized only if either
+	% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
+	% (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than
+	% btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst.
+	% This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical.
+ 
+ENTRY
+  { address
+    author
+    booktitle
+    chapter
+    edition
+    editor
+    howpublished
+    institution
+    journal
+    key
+    month
+    note
+    number
+    organization
+    pages
+    publisher
+    school
+    series
+    title
+    type
+    volume
+    year
+  }
+  {}
+  { label extra.label sort.label }
+ 
+INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
+ 
+FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
+{ #0 'before.all :=
+  #1 'mid.sentence :=
+  #2 'after.sentence :=
+  #3 'after.block :=
+}
+ 
+STRINGS { s t }
+ 
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ 's :=
+  output.state mid.sentence =
+    { ", " * write$ }
+    { output.state after.block =
+	{ add.period$ write$
+	  newline$
+	  "\newblock " write$
+	}
+	{ output.state before.all =
+	    'write$
+	    { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+    }
+  if$
+  s
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    'pop$
+    'output.nonnull
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {output.check}
+{ 't :=
+  duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+    'output.nonnull
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
+{ newline$
+  "\bibitem[" write$
+  label write$
+  "]{" write$
+  cite$ write$
+  "}" write$
+  newline$
+  ""
+  before.all 'output.state :=
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ add.period$
+  write$
+  newline$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {new.block}
+{ output.state before.all =
+    'skip$
+    { after.block 'output.state := }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {new.sentence}
+{ output.state after.block =
+    'skip$
+    { output.state before.all =
+	'skip$
+	{ after.sentence 'output.state := }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {not}
+{   { #0 }
+    { #1 }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {and}
+{   'skip$
+    { pop$ #0 }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {or}
+{   { pop$ #1 }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
+{ empty$
+    'skip$
+    'new.block
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
+{ empty$
+  swap$ empty$
+  and
+    'skip$
+    'new.block
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
+{ empty$
+    'skip$
+    'new.sentence
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
+{ empty$
+  swap$ empty$
+  and
+    'skip$
+    'new.sentence
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {field.or.null}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {scapify}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    { "{\sc " swap$ * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {underline}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+    { pop$ "" }
+    { "{\ul " swap$ * "}" * }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 's :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+    { namesleft #0 > }
+    { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{~jj}" format.name$ 't :=
+      nameptr #1 >
+	{ namesleft #1 >
+	    { ", " * t * }
+	    { numnames #2 >
+		{ "" * }
+		'skip$
+	      if$
+	      t "others" =
+		{ " et~al." emphasize * }
+		{ " \& " * t * }
+	      if$
+	    }
+	  if$
+	}
+	't
+      if$
+      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+    }
+  while$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.authors}
+{ author empty$
+    { "" }
+    { author format.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor empty$
+    { "" }
+    { editor format.names
+      editor num.names$ #1 >
+	{ ", editeurs" * }
+	{ ", editeur" * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.title}
+{ title empty$
+    { "" }
+    { title "t" change.case$ }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ 't :=
+  ""
+    { t empty$ not }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+	{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+	    { "--" *
+	      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+	    }
+	    {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+		{ "-" *
+		  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+		}
+	      while$
+	    }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ t #1 #1 substring$ *
+	  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.date}
+{ year empty$
+    { month empty$
+	{ "" }
+	{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
+	  month
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { month empty$
+	'year
+	{ month " " * year * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.btitle}
+{ title emphasize
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.utitle}
+{ title emphasize
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+    { "~" }
+    { " " }
+  if$
+  swap$ * *
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+    'pop$
+    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
+{ volume empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
+      series empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ " of " * series emphasize * }
+      if$
+      "volume and number" number either.or.check
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.number.series}
+{ volume empty$
+    { number empty$
+	{ series field.or.null }
+	{ output.state mid.sentence =
+	    { "num\'ero" }
+	    { "Nume\'ero" }
+	  if$
+	  number tie.or.space.connect
+	  series empty$
+	    { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
+	    { " in " * series * }
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { "" }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition empty$
+    { "" }
+    { output.state mid.sentence =
+	{ edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }
+	{ edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+INTEGERS { multiresult }
+ 
+FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
+{ 't :=
+  #0 'multiresult :=
+    { multiresult not
+      t empty$ not
+      and
+    }
+    { t #1 #1 substring$
+      duplicate$ "-" =
+      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+      swap$ "+" =
+      or or
+	{ #1 'multiresult := }
+	{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+      if$
+    }
+  while$
+  multiresult
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages empty$
+    { "" }
+    { pages multi.page.check
+	{ "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
+	{ "page" pages tie.or.space.connect }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.volume}
+{ volume empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "vol.~" volume * }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.number}
+{ number empty$
+    { "" }
+    { "no.~" number * }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
+{ chapter empty$
+    'format.pages
+    { type empty$
+	{ "chapitre" }
+	{ type "l" change.case$ }
+      if$
+      chapter tie.or.space.connect
+      pages empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ ", " * format.pages * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
+{ booktitle empty$
+    { "" }
+    { editor empty$
+	{ "In " booktitle * }
+	{ "In " format.editors * ", " * booktitle * }
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
+{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
+  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
+  and and and and and
+  key empty$ not and
+    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
+{ type empty$
+    'skip$
+    { pop$
+      type "t" change.case$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
+{ type empty$
+    { "Rapport technique" }
+    'type
+  if$
+  number empty$
+    { "t" change.case$ }
+    { number tie.or.space.connect }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
+{ key empty$
+    { journal empty$
+	{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *
+	  warning$
+	  ""
+	}
+	{ "In {\em " journal * "\/}" * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "In " key * }
+  if$
+  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
+{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
+  editor num.names$ duplicate$
+  #2 >
+    { pop$ " et~al." * }
+    { #2 <
+	'skip$
+	{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
+	    { " et~al." * }
+	    { " \& " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
+{ volume empty$
+    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
+      "In "
+    }
+    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
+      " of " *
+    }
+  if$
+  editor empty$
+  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+  or
+    { key empty$
+	{ series empty$
+	    { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+	      crossref * warning$
+	      "" *
+	    }
+	    { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ key * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.crossref.editor * }
+  if$
+  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
+{ editor empty$
+  editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+  or
+    { booktitle empty$
+        { key empty$
+	    { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+	      crossref * warning$
+	      ""
+	    }
+	    { "In " key * }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ "In " booktitle * }
+      if$
+    }
+    { "In " format.crossref.editor * }
+  if$
+  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.utitle "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  crossref missing$
+    { journal "journal" output.check
+      format.volume output
+      format.number output 
+      format.pages output
+      format.date "year" output.check
+    }
+    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
+      format.pages output
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ output.bibitem
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull
+      crossref missing$
+	{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.bvolume output
+      new.block
+      format.number.series output
+      new.sentence
+      publisher "publisher" output.check
+      address output
+    }
+    { new.block
+      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+    }
+  if$
+  format.edition output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors output
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  howpublished address new.block.checkb
+  howpublished output
+  address output
+  format.date output
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ output.bibitem
+  author empty$
+    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull
+      crossref missing$
+	{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.bvolume output
+      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
+      new.block
+      format.number.series output
+      new.sentence
+      publisher "publisher" output.check
+      address output
+    }
+    { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
+      new.block
+      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+    }
+  if$
+  format.edition output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.utitle "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
+      format.bvolume output
+      format.number.series output
+      format.chapter.pages output
+      new.sentence
+      publisher "publisher" output.check
+      address output
+      format.edition output
+      format.date "year" output.check
+    }
+    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+      format.chapter.pages output
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.utitle "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  crossref missing$
+    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
+      format.bvolume output
+      format.number.series output
+      format.pages output
+      address empty$
+	{ organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
+	  organization output
+	  publisher output
+	  format.date "year" output.check
+	}
+	{ address output.nonnull
+	  format.date "year" output.check
+	  new.sentence
+	  organization output
+	  publisher output
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+      format.pages output
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
+ 
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ output.bibitem
+  author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ organization output.nonnull
+	  address output
