MODULE module_sf_noahlsm
 
  USE module_model_constants

!-------------------------------
  USE module_sf_urban
!-------------------------------

!   REAL, PARAMETER    :: CP = 1004.5
  REAL, PARAMETER      :: RD = 287.04, SIGMA = 5.67E-8,                 &
                          CPH2O = 4.218E+3,CPICE = 2.106E+3,            &
                          LSUBF = 3.335E+5
 
! VEGETATION PARAMETERS
        INTEGER :: LUCATS , BARE
        integer, PARAMETER :: NLUS=50
        CHARACTER*4 LUTYPE
        INTEGER, DIMENSION(1:NLUS) :: NROTBL
        real, dimension(1:NLUS) ::  SNUPTBL, RSTBL, RGLTBL, HSTBL, LAITBL,        &
                                    ALBTBL, Z0TBL, SHDTBL, MAXALB
        REAL ::   TOPT_DATA,CMCMAX_DATA,CFACTR_DATA,RSMAX_DATA 

! SOIL PARAMETERS
        INTEGER :: SLCATS
        INTEGER, PARAMETER :: NSLTYPE=30
        CHARACTER*4 SLTYPE
        REAL, DIMENSION (1:NSLTYPE) :: BB,DRYSMC,F11,                           &
        MAXSMC, REFSMC,SATPSI,SATDK,SATDW, WLTSMC,QTZ

! LSM GENERAL PARAMETERS
        INTEGER :: SLPCATS
        INTEGER, PARAMETER :: NSLOPE=30
        REAL, DIMENSION (1:NSLOPE) :: SLOPE_DATA 
        REAL ::  SBETA_DATA,FXEXP_DATA,CSOIL_DATA,SALP_DATA,REFDK_DATA,           &
                 REFKDT_DATA,FRZK_DATA,ZBOT_DATA,  SMLOW_DATA,SMHIGH_DATA,        &
                        CZIL_DATA