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+    { format.authors output.nonnull }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.utitle "title" output.check
+  author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+	{ address new.block.checka
+	  address output
+	}
+	'skip$
+      if$
+    }
+    { organization address new.block.checkb
+      organization output
+      address output
+    }
+  if$
+  format.edition output
+  format.date output
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
+  school "school" output.check
+  address output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors output
+  title howpublished new.block.checkb
+  format.utitle output
+  howpublished new.block.checka
+  howpublished output
+  format.date output
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+  empty.misc.check
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.btitle "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
+  school "school" output.check
+  address output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+  editor empty$
+    { organization output }
+    { format.editors output.nonnull }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  format.bvolume output
+  format.number.series output
+  address empty$
+    { editor empty$
+	{ publisher new.sentence.checka }
+	{ organization publisher new.sentence.checkb
+	  organization output
+	}
+      if$
+      publisher output
+      format.date "year" output.check
+    }
+    { address output.nonnull
+      format.date "year" output.check
+      new.sentence
+      editor empty$
+	'skip$
+	{ organization output }
+      if$
+      publisher output
+    }
+  if$
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.utitle "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.tr.number output.nonnull
+  institution "institution" output.check
+  address output
+  format.date "year" output.check
+  new.block
+  note output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ output.bibitem
+  format.authors "author" output.check
+  new.block
+  format.title "title" output.check
+  new.block
+  note "note" output.check
+  format.date output
+  fin.entry
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
+ 
+MACRO {jan} {"January"}
+ 
+MACRO {feb} {"February"}
+ 
+MACRO {mar} {"March"}
+ 
+MACRO {apr} {"April"}
+ 
+MACRO {may} {"May"}
+ 
+MACRO {jun} {"June"}
+ 
+MACRO {jul} {"July"}
+ 
+MACRO {aug} {"August"}
+ 
+MACRO {sep} {"September"}
+ 
+MACRO {oct} {"October"}
+ 
+MACRO {nov} {"November"}
+ 
+MACRO {dec} {"December"}
+ 
+MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"}
+ 
+MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"}
+ 
+MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"}
+ 
+MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"}
+ 
+MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"}
+ 
+MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"}
+ 
+MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"}
+ 
+MACRO {ieeetcad}
+ {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"}
+ 
+MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"}
+ 
+MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"}
+ 
+MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"}
+ 
+MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"}
+ 
+MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"}
+ 
+MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"}
+ 
+MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"}
+ 
+MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"}
+ 
+MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"}
+ 
+MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"}
+ 
+MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"}
+ 
+MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"}
+ 
+READ
+ 
+FUNCTION {sortify}
+{ purify$
+  "l" change.case$
+}
+ 
+INTEGERS { len }
+ 
+FUNCTION {chop.word}
+{ 's :=
+  'len :=
+  s #1 len substring$ =
+    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
+    's
+  if$
+}
+ 
+INTEGERS { et.al.char.used }
+ 
+FUNCTION {initialize.et.al.char.used}
+{ #0 'et.al.char.used :=
+}
+ 
+EXECUTE {initialize.et.al.char.used}
+ 
+%
+% Cette function produit le label avec le nom du premier auteur
+%
+FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
+{ 's :=
+  s #1 "{vv }{ll}" format.name$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {author.key.label}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+	{ cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+	{ key #3 }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+	{ key empty$
+	    { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+	    { key }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ editor format.lab.names }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+	{ organization empty$
+	    { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+	    { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ key }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author format.lab.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label}
+{ editor empty$
+    { key empty$
+	{ organization empty$
+	    { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+	    { "The " #4 organization chop.word #3 text.prefix$ }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ key }
+      if$
+    }
+    { editor format.lab.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+%
+% Fonction modifiee pour generer les bons labels
+FUNCTION {calc.label}
+{ type$ "book" =
+  type$ "inbook" =
+  or
+    'author.editor.key.label
+    { type$ "proceedings" =
+	'editor.key.organization.label
+	{ type$ "manual" =
+	    'author.key.organization.label
+	    'author.key.label
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  duplicate$
+  "~" *
+  year #-1 #2 substring$ field.or.null purify$ *
+  'label :=
+  year #-1 #4 substring$ field.or.null purify$ 
+  *
+  sortify 'sort.label :=
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
+{ 's :=
+  #1 'nameptr :=
+  ""
+  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+  numnames 'namesleft :=
+    { namesleft #0 > }
+    { nameptr #1 >
+	{ "   " * }
+	'skip$
+      if$
+      s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{  ff{ }}{  jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
+      nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
+	{ "et al" * }
+	{ t sortify * }
+      if$
+      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+    }
+  while$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
+{ 't :=
+  "A " #2
+    "An " #3
+      "The " #4 t chop.word
+    chop.word
+  chop.word
+  sortify
+  #1 global.max$ substring$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {author.sort}
+{ author empty$
+    { key empty$
+	{ "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
+	  ""
+	}
+	{ key sortify }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
+{ author empty$
+    { editor empty$
+	{ key empty$
+	    { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+	      ""
+	    }
+	    { key sortify }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ editor sort.format.names }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
+{ author empty$
+    { organization empty$
+	{ key empty$
+	    { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+	      ""
+	    }
+	    { key sortify }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
+      if$
+    }
+    { author sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
+{ editor empty$
+    { organization empty$
+	{ key empty$
+	    { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+	      ""
+	    }
+	    { key sortify }
+	  if$
+	}
+	{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
+      if$
+    }
+    { editor sort.format.names }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {presort}
+{ calc.label
+  sort.label
+  "    "
+  *
+  type$ "book" =
+  type$ "inbook" =
+  or
+    'author.editor.sort
+    { type$ "proceedings" =
+	'editor.organization.sort
+	{ type$ "manual" =
+	    'author.organization.sort
+	    'author.sort
+	  if$
+	}
+      if$
+    }
+  if$
+  *
+  "    "
+  *
+  year field.or.null sortify
+  *
+  "    "
+  *
+  title field.or.null
+  sort.format.title
+  *
+  #1 entry.max$ substring$
+  'sort.key$ :=
+}
+ 
+ITERATE {presort}
+ 
+SORT
+ 
+STRINGS { longest.label last.sort.label next.extra }
+ 
+INTEGERS { longest.label.width last.extra.num }
+ 
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+  #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.sort.label :=
+  "" 'next.extra :=
+  #0 'longest.label.width :=
+  #0 'last.extra.num :=
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {forward.pass}
+{ last.sort.label sort.label =
+    { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
+      last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
+    }
+    { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
+      "" 'extra.label :=
+      sort.label 'last.sort.label :=
+    }
+  if$
+}
+ 
+FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
+{ next.extra "b" =
+    { "a" 'extra.label := }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  label extra.label * 'label :=
+  label width$ longest.label.width >
+    { label 'longest.label :=
+      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+    }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  extra.label 'next.extra :=
+}
+ 
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+ 
+ITERATE {forward.pass}
+ 
+REVERSE {reverse.pass}
+ 
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+{ et.al.char.used
+    { "\newcommand{\etalchar}[1]{$^{#1}$}" write$ newline$ }
+    'skip$
+  if$
+  preamble$ empty$
+    'skip$
+    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+  if$
+  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" * write$ newline$
+%  "\begin{thebibliography}{xxxxx}" write$ newline$
+}
+ 
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+ 
+EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
+ 
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+ 
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$
+  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
+}
+ 
+EXECUTE {end.bib}
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/these_spiga.sty
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/these_spiga.sty	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/these_spiga.sty	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+%
+%\documentclass{book}
+%\documentclass[10pt,a4paper,twoside,openright]{report}
+%\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,twoside]{report}
+%
+\documentclass[10pt,a4paper,twoside,openright,titlepage]{book}
+%\documentclass[10pt,a4paper,twoside]{report}
+%\documentclass[10pt,a4paper,twoside]{book}
+%\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,twoside]{book}
+%%
+%%
+%% PACKAGES
+%%
+%\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+%\usepackage[french]{babel}
+%%
+%
+% FROM annales.sty (c) H&K
+%
+%\input{annales.sty}
+\usepackage{annales}
+%
+% END FROM annales.sty (c) H&K
+%
+\usepackage{srcltx}
+%\usepackage{pslatex}
+%\usepackage{pdflatex}
+
+\usepackage{setspace}
+
+%\pdfadjustspacing=1
+
+\usepackage{hyperref} 
+
+\usepackage{pdfpages}
+
+
+%\usepackage{pslatex}
+\usepackage{sectsty}
+%%\chapterfont{\large\sc\centering}
+%\chapterfont{\sc\centering}
+%\chaptertitlefont{\sc\centering}
+%\sectionfont{\sc\centering}
+%\subsectionfont{\sc\centering}
+%\subsubsectionfont{\sc\centering}
+\allsectionsfont{\sc\centering}
+
+\usepackage[english]{minitoc}
+
+\usepackage{wasysym}
+%\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx}
+
+
+\def\thechapter       {\Roman{chapter}}
+\def\thesection       {\thechapter.\arabic{section}}
+\def\thesubsection    {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
+\def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}}
+%\def\thechapter       {\arabic{chapter}}
+%\def\thesection       {\arabic{section}}
+%\def\thesubsection    {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
+%\def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}}
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+
+\setcounter{minitocdepth}{1}
+
+%\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\star$}
+
+%\newcommand{\clearemptydoublepage}{\newpage{\pagestyle{empty}\cleardoublepage}}
+
+%%% figures
+%%\makeatletter
+%%\renewcommand{\fnum@figure}{\figurename~\thefigure\sffamily\small\bfseries}
+%%\makeatother
+%\makeatletter
+%\renewcommand{\fnum@figure}{\figurename~\thefigure\bfseries}
+%\makeatother
+
+
+%\usepackage{amsmath}
+%\usepackage{amsfonts}
+%\usepackage{amssymb}
+%%
+%\usepackage{epsfig}
+%\usepackage{graphics}
+%%
+%%\usepackage{fancybox}		% Boîtes avec une ombre pour les parties.
+%%
+% FIN PACKAGES
+%
+%
+% RACCOURCIS TEXTE
+% NB: utiliser un espace insécable si 
+% un mot ou un autre raccourci suivent
+% NB: pour ajouter un s, juste un espace
+% par exemple: \mn s == martiens
+%
+\newcommand{\Ma}{Mars}
+\newcommand{\mn}{martien}
+\newcommand{\mne}{martienne}
+\newcommand{\lM}{la planète \Ma}
+\newcommand{\LM}{La planète \Ma}
+\newcommand{\lR}{la planète rouge}
+\newcommand{\LR}{La planète rouge}
+%
+\newcommand{\met}{météorologie}
+\newcommand{\Te}{Terre}
+\newcommand{\te}{terrestre}
+\newcommand{\lT}{la \Te}
+\newcommand{\LT}{La \Te}
+\newcommand{\lpT}{la planète \Te}
+\newcommand{\LpT}{La planète \Te}
+%
+\newcommand{\atq}{atmosphérique}
+\newcommand{\lat}{l'atmosphère}
+\newcommand{\Lat}{L'atmosphère}
+\newcommand{\lam}{\lat~\mne}
+\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lat~\mne}
+%
+\newcommand{\OM}{OMEGA}
+\newcommand{\ME}{Mars Express}
+\newcommand{\IR}{infra-rouge}
+\newcommand{\lo}{longueur d'onde}
+\newcommand{\los}{longueurs d'onde}
+\newcommand{\mi}{\U{\mu m}}
+\newcommand{\spe}{spectre}
+\newcommand{\carb}{CO$_2$}
+\newcommand{\eau}{H$_2$O}
+\newcommand{\tele}{télédétection}
+\newcommand{\p}{pression}
+\newcommand{\ps}{pression de surface}
+\newcommand{\bande}{bande d'absorption à $2$\mi~du \carb}
+%
+\newcommand{\Vi}{Viking}
+%
+\newcommand{\temp}{température}
+\newcommand{\baw}{ondes baroclines}
+\newcommand{\thw}{ondes de marée thermique}
+%
+\newcommand{\m}{modèle}
+\newcommand{\W}{WRF}
+\newcommand{\mec}{méso-échelle}
+\newcommand{\mmec}{\m~\mec}
+\newcommand{\gcm}{\m~de circulation générale}
+\newcommand{\gcms}{\m s de circulation générale}
+\newcommand{\nh}{non-hydrostatique}
+\newcommand{\h}{hydrostatique}
+%
+\newcommand{\chef}{\textit{Forget et al.}}
+\newcommand{\LMD}{Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique}
+%%
+%\newenvironment{citemize}[1]{\begin{itemize}\addtolength{\itemsep}{-0.5\baselineskip}}{\end{list}}
+\newenvironment{citemize}%
+{ \begin{list}%
+	{$\circ$}%\bullet\star
+ 	{%\setlength{\labelwidth}{30pt}%
+	 %\setlength{\leftmargin}{35pt}%
+         %\setlength{\topsep}{2pt}%
+	 \setlength{\itemsep}{-0.2\baselineskip}}}%
+{ \end{list} }
+\newenvironment{finger}%
+{ \begin{dinglist}%
+	{43}%
+	{
+	}}%
+{ \end{dinglist} }
+%%
+%% FIN RACCOURCIS TEXTE
+%%
+
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/user_manual.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/user_manual.tex	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/user_manual.tex	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+
+%
+% FICHIER STYLE
+%
+\input{these_spiga.sty}
+\usepackage{pstricks}
+\usepackage{pifont}
+\usepackage{paralist}
+%
+%
+% END FICHIER STYLE
+%
+
+\begin{document}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\frontmatter
+
+%\pagestyle{fancy}
+\selectlanguage{english}
+%\maketitle
+
+\begin{titlepage} 
+\mbox{}\\ 
+\Ovalbox{ 
+\begin{minipage}{1\textwidth} \begin{center}
+\Huge{LMD Martian Mesoscale Model}\\\huge{User Manual}
+\end{center} \end{minipage} 
+}
+\mbox{}\\ 
+\begin{center} 
+\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{domain_100.png} 
+\end{center}
+\mbox{}\\ 
+\begin{center}
+\huge{A. Spiga}\\
+\email{aymeric.spiga}{upmc.fr}\\
+Laboratoire de M\'et\'eorologie Dynamique\\
+%Institut Pierre Simon Laplace\\
+Universit\'e Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France\\
+\end{center} 
+\end{titlepage} 
+
+
+\clearemptydoublepage
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% TABLE DES MATIERES %
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\dominitoc
+%\ajusterletitrecourant{Sommaire}
+%\pagestyle{empty}
+\tableofcontents
+\clearemptydoublepage
+%\pagestyle{fancy}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\mainmatter
+
+%\clearemptydoublepage
+%\include{intro}  
+%
+%\clearemptydoublepage
+%\include{ch1}
+%
+\clearemptydoublepage
+\ajusterletitrecourant{User Manual for the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model}
+%\chapter*{
+%Realistic modeling of the 
+%Martian mesoscale and 
+%microscale circulation :
+%validation and first results.
+%}
+%\newpage
+
+
+
+
+
+%\newpage
+%\mbox{}
+%\newpage
+
+%\include{foreword}
+%\include{whatis}
+\include{installation}
+\include{user_manual_txt}
+
+\backmatter
+\footnotesize{
+\bibliographystyle{these}
+%\bibliographystyle{plain}
+%\bibliographystyle{natbib}
+%\bibliographystyle{abbrvnat}
+\bibliography{newfred}
+}
+
+\end{document}
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/user_manual_txt.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/user_manual_txt.tex	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/user_manual_txt.tex	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+
+
+
+\chapter{Compiling the model and running a test case}
+
+\vk
+This chapter is also meant for first time users of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model. We describe how to compile the program and run a test case. 
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Main compilation step}
+\label{sc:makemeso}
+
+\mk
+In order to compile the model, execute the \ttt{makemeso} compilation script 
+in the \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS}\linebreak directory 
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS
+./makemeso
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\marge and answer to the questions about
+\begin{asparaenum}[1.]%[\itshape Q1\upshape)]
+\item compiler choice (and number of processors if using MPI)
+\item number of grid points in longitude [61]
+\item number of grid points in latitude [61]
+\item number of vertical levels [61] 
+\item number of tracers [1]
+\item number of domains [1]
+\end{asparaenum}
+
+%\mk
+\begin{finger}
+\item On the first time you compile the model, you will probably wonder what to reply
+to questions $2$ to $6$ \ldots type the answers given in brackets to compile an executable suitable 
+for the test case given below.
+\item Suppose you compiled a version of the model for a given set of parameters $1$ to $6$
+to run a specific compilation. 
+If you would like to run another simulation 
+with at least one of parameters $1$ to $6$ 
+subject to change, the model needs to be recompiled\footnote{This
+necessary recompilation each time the number of grid points,
+tracers and domains is modified is imposed by the LMD physics code.
+The WRF dynamical core alone is much more flexible.} with \ttt{makemeso}.
+\item When you use parallel computations, please bear in mind that with
+$2$ (resp. $4$, $6$, $8$, $16$) processors the whole domain would be separated 
+into $2$ (resp. $2$, $3$, $4$, $4$) tiles over
+the latitude direction and $1$ (resp. $2$, $2$, $2$, $4$) tile over the longitude direction.
+Thus make sure that the number of grid points minus $1$ in each direction 
+could be divided by the aforementioned number of tiles over the considered
+direction.
+\item If you use grid nesting, note that no more than $4$ processors can be used.
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\marge The \ttt{makemeso} is an automated script which performs
+the following serie of tasks:
+%It is useful to detail and comment the  performed by the \ttt{makemeso} script: 
+\begin{citemize}
+\item determine if the machine is 32 or 64 bits;
+\item ask the user about the compilation settings;
+\item create a corresponding directory \ttt{\$LMDMOD/LMD\_MM\_MARS/DIRCOMP}; 
+\begin{finger}
+\item For example, a \ttt{DIRCOMP} directory named \ttt{g95\_32\_single} 
+is created if the user requested
+a \ttt{g95} compilation of the code for single-domain simulations
+on a 32bits machine.
+\end{finger}
+\item generate with \ttt{copy\_model} a directory \ttt{DIRCOMP/WRFV2} containing links to \ttt{SRC/WRFV2} sources;
+\begin{finger}
+\item This method ensures that any change to the model sources would
+be propagated to all the different \ttt{DIRCOMP} installation folders. 
+\end{finger}
+\item execute the WRF \ttt{configure} script with the correct option;
+\item tweak the resulting \ttt{configure.wrf} file to include a link towards the Martian physics;
+\item calculate the total number of horizontal grid points handled by the LMD physics;
+\item duplicate LMD physical sources if nesting is activated;
+\begin{finger}
+\item The model presently supports 3 nests, but more nests
+can be included by adaptating the following files: 
+\begin{verbatim}
+$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/SRC/WRFV2/call_meso_inifis3.inc
+$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/SRC/WRFV2/call_meso_physiq3.inc
+$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/SRC/WRFV2/mars_lmd/libf/duplicate3
+$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/SRC/WRFV2/mars_lmd/libf/generate3
+$LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/SRC/WRFV2/mars_lmd/makegcm*  ## search for 'nest'
+\end{verbatim}%\pagebreak
+\end{finger}
+\item compile the LMD physical packages with the appropriate \ttt{makegcm} command
+and collect the compiled objects in the library \ttt{liblmd.a};
+\begin{finger}
+\item During this step that could be a bit long,
+especially if you defined more than one domain,
+the \ttt{makemeso} script provides you with the full path towards 
+the text file \ttt{log\_compile\_phys} in which you can check for
+compilation progress and possible errors.
+%
+In the end of the process, you will find an 
+error message associated to the generation of the
+final executable.
+%
+Please do not pay attention to this, as the compilation of the LMD
+sources is meant to generate a library of
+compiled objects called \ttt{liblmd.a} instead of a program.
+\end{finger}
+\item compile the modified Martian ARW-WRF solver, including
+the \ttt{liblmd.a} library; 
+\begin{finger}
+\item When it is the first time the model is compiled, this 
+step could be quite long.
+%
+The \ttt{makemeso} script provides you with a \ttt{log\_compile}
+text file where the progress of the compilation can be checked
+and a \ttt{log\_error} text file listing errors and warnings
+during compilation. 
+%
+A list of warnings related to \ttt{grib}
+utilities (not used in the Martian model) 
+may appear and have no impact on the
+final executables.
+\item The compilation with \ttt{g95} might be unsuccessful 
+due to some problems with files related to terrestrial microphysics.
+%
+Please type the following commands:
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/SRC
+tar xzvf g95.tar.gz
+cp -f g95/WRFV2_g95_fix/* WRFV2/phys/
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS
+\end{verbatim}
+\marge then recompile the model with the \ttt{makemeso} command.
+\end{finger}
+\item change the name of the executables in agreements with the
+settings provided by the user.