        CHARACTER*256  :: err_message

!
CONTAINS
!
!----------------------------------------------------------------
! Urban related variable are added to arguments - urban
!----------------------------------------------------------------
   SUBROUTINE lsm(DZ8W,QV3D,P8W3D,T3D,TSK,                      &
                  HFX,QFX,LH,GRDFLX, QGH,GSW,GLW,SMSTAV,SMSTOT, &
                  SFCRUNOFF, UDRUNOFF,IVGTYP,ISLTYP,VEGFRA,     &          
                  ALBEDO,ALBBCK,ZNT,Z0,TMN,XLAND,XICE, EMISS,   & 
                  SNOWC,QSFC,RAINBL,                            &
                  num_soil_layers,DT,DZS,ITIMESTEP,             &
                  SMOIS,TSLB,SNOW,CANWAT,                       &
                  CHS,CHS2,CQS2,CPM,ROVCP,                      & !H   
                  SH2O,SNOWH,                                   & !H 
                  U_PHY,V_PHY,                                  & !I
                  SNOALB,SHDMIN,SHDMAX,                         & !I
                  ACSNOM,ACSNOW,                                & !O  
                  ids,ide, jds,jde, kds,kde,                    &
                  ims,ime, jms,jme, kms,kme,                    &
                  its,ite, jts,jte, kts,kte,                    &
                  ucmcall,                                      &
!Optional Urban
                  TR_URB2D,TB_URB2D,TG_URB2D,TC_URB2D,QC_URB2D, & !H urban
                  UC_URB2D,                                     & !H urban
                  XXXR_URB2D,XXXB_URB2D,XXXG_URB2D,XXXC_URB2D,  & !H urban
                  TRL_URB3D,TBL_URB3D,TGL_URB3D,                & !H urban
                  SH_URB2D,LH_URB2D,G_URB2D,RN_URB2D,TS_URB2D,  & !H urban
                  PSIM_URB2D,PSIH_URB2D,U10_URB2D,V10_URB2D,    & !O urban
                  GZ1OZ0_URB2D,  AKMS_URB2D,                    & !O urban
                  TH2_URB2D,Q2_URB2D, UST_URB2D,                & !O urban
                  DECLIN_URB,COSZ_URB2D,OMG_URB2D,              & !I urban
                  XLAT_URB2D,                                   & !I urban
                  num_roof_layers, num_wall_layers,             & !I urban
                  num_road_layers, DZR, DZB, DZG,               & !I urban
                  FRC_URB2D,UTYPE_URB2D)                          !O
!----------------------------------------------------------------
    IMPLICIT NONE
!----------------------------------------------------------------              
!----------------------------------------------------------------
! --- atmospheric (WRF generic) variables
!-- DT          time step (seconds)
!-- DZ8W        thickness of layers (m)
!-- T3D         temperature (K)
!-- QV3D        3D water vapor mixing ratio (Kg/Kg)
!-- P3D         3D pressure (Pa)
!-- FLHC        exchange coefficient for heat (m/s)
!-- FLQC        exchange coefficient for moisture (m/s)
!-- PSFC        surface pressure (Pa)
!-- XLAND       land mask (1 for land, 2 for water)
!-- QGH         saturated mixing ratio at 2 meter
!-- GSW         downward short wave flux at ground surface (W/m^2)
!-- GLW         downward long wave flux at ground surface (W/m^2)
!-- History variables 
!-- CANWAT      canopy moisture content (mm)
!-- TSK         surface temperature (K)
!-- TSLB        soil temp (k)
!-- SMOIS       total soil moisture content (volumetric fraction)
!-- SH2O        unfrozen soil moisture content (volumetric fraction)
!                note: frozen soil moisture (i.e., soil ice) = SMOIS - SH2O
!-- SNOWH       actual snow depth (m)
!-- SNOW        liquid water-equivalent snow depth (m)
!-- ALBEDO      time-varying surface albedo including snow effect (unitless fraction)
!-- ALBBCK      background surface albedo (unitless fraction)
!-- CHS          surface exchange coefficient for heat and moisture (m s-1);
!-- CHS2        2m surface exchange coefficient for heat  (m s-1);
!-- CQS2        2m surface exchange coefficient for moisture (m s-1);
! --- soil variables
!-- num_soil_layers   the number of soil layers
!-- ZS          depths of centers of soil layers   (m)
!-- DZS         thicknesses of soil layers (m)
!-- SLDPTH      thickness of each soil layer (m, same as DZS)
!-- TMN         soil temperature at lower boundary (K)
!-- SMCWLT      wilting point (volumetric)
!-- SMCDRY      dry soil moisture threshold where direct evap from 
!               top soil layer ends (volumetric)
!-- SMCREF      soil moisture threshold below which transpiration begins to
!                   stress (volumetric)
!-- SMCMAX      porosity, i.e. saturated value of soil moisture (volumetric)
!-- NROOT       number of root layers, a function of veg type, determined
!               in subroutine redprm.
!-- SMSTAV      Soil moisture availability for evapotranspiration ( 
!                   fraction between SMCWLT and SMCMXA)
!-- SMSTOT      Total soil moisture content frozen+unfrozen) in the soil column (mm)
! --- snow variables
!-- SNOWC       fraction snow coverage (0-1.0)
! --- vegetation variables
!-- SNOALB      upper bound on maximum albedo over deep snow 
!-- SHDMIN      minimum areal fractional coverage of annual green vegetation
!-- SHDMAX      maximum areal fractional coverage of annual green vegetation
!-- XLAI        leaf area index (dimensionless)
!-- Z0BRD       Background fixed roughness length (M)
!-- Z0          Background vroughness length (M) as function
!-- ZNT         Time varying roughness length (M) as function
!-- ALBD(IVGTPK,ISN) background albedo reading from a table
! --- LSM output
!-- HFX         upward heat flux at the surface (W/m^2)
!-- QFX         upward moisture flux at the surface (kg/m^2/s)
!-- LH          upward moisture flux at the surface (W m-2)
!-- GRDFLX(I,J) ground heat flux (W m-2)
!-- FDOWN       radiation forcing at the surface (W m-2) = SOLDN*(1-alb)+LWDN
!----------------------------------------------------------------------------
!-- EC          canopy water evaporation ((W m-2)
!-- EDIR        direct soil evaporation (W m-2)
!-- ET          plant transpiration from a particular root layer (W m-2)
!-- ETT         total plant transpiration (W m-2)
!-- ESNOW       sublimation from (or deposition to if <0) snowpack (W m-2)
!-- DRIP        through-fall of precip and/or dew in excess of canopy
!                 water-holding capacity (m)
!-- DEW         dewfall (or frostfall for t<273.15) (M)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!-- BETA        ratio of actual/potential evap (dimensionless)
!-- ETP         potential evaporation (W m-2)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!-- FLX1        precip-snow sfc (W m-2)
!-- FLX2        freezing rain latent heat flux (W m-2)
!-- FLX3        phase-change heat flux from snowmelt (W m-2)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!-- ACSNOM      snow melt (mm) (water equivalent)
!-- ACSNOW      accumulated snow fall (mm) (water equivalent)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!-- RUNOFF1     surface runoff (m s-1), not infiltrating the surface
!-- RUNOFF2     subsurface runoff (m s-1), drainage out bottom of last
!                  soil layer (baseflow)
!  important note: here RUNOFF2 is actually the sum of RUNOFF2 and RUNOFF3
!-- RUNOFF3     numerical trunctation in excess of porosity (smcmax)
!                  for a given soil layer at the end of a time step (m s-1).
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!-- RC          canopy resistance (s m-1)
!-- PC          plant coefficient (unitless fraction, 0-1) where PC*ETP = actual transp
!-- RSMIN       minimum canopy resistance (s m-1)
!-- RCS         incoming solar rc factor (dimensionless)
!-- RCT         air temperature rc factor (dimensionless)
!-- RCQ         atmos vapor pressure deficit rc factor (dimensionless)
!-- RCSOIL      soil moisture rc factor (dimensionless)