+\begin{finger}
+\item If you choose to answer to the \ttt{makemeso} questions using the
+aforementioned parameters in brackets, you should have in the
+\ttt{DIRCOMP} directory two executables:
+\begin{verbatim}
+real_x61_y61_z61_d1_t1_p1.exe
+wrf_x61_y61_z61_d1_t1_p1.exe
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+The directory also contains a text file
+in which the answers to the questions are stored, which
+allows you to re-run the script without the
+``questions to the user" step:
+\begin{verbatim}
+./makemeso < makemeso_x61_y61_z61_d1_t1_p1
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{finger}
+\end{citemize}
+
+\mk
+\section{Running a simple test case}
+\label{sc:arsia}
+
+\mk
+We suppose that you had successfully compiled
+the model at the end of the previous section
+and you had used the answers in brackets 
+to the \ttt{makemeso} questions.
+
+\mk
+\marge In order to test the compiled executables,
+a ready-to-use test case 
+(with pre-generated initial and boundary
+conditions) is proposed
+in the \ttt{LMD\_MM\_MARS\_TESTCASE.tar.gz}
+archive you can download at 
+\url{http://www.lmd.jussieu.fr/~aslmd/LMD_MM_MARS/LMD_MM_MARS_TESTCASE.tar.gz}.
+%
+This test case simulates the hydrostatic
+atmospheric flow around Arsia Mons during half a sol
+with constant thermal inertia, albedo
+and dust opacity.
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item Though the simulation reproduces some reasonable
+features of the mesoscale circulation around Arsia
+Mons (e.g. slope winds), it should not be used
+for scientific purpose, for the number of grid points
+is unsufficient for single-domain simulation
+and the integration time is below the necessary spin-up time.
+\end{finger}
+%\pagebreak
+
+\marge To launch the test simulation, please type
+the following commands, replacing the
+\ttt{g95\_32\_single} directory with its corresponding
+value on your system:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+cp LMD_MM_MARS_TESTCASE.tar.gz $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/
+tar xzvf LMD_MM_MARS_TESTCASE.tar.gz
+cd TESTCASE
+ln -sf ../g95_32_single/real_x61_y61_z61_d1_t1_p1.exe wrf.exe  
+nohup wrf.exe > log_wrf &
+\end{verbatim}
+
+%tar xzvf wrfinput.tar.gz
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item If you compiled the model using MPICH2,
+the command to launch a simulation is slightly different:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+[simulation on 2 processors on 1 machine]
+mpd &      # first-time only (or after a reboot)
+           # NB: may request the creation of a file .mpd.conf
+mpirun -np 8 wrf.exe < /dev/null &      # NB: mpirun is only a link to mpiexec  
+tail -20 rsl.out.000?     # to check the outputs
+\end{verbatim}
+\begin{verbatim}
+[simulation on 16 processors in 4 connected machines]
+echo barry.lmd.jussieu.fr > ~/mpd.hosts
+echo white.lmd.jussieu.fr >> ~/mpd.hosts
+echo loves.lmd.jussieu.fr >> ~/mpd.hosts
+echo tapas.lmd.jussieu.fr >> ~/mpd.hosts
+ssh barry.lmd.jussieu.fr   # make sure that ssh to other machines 
+                           # is possible without authentification
+mpdboot -f ~/mpd.hosts -n 4
+mpdtrace
+mpirun -l -np 16 wrf.exe < /dev/null &   # NB: mpirun is only a link to mpiexec
+tail -20 rsl.out.00??     # to check the outputs
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{finger}
+
+
+\mk
+\chapter{Setting the simulation parameters}
+
+\mk
+In this chapter, we describe how to set the various parameters
+defining a given simulation.
+%
+As could be inferred from the content of the \ttt{TESTCASE} directory, 
+two parameter files are needed to run the model:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item The parameters related to the dynamical part of the model can be set
+in the file \ttt{namelist.input} according to the ARW-WRF namelist formatting.
+\item The parameters related to the physical part of the model can be set
+in the file \ttt{callphys.def} according to the LMD-MGCM formatting.
+\end{enumerate}
+
+\mk
+\section{Dynamical settings}
+
+\mk
+\ttt{namelist.input} controls the behavior of the dynamical core 
+in the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model.
+%
+Compared to the file the ARW-WRF users are familiar with\footnote{
+%%%
+A description of this file can be found in \ttt{SRC/WRFV2/run/README.namelist}.
+%%%
+}, the \ttt{namelist.input} in the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model 
+is much shorter.
+%
+The only mandatory parameters in this file
+are information on time control\footnote{
+%%%
+More information on the adopted Martian calendar:
+\url{http://www-mars.lmd.jussieu.fr/mars/time/solar_longitude.html}
+%%%
+} and domain definition.
+
+\mk
+\marge The minimal version of the \ttt{namelist.input}
+file corresponds to standard simulations with the model.
+%
+It is however possible to modify optional parameters 
+if needed, as is the case in the \ttt{namelist.input} 
+associated to the Arsia Mons test case 
+(e.g. the parameter \ttt{non\_hydrostatic} is set to false
+to assume hydrostatic equilibrium, whereas standard
+simulations are non-hydrostatic).
+
+\mk
+\marge A detailed description of the \ttt{namelist.input} file is given below\footnote{
+%%%
+You may find the corresponding file in \ttt{SIMU/namelist.input\_full}.
+%%%
+}.
+%
+Comments on each of the parameters are provided, 
+with the following labels:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item \ttt{(*)} denotes parameters not to be modified,
+\item \ttt{(r)} indicates parameters which modification implies a new recompilation of the model,
+\item \ttt{(n)} describes parameters involved when nested domains are defined,
+\item \ttt{(p1)}, \ttt{(p2)}, \ttt{(p3)} mention parameters which modification implies a new processing 
+of initial and boundary conditions (see next chapter),
+\item \ttt{(*d)} denotes dynamical parameters which modification implies
+non-standard simulations -- please read \ttt{SRC/WRFV2/run/README.namelist} 
+and use with caution.
+\end{citemize}
+%
+If omitted, the optional parameters would be set to their default 
+values indicated below.\pagebreak
+
+\centers{\ttt{-- file: namelist.input\_full --}}\codesource{namelist.input_full}\centers{\ttt{-- end file: namelist.input\_full --}}
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item Please pay attention to rigorous syntax while
+editing your personal \ttt{namelist.input} file
+to avoid reading error.
+\item To modify the default values (or even add
+personal parameters) in the \ttt{namelist.input} file, 
+edit the \ttt{SRC/WRFV2/Registry/Registry.EM} file.
+%
+You will then have to recompile the model with \ttt{makemeso} ; 
+answer \ttt{y} to the last question.
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\marge In case you run simulations with \ttt{max\_dom}
+nested domains, you have to set \ttt{max\_dom} parameters
+wherever there is a ``," in the above list.
+%
+Here is an example of the resulting syntax of the
+\ttt{time\_control}, \ttt{domains} and \ttt{bdy\_control}
+categories in \ttt{namelist.input}:
+%
+\codesource{OMG_namelist.input}
+
+\section{Physical settings}
+
+\mk
+\ttt{callphys.def} controls the behavior of the physical parameterizations
+in the LMD Martian\linebreak Mesoscale Model.
+%
+The organization of this file is exactly similar 
+to the corresponding file in the LMD Martian GCM, which
+user manual can be found at 
+\url{http://web.lmd.jussieu.fr/~forget/datagcm/user_manual.pdf}.
+
+\mk
+\marge Please find in what follows the contents of \ttt{callphys.def}:
+%
+\centers{\ttt{-- file: callphys.def --}}\codesource{callphys.def}\centers{\ttt{-- end file: callphys.def --}}
+
+\mk
+\begin{finger}
+\item Note that in the given example
+the convective adjustment,
+the gravity wave parameterization,
+and the NLTE schemes are turned off, as is
+usually the case in typical Martian tropospheric 
+mesoscale simulations.
+\item \ttt{iradia} sets the frequency 
+(in dynamical timesteps) at which
+the radiative computations are performed.
+\item Modifying \ttt{callphys.def} only implies
+to recompile the model if the number of tracers is different.
+\item If you run a simulation with, say, $3$ domains,
+please ensure that you defined three files
+\ttt{callphys.def}, \ttt{callphys\_d2.def} and \ttt{callphys\_d3.def}.
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\chapter{Preprocessing utilities}
+
+\mk
+In the previous chapter, we decribed the simulation settings
+in the \ttt{namelist.input} file.
+%
+We saw that any modification of the parameters
+labelled with \ttt{(p1)}, \ttt{(p2)} or \ttt{(p3)} 
+implies the initial and boundary conditions
+and/or the domain definition to be recomputed prior to running the model again.
+%
+As a result, you were probably unable to change many of the parameters 
+of the Arsia Mons test case (proposed in section \ref{sc:arsia}) in which 
+the initial and boundary conditions -- as well as the domain of 
+simulation -- were predefined.
+
+\mk
+\marge In this chapter, we describe the installation and use of the preprocessing tools to 
+define the domain of simulation, calculate an initial atmospheric state
+and prepare the boundary conditions for the chosen simulation time.
+%
+This necessary step would eventually allow you to run your own simulations at the specific season and region
+you are interested in, with a complete ability to modify any of the parameters in \ttt{namelist.input}.
+
+\mk
+\section{Installing the preprocessing utilities}
+
+\mk
+First and foremost, since the preprocessing utilities could generate 
+(or involve) files of quite significant sizes, it is necessary
+to define a directory where these files would be stored.
+%
+Such a directory (e.g. \ttt{/bigdisk/user}) must be linked as follows
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+ln -sf /bigdisk/user $LMDMOD/TMPDIR
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\mk
+\marge A second prerequisite to the installation of the preprocessing tools is that the LMD Martian
+Mesoscale Model was compiled at least once.
+%
+If this is not the case, please compile
+the model with the \ttt{makemeso} command 
+(see section \ref{sc:makemeso}).
+
+\mk
+\marge The compilation process created an
+installation directory adapted to your
+particular choice of compiler$+$machine.
+%
+The preprocessing tools will also
+be installed in this directory.
+%
+Please type the following commands:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/g95_32_single/   ## or any install directory
+ln -sf ../prepare_ini .
+./prepare_ini
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\mk
+\marge The script \ttt{prepare\_ini} plays with the preprocessing tools 
+an equivalent role as the \ttt{copy\_model} with the model sources :
+files are simply linked to their actual location in the \ttt{SRC} folder.
+%
+Once you have executed \ttt{prepare\_ini}, please check that
+two folders were generated: \ttt{PREP\_MARS} and \ttt{WPS}. 
+
+\mk
+\marge In the \ttt{PREP\_MARS} directory, please compile
+the programs \ttt{create\_readmeteo.exe} and \ttt{readmeteo.exe}, 
+using the compiler mentionned in the name of the current
+installation directory: 
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+echo $PWD
+cd PREP_MARS/
+./compile [or] ./compile_g95
+ls -lt create_readmeteo.exe readmeteo.exe
+cd ..
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\mk
+\marge In the \ttt{WPS} directory, please compile
+the programs \ttt{geogrid.exe} and \ttt{metgrid.exe}:
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd WPS/   
+./configure   ## select your compiler + 'NO GRIB2' option
+./compile
+ls -lt geogrid.exe metgrid.exe
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\mk
+\marge Apart from the executables you just compiled,
+the preprocessing utilities include \ttt{real.exe}, 
+which was compiled by the \ttt{makemeso} script
+along with the mesoscale model executable \ttt{wrf.exe}.
+%
+\ttt{real.exe} should be copied or linked in the 
+simulation directory (e.g. \ttt{TESTCASE} for the
+Arsia Mons test case) to be at the same level than
+\ttt{namelist.input}.
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item Even though the name of the executable writes 
+e.g. \ttt{real\_x61\_y61\_z61\_d1\_t1\_p1.exe}, such program
+is not related to the specific \ttt{makemeso} 
+parameters -- contrary to the \ttt{wrf.exe} executable.
+%
+We just found that renaming the (possibly similar
+if the model sources were not modified) 
+\ttt{real.exe} was a practical way not to confuse
+between executables compiled at different moments. 
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\section{Running the preprocessing utilities}
+
+\mk
+When you run a simulation with \ttt{wrf.exe},
+the program attempts to read the initial state 
+in the files 
+\ttt{wrfinput\_d01}, 
+\ttt{wrfinput\_d02}, \ldots 
+(one file per domain)
+and the parent domain boundary conditions
+in \ttt{wrfbdy\_d01}.
+%
+The whole chain of data conversion and
+interpolation needed to generate those
+files is summarized in the diagram next 
+page.
+%
+Three distinct preprocessing steps are
+necessary to generate the final files. 
+%
+As is described in the previous section,
+some modifications in the \ttt{namelist.input} file
+[e.g. start/end dates labelled with \ttt{(p1)}]
+requires a complete reprocessing from step $1$ to step $3$
+to successfully launch the simulation,
+whereas other changes
+[e.g. model top labelled with \ttt{(p3)}] 
+only requires a quick reprocessing at step $3$, keeping
+the files generated at the end of step $2$
+the same.
+ 
+\mk
+\subsection{Input data}
+
+\mk
+\subsubsection{Static data}
+
+\mk
+All the static data 
+(topography, thermal inertia, albedo)
+needed to initialize the model
+are included in the \ttt{\$LMDMOD/LMD\_MM\_MARS/WPS\_GEOG} directory.
+%
+By default, only coarse-resolution datasets\footnote{ 
+%%%
+Corresponding to the fields stored in the
+file \ttt{surface.nc} known by LMD-MGCM users:
+\url{http://web.lmd.jussieu.fr/~forget/datagcm/datafile/surface.nc}
+%%%
+} are available, but the directory also contains sources and scripts
+to install finer resolution datasets:
+\begin{citemize}
+\item 32 and/or 64 pixel-per-degree (ppd) MOLA topography [\textit{Smith et al.}, 2001]\nocite{Smit:01mola},
+\item 8 ppd MGS/Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) albedo [\textit{Christensen et al.}, 2001]\nocite{Chri:01},
+\item 20 ppd TES thermal inertia [\textit{Putzig and Mellon}, 2007]\nocite{Putz:07} 
+\end{citemize}
+\pagebreak
+\includepdf[pages=1,offset=25mm -20mm]{diagramme.pdf}
+
+\mk
+\marge The role of the \ttt{build\_static} script is to
+automatically download these datasets from the web
+(namely PDS archives) and convert them to an 
+acceptable format for a future use by the 
+preprocessing utilities:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS
+./build_static
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\begin{finger}
+\item Please install the \ttt{octave}
+free software\footnote{
+%%%
+Available at \url{http://www.gnu.org/software/octave}
+%%%
+} on your system to be able to use the
+\ttt{build\_static} script.
+%
+Another solution is to browse into each of the
+directories contained within \ttt{WPS\_GEOG}, download the
+data with the shell scripts and execute the \ttt{.m} scripts with either
+\ttt{octave} or the commercial software \ttt{matlab}
+(just replace \ttt{\#} by \ttt{\%}).
+%
+\item If you do not manage to execute the \ttt{build\_static} script, 
+converted ready-to-use datafiles are available upon request.
+%
+\item The building of the MOLA 64ppd topographical 
+database can be quite long. Thus, such a process is
+not performed by default by the \ttt{build\_static} script.
+If the user would like to build this database,
+please remove the \ttt{exit} command in the script, just above
+the commands related to the MOLA 64ppd.
+%
+\item The resulting \ttt{WPS\_GEOG} can reach a size
+of several hundreds of Mo. 
+%
+You might move such a folder in a place 
+with more disk space available, but then be
+sure to create in \ttt{\$LMDMOD/LMD\_MM\_MARS}
+a link to the new location
+of the directory.
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\subsubsection{Meteorological data}
+
+\mk
+The preprocessing tools generate initial and boundary conditions
+from the \ttt{diagfi.nc} outputs of LMD-MGCM simulations.
+%
+If you would like to run a mesoscale simulation at a given
+season, you need to first run a GCM simulation and output
+the meteorological fields at the considered season.
+%
+For optimal forcing at the boundaries, we advise you
+to write the meteorological fields to the 
+\ttt{diagfi.nc} file at least each two hours.
+%
+Please also make sure that the following fields
+are stored in the NETCDF \ttt{diagfi.nc} file:
+
+\footnotesize
+\codesource{contents_diagfi}
+
+\normalsize
+\begin{finger}
+\item If the fields 
+\ttt{emis}, 
+\ttt{co2ice}, 
+\ttt{q01}, 
+\ttt{q02}, 
+\ttt{tsoil} 
+are missing in the \ttt{diagfi.nc} file, 
+they are replaced by respective default 
+values $0.95$, $0$, $0$, $0$, tsurf.
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\marge An example of input meteorological file 
+\ttt{diagfi.nc} file can be downloaded
+at \url{http://web.lmd.jussieu.fr/~aslmd/LMD_MM_MARS/diagfi.nc.tar.gz}.
+%
+Please deflate the archive and copy the \ttt{diagfi.nc} file
+in \ttt{\$LMDMOD/TMPDIR/GCMINI}.
+%
+Such a file can then be used to define the initial
+and boundary conditions, and we will go 
+through the three preprocessing steps.
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Preprocessing steps} 
+
+\mk
+\subsubsection{Step 1: Converting GCM data}
+
+\mk
+The programs in the \ttt{PREP\_MARS} directory
+convert the data from the NETCDF \ttt{diagfi.nc}
+file into separated binary datafiles for each
+date contained in \ttt{diagfi.nc}, according to
+the formatting needed by the 
+preprocessing programs at step 2.
+%
+These programs can be executed by the following
+commands: 
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/your_install_dir/PREP\_MARS
+echo 1 | ./create_readmeteo.exe     # drop the "echo 1 |" if you want control
+./readmeteo.exe < readmeteo.def
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\marge If every went well with the conversion,
+the directory \ttt{\$LMDMOD/TMPDIR/WPSFEED}
+should contain files named \ttt{LMD:}.
+
+\mk
+\subsubsection{2: Interpolation on the regional domain}
+
+\mk
+In the \ttt{WPS} directory, the \ttt{geogrid.exe} program allows 
+you to define the mesoscale simulation domain
+to horizontally interpolate the topography, 
+thermal inertia and albedo fields at the domain
+resolution and to calculate useful fields
+such as topographical slopes.%\pagebreak
+
+\mk
+\marge Please execute the commands:
+%
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/your_install_dir/WPS
+ln -sf ../../TESTCASE/namelist.wps .   # test case
+./geogrid.exe
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\marge The result of \ttt{geogrid.exe} 
+-- and thus the definition of the mesoscale
+domain -- can be checked in the NETCDF
+file \ttt{geo\_em.d01.nc}.
+%
+A quick check can be performed using the command line
+\begin{verbatim}
+ncview geo_em.d01.nc
+\end{verbatim} 
+\marge if \ttt{ncview} is installed, or the \ttt{IDL}
+script \ttt{out\_geo.pro}
+\begin{verbatim}
+idl
+IDL> out_geo, field1='TOPO'
+IDL> out_geo, field1='TI'
+IDL> SPAWN, 'ghostview geo_em.d01_HGT_M.ps &'
+IDL> SPAWN, 'ghostview geo_em.d01_THERMAL_INERTIA.ps &'
+IDL> exit
+\end{verbatim}
+\marge if the demo version of \ttt{IDL} is installed.
+%
+Of course if your favorite graphical tool supports
+the NETCDF standard, you might use it to check the
+domain definition in \ttt{geo\_em.d01.nc}.
+
+\mk
+\marge If you are unhappy with the results or
+you want to change 
+the location of the mesoscale domain on the planet, 
+the horizontal resolution,
+the number of grid points \ldots,
+please modify the parameter
+file \ttt{namelist.wps} and execute again \ttt{geogrid.exe}.