!-- EMISS       surface emissivity (between 0 and 1)

!-- ROVCP       R/CP
!               (R_d/R_v) (dimensionless)
!-- ids         start index for i in domain
!-- ide         end index for i in domain
!-- jds         start index for j in domain
!-- jde         end index for j in domain
!-- kds         start index for k in domain
!-- kde         end index for k in domain
!-- ims         start index for i in memory
!-- ime         end index for i in memory
!-- jms         start index for j in memory
!-- jme         end index for j in memory
!-- kms         start index for k in memory
!-- kme         end index for k in memory
!-- its         start index for i in tile
!-- ite         end index for i in tile
!-- jts         start index for j in tile
!-- jte         end index for j in tile
!-- kts         start index for k in tile
!-- kte         end index for k in tile
!----------------------------------------------------------------

! IN only

   INTEGER,  INTENT(IN   )   ::     ids,ide, jds,jde, kds,kde,  &
                                    ims,ime, jms,jme, kms,kme,  &
                                    its,ite, jts,jte, kts,kte

   INTEGER,  INTENT(IN   )   ::  ucmcall                        !urban

   REAL,    DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme )                     , &
            INTENT(IN   )    ::                            TMN, &
                                                         XLAND, &
                                                          XICE, &
                                                        VEGFRA, &
                                                        SHDMIN, &
                                                        SHDMAX, &
                                                        SNOALB, &
                                                           GSW, &
                                                           GLW, &
                                                            Z0, &
                                                        ALBBCK, &
                                                        RAINBL, &
                                                        EMISS    

   REAL,    DIMENSION( ims:ime, kms:kme, jms:jme )            , &
            INTENT(IN   )    ::                           QV3D, &
                                                         p8w3D, &
                                                          DZ8W, &
                                                          T3D
   REAL,     DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme )                    , &
             INTENT(IN   )               ::               QGH,  &
                                                          CHS,   &
                                                          CPM

   INTEGER, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme )                     , &
            INTENT(IN   )    ::                         IVGTYP, &
                                                        ISLTYP

   INTEGER, INTENT(IN)       ::     num_soil_layers,ITIMESTEP

   REAL,     INTENT(IN   )   ::     DT,ROVCP

   REAL,     DIMENSION(1:num_soil_layers), INTENT(IN)::DZS

! IN and OUT

   REAL,     DIMENSION( ims:ime , 1:num_soil_layers, jms:jme ), &
             INTENT(INOUT)   ::                          SMOIS, & ! total soil moisture
                                                         SH2O,  & ! new soil liquid
                                                         TSLB     ! TSLB     STEMP

   REAL,    DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme )                     , &
            INTENT(INOUT)    ::                            TSK, & !was TGB (temperature)
                                                           HFX, &     
                                                           QFX, &     
                                                            LH, &
                                                        GRDFLX, &
                                                          QSFC,&     
                                                          CQS2,&
                                                          CHS2,&
                                                          SNOW, & 
                                                         SNOWC, & 
                                                         SNOWH, & !new
                                                        CANWAT, & 
                                                        SMSTAV, &
                                                        SMSTOT, &
                                                     SFCRUNOFF, &
                                                      UDRUNOFF, &
                                                        ACSNOM, &
                                                        ACSNOW, &
                                                        ALBEDO, &
                                                           ZNT


! Local variables (moved here from driver to make routine thread safe, 20031007 jm)

      REAL, DIMENSION(1:num_soil_layers) ::  ET

      REAL  ::  BETA, ETP, SSOIL,EC, EDIR, ESNOW, ETT,        &
                FLX1,FLX2,FLX3, DRIP,DEW,FDOWN,RC,PC,RSMIN,XLAI,  &
                RCS,RCT,RCQ,RCSOIL
                                                                           
 
! DECLARATIONS - LOGICAL
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      LOGICAL, PARAMETER :: LOCAL=.false.
      LOGICAL :: FRZGRA, SNOWNG