+%
+Here are the contents of \ttt{namelist.wps}:
+%
+\codesource{namelist.wps_TEST} 
+
+\begin{finger}
+%
+\item No input meteorological data 
+are actually needed to execute \ttt{geogrid.exe}.
+%
+\item More details about the database and
+more options of interpolation could be
+found in the file \ttt{geogrid/GEOGRID.TBL}.
+%
+\item Defining several domains yields
+distinct files 
+\ttt{geo\_em.d01.nc},
+\ttt{geo\_em.d02.nc},
+\ttt{geo\_em.d03.nc}\ldots
+\end{finger}
+
+\mk
+\marge Once the \ttt{geo\_em} file(s) are generated,
+the \ttt{metgrid.exe} program performs
+a similar horizontal interpolation 
+of the meteorological fields to the mesoscale 
+domain as the one performed by \ttt{geogrid.exe} 
+for the surface data.
+%
+Then the program writes the results in
+\ttt{met\_em} files and also collects
+the static fields and domain parameters
+included in the \ttt{geo\_em} file(s)
+%
+Please type the following commands:
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/LMD_MM_MARS/your_install_dir/WPS
+./metgrid.exe
+\end{verbatim}
+%
+\marge If every went well,
+the directory \ttt{\$LMDMOD/TMPDIR/WRFFEED}
+should contain the \ttt{met\_em.*} files.
+
+\mk
+\subsubsection{Step 3: Vertical interpolation on mesoscale levels}
+
+\mk
+\marge The last step is to execute \ttt{real.exe}
+to perform the interpolation from the vertical
+levels of the GCM to the vertical levels 
+defined in the mesoscale model.
+%
+This program also prepares the final initial
+state for the simulation in files called
+\ttt{wrfinput} and the boundary conditions
+in files called \ttt{wrfbdy}.
+
+\mk
+\marge To successfully execute \ttt{real.exe}, 
+you need the \ttt{met\_em.*} files
+and the \ttt{namelist.input} file
+to be in the same directory as \ttt{real.exe}.
+%
+Parameters in \ttt{namelist.input} 
+controlling the behavior of the vertical interpolation 
+are those labelled with \ttt{(p3)} in the detailed
+list introduced in the previous chapter.
+
+\mk
+\marge Please type the following commands
+to prepare files for the Arsia Mons test case
+(or your personal test case if you changed
+the parameters in \ttt{namelist.wps}):
+\begin{verbatim}
+cd $LMDMOD/TESTCASE
+ln -sf $LMDMOD/WRFFEED/met_em* .
+./real.exe
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\mk
+\marge The final message of the \ttt{real.exe}
+should claim the success of the processes and you
+are now ready to launch the integrations
+of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model again
+with the \ttt{wrf.exe} command as in section
+\ref{sc:arsia}.
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item When you modify either 
+\ttt{namelist.wps} or \ttt{namelist.input},
+make sure that the common parameters
+are exactly similar in both files
+(especially when running nested simulations)
+otherwise either \ttt{real.exe} or \ttt{wrf.exe}
+command will exit with an error message.
+\end{finger}
+%\pagebreak
+
+
+\chapter{Starting simulations from scratch}
+
+\mk
+\section{Running your own GCM simulations}
+
+\begin{remarque}
+To be completed
+\end{remarque}
+
+\mk
+\section{Complete simulations with \ttt{runmeso}}
+
+\begin{remarque}
+To be completed
+\end{remarque}
+
+
+\chapter{Outputs}
+
+\mk
+\section{Postprocessing utilities and graphics}
+
+\begin{remarque}
+To be completed. Do-it-all \ttt{idl} scripts
+would be described here !
+\end{remarque}
+
+\mk
+\section{Modify the outputs}
+
+\begin{remarque}
+To be completed. 
+Though the method is different,
+we kept all the convenient aspects of \ttt{writediagfi}
+\end{remarque}
+
+\chapter{Frequently Asked Questions}
+
+
+\begin{finger}
+\item Which timestep should I choose to avoid crashes of the model ?
+\item In the Martian simulations, why can't I define boundaries each 6 hours as on Earth ?
+\item Help ! I get strange assembler errors or ILM errors while compiling !
+\item Is it possible to run the model on a specific configuration that is not supported ?
+\item Why do I have to define four less rows in the parent domain
+when performing nested runs ?
+\item I am kind of nostalgic of early/middle Mars. How could I run
+mesoscale simulations at low/high obliquity ?
+\item Why \ttt{real.exe} is crashing when the model top pressure is
+lower than $2$~Pa ?
+\item Can I use the two-way nesting ?
+\end{finger}
+
+\begin{remarque}
+To be completed. 
+\end{remarque}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Index: trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/whatis.tex
===================================================================
--- trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/whatis.tex	(revision 209)
+++ trunk/MESOSCALE_DEV/MANUAL/SRC/whatis.tex	(revision 209)
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+\chapter{What is the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model?}
+
+\vk
+This chapter comprises the excerpts from \textit{Spiga and Forget} [2009]\nocite{Spig:09} dedicated to a general scientific and technical description of the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, of its design and capabilities. Further details can be found in the reference paper \textit{Spiga and Forget} [2009]\nocite{Spig:09} and subsequent papers about mesoscale applications: e.g., \textit{Spiga and Lewis} [2010]\nocite{Spig:10dust} and \textit{Spiga et al.} [2011]\nocite{Spig:11ti}. An introduction to Large-Eddy Simulations can be found in \textit{Spiga et al.} [2010]\nocite{Spig:10bl}. The figure at the end of this chapter summarizes the main points detailed in this introduction.
+
+\mk
+\section{Dynamical core}
+
+\sk
+The numerical integration of the atmospheric fluid dynamic equations is performed in meteorological models by the dynamical core. The LMD Martian Mesoscale Model dynamical core is based on the stable and carefully tested, fully parallellized, Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (hereinafter referred as ARW-WRF) [\textit{Skamarock et al.}, 2005, 2008\nocite{Skam:08}\nocite{Skam:05}], developed for terrestrial applications at NCEP/NCAR (version 2.2.1 - November 2007).
+
+\sk
+The ARW-WRF mesoscale model integrates the fully compressible non-hydrostatic Navier-Stokes equations in a specific area of interest on the planet. Since the mesoscale models can be employed to resolve meteorological motions less than few kilometers, a scale at which the vertical wind acceleration might become comparable to the acceleration of gravity, hydrostatic balance cannot be assumed, as is usually done in GCMs.
+
+\sk
+Mass, momentum, entropy, and tracer conservation are ensured by an explicitly conservative flux-form formulation of the fundamental equations, based on mass-coupled meteorological variables (winds, potential temperature, tracers). Alternatively, these variables are recast into a reference profile plus a perturbation to reduce truncation errors [\textit{Skamarock et al.}, 2008]\nocite{Skam:08}. Tracer transport can be computed by an additional forward-in-time scheme based on the Piecewise Parabolic Method [\textit{Carpenter et al.}, 1990]\nocite{Carp:90}, with positive definite and monotonic properties
+[\textit{Skamarock et al.}, 2006]\nocite{Skam:06}.
+
+\sk
+In the vertical dimension, the equations are projected, as suggested by \textit{Laprise} [1992]\nocite{Lapr:92}, on terrain-following mass-based coordinates (``eta levels"): $\eta = (\pi-\pi_t) / (\pi_s-\pi_t)$ where $\pi$ is the hydrostatic component of the pressure, $\pi_s$ the value at the surface and $\pi_t$ the (constant) upper boundary value. As shown in \textit{Laprise} [1992]\nocite{Lapr:92} and \textit{Janjic et al.} [2001]\nocite{Janj:01}, the choice of such vertical coordinates enables the integration of the ARW-WRF equations either in full non-hydrostatic mode or under the hydrostatic assumption. At the top of the domain, a free relaxation condition to zero vertical velocity is imposed (gravity wave absorbing layers can be defined as well).
+
+\sk
+In the horizontal dimension, the dynamical solver is available with three possible projections on the planetary sphere: Mercator (suitable for equatorial regions),  Lambert Conformal (for mid-latitudes),  and Polar Stereographic (for high-latitudes). Projections are defined by map scale factors, ensuring a regular computational grid whatever the map projection should be. Polar simulations are therefore devoid of any pole singularity, an usual drawback of the GCMs that requires the use of additional filtering. The spatial discretization is an Arakawa C-grid, where normal velocities are staggered one-half grid length from the thermodynamic variables [\textit{Arakawa}, 1966]\nocite{Arak:66}.
+
+\sk
+In the temporal dimension, a third-order Runge-Kutta integration scheme is employed for improved numerical accuracy and stability: the maximum stable Courant Friedrichs Lewy (CFL) numbers for advection are increased by a factor of two compared to the regular leapfrog integration scheme [\textit{Skamarock et al.}, 2008]. A time-splitting integration technique is implemented to prevent the meteorologically insignificant acoustic motions from triggering numerical instabilities [\textit{Klemp et al.}, 2007]\nocite{Klem:07}. Additional filters for acoustic external and internal modes damp residual instabilities possibly arising in the acoustic step integration.
+
+\sk
+In the ARW-WRF Runge-Kutta time-integration scheme, while pressure gradient and divergence terms are simply second order and centered, spatial discretizations of the advection terms for momentum, scalars and geopotential are 2nd through 6th order accurate [\textit{Wicker and Skamarock}, 2002]\nocite{Wick:02}. Martian simulations are performed with a 5th order discretized advection. One peculiarity of the odd-order advection discretization is the inherent inclusion of a dissipation term [\textit{Hundsdorfer et al.}, 1995]\nocite{Hund:95} with a coefficient proportional to the Courant number.
+
+\sk
+However, as was pointed out by \textit{Knievel et al.} [2007]\nocite{Knie:07}, this odd-ordered implicit scheme is not diffusive enough in low-wind or neutral/unstable stratification, and numerical noise in the wind fields might reach amplitudes comparable to the simulated winds. Such noise was found to be significant in the Martian case under near-surface afternoon superadiabatic conditions. The standard Martian simulations thus include the additional 6th order diffusion scheme developed by \textit{Knievel et al.}, with a removal parameter set for Martian applications to $20\%$ of the $2\,\Delta x$ noise in one timestep. While reducing the numerical noise near the surface to almost undiscernable amplitudes, the additional Knievel diffusion has little effect on the simulated meteorological fields.
+
+\sk
+Particular adaptations were required to use the ARW-WRF dynamical solver in the Martian environment. Physical constants, such as the acceleration of gravity and the planetary rotation rate, were converted to the Martian values. Vegetation and ocean-related variables were not used, and replaced with variables more suitable for the Martian applications (e.g., thermal inertia). Martian dates are given by the aerocentric solar longitude $L_s$, which indicates the position of Mars with respect to the Sun (0, 90, 180, 270 degrees are, respectively, the beginning of the northern hemisphere spring, summer, fall and winter). The terrestrial calendar was thus replaced with the LMD-GCM Martian calendar built on 669 Martian sols split in 12 ``aerocentric longitude"-based months (each of them is $L_s=30^{\circ}$ long, and thus encloses an irregular number of Martian sols due to the high eccentricity of the orbit), and one hour was defined as $1/24$ sol.
+
+\mk
+\section{Martian physics}
+
+\sk
+In any meteorological model, the 3D dynamical core is coupled with parameterization schemes (most often 1D) to compute at each grid point of the simulation domain the particular physics of the considered planetary environment: diabatic forcing of the atmospheric circulation (radiative transfer, soil thermal diffusion); sub-grid scale dynamical parameterizations (Planetary Boundary Layer [PBL] diffusion and mixing, convective adjustment); tracer sources and sinks (microphysical processes, chemistry, dust sedimentation and lifting). The LMD-MGCM complete physical parameterizations are interfaced with the adapted ARW-WRF dynamical core, described in the previous section, by a new ``driver" that is built on the same principles as the ARW-WRF terrestrial parameterization schemes, which are all switched off for the Martian applications. Thus, the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model shares the same comprehensive physical parameterizations as the LMD-MGCM, in order to simulate the Martian dust, CO$_2$, H$_2$O and photochemistry cycles [\textit{Forget et al.}, 1999; \textit{Montmessin et al.}, 2004; \textit{Lefevre et al.}, 2004].
+
+\sk
+\subsection{Physical parameterizations}
+
+\sk
+The radiative transfer in the model accounts for CO$_2$ gas infrared absorption/emission [\textit{Hourdin et al.}, 1992]\nocite{Hour:92} and visible and infrared dust absorption, emission and diffusion [\textit{Forget et al.}, 1998, 1999]\nocite{Forg:98grl}. Description of the CO$_2$ condensation processes in the model can be found in \textit{Forget et al.} [1998b]\nocite{Forg:98}. Thermal conduction in the soil is simulated by the 11-layer soil model developed by \textit{Hourdin et al.} [1993]\nocite{Hour:93} for Mars (soil density and soil specific heat capacity are set as constants). Turbulent closure is based on turbulent viscosity with coefficients calculated from the ``$2.5$-order" scheme by \textit{Mellor and Yamada} [1982]\nocite{Mell:82}, improved by \textit{Galperin et al.} [1988]\nocite{Galp:88}. In the case where vertical mixing is handled in the independent 1D physical packages, the native vertical mixing schemes in the ARW-WRF dynamical core are switched off, and the most appropriate choice for explicit horizontal diffusion is the built-in ARW-WRF scheme based on horizontal deformation [\textit{Smagorinsky}, 1963]\nocite{Smag:63}.
+
+\sk
+Recent improvements on the radiative transfer computations [\textit{Dufresne et al.}, 2005]\nocite{Dufr:05}, on the slope irradiance estimations [\textit{Spiga and Forget}, 2008]\nocite{Spig:08grl}, on the dust lifting and sedimentation [\textit{Forget et al.}, 1999b\nocite{Forg:99icm5}; \textit{Newmann et al.}, 2002]\nocite{Newm:02a}, on the water cycle and water ice clouds [\textit{Montmessin et al.}, 2004]\nocite{Mont:04}, and on the photochemical species [\textit{Lefevre et al.}, 2004]\nocite{Lefe:04}, particularly ozone [\textit{Lefevre et al.}, 2008]\nocite{Lefe:08}, are also natively included in the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model. The non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) parameterizations for thermosphere applications [\textit{Gonz\'alez-Galindo et al.}, 2005\nocite{Gonz:05}] as well as estimations of the atmospheric exchanges with the Martian regolith [\textit{B\"ottger et al.}, 2005]\nocite{Bott:05}, are also available in the model.
+
+%\sk
+%Upcoming improvements of the LMD-MGCM physics [\textit{Forget et al.}, 2007]\nocite{Forg:07emsec}, following the recent measurements by instruments onboard Mars Express (MEx) and MRO, will be included in the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model too. Examples of future parameterizations that will be added in both models are the radiative effects of water ice clouds, which could significantly modify the atmospheric temperatures [\textit{Wilson et al.}, 2007]\nocite{Wils:07}, and the new dust radiative properties derived from recent measurements by the OMEGA instrument onboard MEx [\textit{M\"a\"att\"anen et al.}, 2008]\nocite{Maat:08} and the CRISM instrument onboard MRO [\textit{M.~J. Wolff and M. Vincendon}, personal communication, 2008].
+
+\sk
+Two physical parameterizations of the LMD-MGCM, specifically designed for synoptic-scale meteorological applications, are not used in the mesoscale applications.
+
+\sk
+Firstly, in the mesoscale domain, the topographical field is described with horizontal resolutions from tens of kilometers to hundreds of meters. The \textit{Lott and Miller} [1997]\nocite{Lott:97} subgrid-scale topographical drag parameterization and the \textit{Miller et al.} [1989]\nocite{Mill:89} gravity-wave drag scheme can thus be switched off, as the topographical influence on the atmospheric flow is computed by the dynamical core at the chosen mesoscale resolutions.
+
+\sk
+Secondly, in order to ensure numerical stability, and to account for subgrid-scale mixing processes insufficiently handled in the PBL scheme, it is usually necessary to modify any unstable layer with negative potential temperature gradients (an usual near-surface situation during Martian afternoons) into a neutral equivalent [\textit{Hourdin et al.}, 1993]. As pointed out by \textit{Rafkin} [2003b]\nocite{Rafk:03adj}, the use of such an artificial convective adjustment scheme might be questionable in Martian atmospheric models, should they be GCMs or mesoscale models. Since numerical stability is ensured in the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model by choosing the appropriate dynamical timestep with respect to the CFL condition, and using the aforementioned ARW-WRF nominal filters and diffusion schemes, the convective adjustment scheme used in the LMD-MGCM can thus be switched off in the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model. 
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Physical timestep}
+
+\sk
+Invoking physical packages often with respect to the dynamical computations was found to be necessary to accurately account for near-surface friction effects where the wind acceleration is particularly high, typically in regions of strong Martian topographically-driven circulation. In such areas, if the ratio between the physical timestep and the dynamical timestep is above $\sim 5$, the model predicts winds spuriously increasing with the chosen ratio and varying with the horizontal resolution. On the contrary, if this ratio is less than $\sim 5$, the simulated winds neither vary significantly with the chosen ratio nor with the horizontal resolution.
+
+\sk
+A ratio equal to 1 is chosen in the standard LMD Martian Mesoscale Model simulations. This choice is in conformity with the strategy adopted in the terrestrial ARW-WRF model. Besides, computing the physical parameterizations at the same frequency as the dynamical integration is profitable to some physical parameterizations, such as the formation of clouds (which is sensitive to rapid temperature change). Note that radiative transfer computations are usually carried out less often to save computational time.
+
+\sk
+When the ratio between the physical timestep and the dynamical timestep is superior to 1, two distinct strategies could be adopted. Interestingly, we found that splitting the physical tendency in equal parts and blending it with the dynamical tendency at each dynamical timestep computation is slightly more stable (understand: allows for higher dynamical timesteps) than applying the whole physical tendency when the physical parameterizations are computed, and letting the dynamical core naturally evolve until the next physics call. However, an analysis of the simulated meteorological fields in both cases does not reveal significant differences.
+
+\mk
+\section{Initial and boundary conditions}
+\label{ssc:inibdy}
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Starting state and horizontal boundaries}
+
+\sk
+Mesoscale simulations can be performed in a limited domain anywhere on the planet. Thus, boundary conditions for the main meteorological fields (horizontal winds, temperature, tracers) have to be provided during the simulations, in addition to an atmospheric starting state. Idealized simulations usually require the use of periodic, symmetric or open boundary conditions, whereas real-case simulations need specified climatologies at the boundaries.
+
+\sk
+The specified boundary conditions and the atmospheric starting state are derived from previously performed $64\times48\times25$ (i.e., horizontal resolution of $5.625^{\circ}$ in longitude and $3.75^{\circ}$ in latitude, model top $\sim$~80~km~altitude) LMD-MGCM simulations which have reached equilibrium, typically after $\sim 10$ simulated years. GCM results are often used every Martian hour to constrain the mesoscale model at the domain boundaries. Temporal interpolations to each mesoscale timestep and spatial interpolations on the mesoscale domain are performed from the LMD-MGCM inputs. A relaxation zone of a given width (user-defined, usually 5 grid points) is implemented at the boundaries of the ARW-WRF domain to enable both the influence of the large-scale fields on the limited area, and the development of the specific mesoscale circulation inside the domain. The interpolations and the use of a relaxation zone prevent the prescribed meteorological fields at the lateral boundaries from having sharp gradients and from triggering spurious waves or numerical instabilities (the situation where the relaxation zone crosses steep topographical gradients should however be avoided).
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Nesting or single-domain strategy ?}
+\label{ssc:nestingvalid}
+
+\sk
+The model includes one-way and two-way (or ``feedback") nesting capabilities. The nested simulations feature two kinds of domains where the meteorological fields are computed: the "parent" domain, with a large geographical extent, a coarse grid resolution, and specified boundary conditions, and the "nested" domains, centered in a particular zone of interest, with a finer grid resolution, and boundary conditions provided by its parent domain.
+
+\sk
+The nesting capabilities can be used only if deemed necessary, and single-domain simulations may be the primary type of run performed.
+
+\sk
+Firstly, employing the same physical parameterizations in the mesoscale model computations and in the GCM simulations defining the boundary and initial conditions, ensures a very consistent meteorological forcing at the boundaries of the mesoscale domain. This assumption was not denied by further examination of the performed simulations: mesoscale predictions are not unrealistically departing from the LMD-MGCM prescribed fields at the boundaries, and the mesoscale influence naturally adds to the synoptic (large-scale) tendency communicated at the boundaries. 
+
+\sk
+Secondly, the single-domain approach is appropriate as long as the variations of near-surface winds, pressure and temperature induced by ``passing" thermal tides through the east-west boundaries are not unrealistic. This criterion is specific to Martian mesoscale modeling and was described by \textit{Tyler et al.} [2002]. In the various simulations performed with the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, a likely spurious influence of the passing thermal tides was only detected in the near-surface meteorological fields calculated at the $\sim 5$ near-boundaries grid points. The amplitudes of the departures were negligible ($\delta T \apprle 3$~K; $\delta u, \delta v \apprle 5\%$) and did not require the use of domains nested inside one semi-hemispheric parent domain [\textit{Tyler et al.}, 2002]. However, the analysis of the simulated fields at the near-boundaries grid points should be carried out with caution when choosing the single-domain approach. A practical solution to this drawback is to define a large domain, centered on the chosen area of interest, with a sufficient number of grid points ($75 \times 75$ being a minimal requirement).
+
+\sk
+Thirdly, \textit{Dimitrijevic and Laprise} [2005]\nocite{Dimi:05} showed, by the so-called ``Big Brother" approach, that the single-domain approach yields unbiased results when the boundary forcing involves a minimum of $\sim 8-10$ GCM grid points. Thus, given the resolution of the GCM fields used to constrain the LMD Martian Mesoscale Model, single-domain simulations with, for instance, a horizontal resolution of $20$~km shall be performed on at least $133 \times 88$ grid points. \textit{Antic et al.} [2006]\nocite{Anti:06} found that the ``$8-10$ grid points" limit can be lowered in situations of complex topography, because the dynamical influence of these mesoscale features is responsible for the larger part of the mesoscale circulation in the domain. Such situations are rather common on Mars, and the aforementioned ``minimal" grid can be of slightly smaller horizontal extent in areas such as Olympus Mons or Valles Marineris.
+
+\sk
+Thus the sizes of the simulation grids have to be chosen in order to ensure the applicability of the single-domain approach. The nesting technique is used only when defining a single domain with sufficient geographical extent would have required too many grid points to handle the computations within reasonable CPU time. For instance, with ``$64 \times 48$" GCM simulations as boundary conditions, the use of the single-domain strategy to model the Arsia Mons circulation at $5$ km resolution imposes a simulation grid of at least $531 \times 354$ points. The nesting technique is more suitable for this kind of simulation.
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Surface fields}
+
+\sk
+Surface static data intended for the mesoscale domain are extracted from maps derived from recent spacecraft measurements: 64 pixel-per-degree (ppd) MOLA topography [\textit{Smith et al.}, 2001]\nocite{Smit:01mola}, 8 ppd MGS/Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) albedo [\textit{Christensen et al.}, 2001]\nocite{Chri:01}, 20 ppd TES thermal inertia [\textit{Putzig and Mellon}, 2007]\nocite{Putz:07}. A smoother composite thermal inertia map derived from \textit{Palluconi and Kieffer} [1981]\nocite{Pall:81}, \textit{Mellon et al.} [2000]\nocite{Mell:00} and \textit{Vasavada et al.} [2000]\nocite{Vasa:00} can be alternatively used for better continuity with LMD-MGCM simulations. Except for CO$_2$ ice covered areas, emissivity is set to $0.95$. The roughness length $z_0$ is set to the constant value of $1$~cm, but further versions of the model will use spatially-varying $z_0$ [\textit{H\'ebrard et al.}, 2007]\nocite{Hebr:07}. Initial values for time-varying surface data, such as CO$_2$ and H$_2$O ice on the surface and soil temperatures, are derived from the GCM simulations. The latter initialization reduces the spin-up time for surface temperature to roughly one simulated sol.
+
+\sk
+The LMD Martian Mesoscale Model has the complete ability to simulate the dust cycle (lifting, sedimentation, transport). However, the high sensivity of the results to the assumptions made on threshold wind stress and injection rate [\textit{Basu et al.}, 2004]\nocite{Basu:04} leads us to postpone these issues to future studies. Instead, similarly to the reference LMD-MGCM simulations, dust opacities are prescribed in the mesoscale model from 1999-2001 TES measurements, thought to be representative of Martian atmospheric conditions outside of planet-encircling dust storm events [\textit{Montabone et al.}, 2006]\nocite{Mont:06luca}. In the vertical dimension, as described in \textit{Forget et al.} [1999], and in accordance with the general consensus of well-mixed dust in equilibrium with sedimentation and mixing processes [\textit{Conrath}, 1975]\nocite{Conr:75}, dust mixing ratio is kept constant from the surface up to a given elevation $z_{\textrm{\tiny{max}}}$ above which it rapidly declines. Both in the nominal GCM and mesoscale simulations, $z_{\textrm{\tiny{max}}}$ as a function of areocentric longitude and latitude is calculated from the ``MGS scenario" [\textit{Forget et al.}, 2003]\nocite{Forg:03}.
+
+\mk
+\subsection{Vertical interpolation}
+
+\sk
+In the process of initialization and definition of boundary conditions, the vertical interpolation of GCM meteorological fields to the terrain-following mesoscale levels must be treated with caution. While deriving the near-surface meteorological fields from GCM inputs, one may address the problem of underlying topographical structures at fine mesoscale horizontal resolution, e.g., a deep crater that is not resolved in the coarse GCM case.
+
+\sk
+A crude extrapolation of the near-surface GCM fields to the mesoscale levels is usually acceptable for terrestrial applications. On Mars, owing to the low density and heat capacity of the Martian atmosphere, the surface temperature is to first order controlled by radiative equilibrium, and thus it is left relatively unaffected by variations of topography [e.g. \textit{Nayvelt et al.}, 1997]\nocite{Nayv:97}. A practical consequence, which renders an extrapolation strategy particularly wrong on Mars, is that the near-surface temperature and wind fields vary much more with the distance from the surface than with the absolute altitude above the areoid (or equivalently with the pressure level). Initial tests carried out with the extrapolation strategy showed that differences between temperatures at the boundaries and temperatures computed within the mesoscale domain close to these boundaries often reach $20-30$~K near the surface. An interpolation based only on terrain-following principles solves this problem near the surface but was found to lead to numerical instabilities at higher altitudes during the mesoscale integrations.
+
+\sk
+Therefore, input meteorological data need to be recast on intermediate pressure levels $P'$ with a low level smooth transition from terrain-following levels (for the near-surface environment) to constant pressure levels (for the free atmosphere at higher altitude). We thus have $P'(x,y)=\alpha + \beta \, P_s(x,y)$, $P_s$ being the surface pressure at the resolution of the GCM simulations. To ensure a realistic low-level transition, the technique described in \textit{Millour et al.} [2008]\nocite{Mill:08ddd}, based on high-resolution GCM results, is employed to calculate the $P'$ levels. The mesoscale surface pressure field $p_s$ is an input parameter of the method, since the near-surface adiabatic cooling over mountains and warming within craters are taken into account. Note that $p_s(x,y)$ is calculated from $P_s(x,y)$ on the basis of the high-resolution topography of the mesoscale domain $z(x,y)$ by $$p_s(x,y) = P_s(x,y) \, e^{ \frac{g \, [Z(x,y)-z(x,y)]}{R \, T(x,y)} }$$ \noindent where $Z(x,y)$ is the topography at the resolution of the GCM simulations, $R$ the gas law constant, $g$ the acceleration of gravity, and $T(x,y)$ the temperature predicted by the GCM $1$~km above the surface (see \textit{Spiga et al.} [2007]\nocite{Spig:07omeg}). Without reinterpolating the data, the intermediate pressure $P'$ levels are then simply converted into their mesoscale counterparts $p'$ by substituting $p_s$ for $P_s$ in the formula $P'(x,y)=\alpha + \beta \, P_s(x,y)$. Finally, the built-in ARW-WRF vertical interpolation onto the final mesoscale terrain-following levels can be performed, as the problem of extrapolation is solved by the use of the intermediate pressure levels $p'$.
+
+\sk
+The initial atmospheric state obtained through this ``hybrid" method ensures low-amplitude adjustments of the meteorological fields by the mesoscale model at the beginning of the performed simulations (i.e., in the first thousands of seconds). Furthermore, the continuity between the large-scale forcing and the mesoscale computations near the limits of the domain, as well as the numerical stability of the simulations, appear as significantly improved compared to methods either based on extrapolation (especially in areas of uneven terrains) or terrain-following interpolation.
+
+%\pagebreak
+\includepdf[pages=1,offset=25mm -20mm]{meso.pdf}
+\clearemptydoublepage
+