      LOGICAL :: IPRINT
 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DECLARATIONS - INTEGER
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      INTEGER :: I,J, ICE,NSOIL,SLOPETYP,SOILTYP,VEGTYP
      INTEGER :: NROOT
      INTEGER :: KZ ,K
      INTEGER :: NS 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DECLARATIONS - REAL
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      REAL  :: SHMIN,SHMAX,DQSDT2,LWDN,PRCP,PRCPRAIN,           &
               Q2SAT,SFCPRS,SFCSPD,SFCTMP,SHDFAC,SNOALB1,             &
               SOLDN,TBOT,ZLVL, Q2K,ALBBRD, ALBEDOK, ETA, ETA_KINEMATIC,      &
               Z0K,RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,SHEAT       

      REAL  :: EMISSI

      REAL  :: SNCOVR,SNEQV,SNOWHK,CMC, CHK,TH2

      REAL  :: SMCDRY,SMCMAX,SMCREF,SMCWLT,SNOMLT,SOILM,SOILW,Q1,T1 

      REAL  :: DUMMY,Z0BRD
!
      REAL  :: COSZ, SOLARDIRECT
!
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:num_soil_layers)::  SLDPTH, STC,SMC,SWC
!
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:num_soil_layers) ::     ZSOIL, RTDIS   
      REAL, PARAMETER  :: TRESH=.95E0, A2=17.67,A3=273.15,A4=29.65,   &
                          T0=273.16E0, ELWV=2.50E6,  A23M4=A2*(A3-A4)

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DECLARATIONS START - urban
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

! input variables surface_driver --> lsm
     INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: num_roof_layers
     INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: num_wall_layers
     INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: num_road_layers
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION(1:num_roof_layers), INTENT(IN) :: DZR
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION(1:num_wall_layers), INTENT(IN) :: DZB
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION(1:num_road_layers), INTENT(IN) :: DZG
     REAL, OPTIONAL, INTENT(IN) :: DECLIN_URB
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: COSZ_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: OMG_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: XLAT_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, kms:kme, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: U_PHY
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, kms:kme, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: V_PHY

! input variables lsm --> urban
     INTEGER :: UTYPE_URB ! urban type [urban=1, suburban=2, rural=3]
     REAL :: TA_URB       ! potential temp at 1st atmospheric level [K]
     REAL :: QA_URB       ! mixing ratio at 1st atmospheric level  [kg/kg]
     REAL :: UA_URB       ! wind speed at 1st atmospheric level    [m/s]
     REAL :: U1_URB       ! u at 1st atmospheric level             [m/s]
     REAL :: V1_URB       ! v at 1st atmospheric level             [m/s]
     REAL :: SSG_URB      ! downward total short wave radiation    [W/m/m]
     REAL :: LLG_URB      ! downward long wave radiation           [W/m/m]
     REAL :: RAIN_URB     ! precipitation                          [mm/h]
     REAL :: RHOO_URB     ! air density                            [kg/m^3]
     REAL :: ZA_URB       ! first atmospheric level                [m]
     REAL :: DELT_URB     ! time step                              [s]
     REAL :: SSGD_URB     ! downward direct short wave radiation   [W/m/m]
     REAL :: SSGQ_URB     ! downward diffuse short wave radiation  [W/m/m]
     REAL :: XLAT_URB     ! latitude                               [deg]
     REAL :: COSZ_URB     ! cosz
     REAL :: OMG_URB      ! hour angle
     REAL :: ZNT_URB      ! roughness length                       [m]
     REAL :: TR_URB
     REAL :: TB_URB
     REAL :: TG_URB
     REAL :: TC_URB
     REAL :: QC_URB
     REAL :: UC_URB
     REAL :: XXXR_URB
     REAL :: XXXB_URB
     REAL :: XXXG_URB
     REAL :: XXXC_URB
     REAL, DIMENSION(1:num_roof_layers) :: TRL_URB  ! roof layer temp [K]
     REAL, DIMENSION(1:num_wall_layers) :: TBL_URB  ! wall layer temp [K]
     REAL, DIMENSION(1:num_road_layers) :: TGL_URB  ! road layer temp [K]
     LOGICAL  :: LSOLAR_URB
! state variable surface_driver <--> lsm <--> urban
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TR_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TB_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TG_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TC_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: QC_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: UC_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: XXXR_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: XXXB_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: XXXG_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: XXXC_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: SH_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: LH_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: G_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: RN_URB2D
!
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TS_URB2D

     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, 1:num_roof_layers, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TRL_URB3D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, 1:num_wall_layers, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TBL_URB3D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, 1:num_road_layers, jms:jme ), INTENT(INOUT) :: TGL_URB3D

! output variable lsm --> surface_driver
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: PSIM_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: PSIH_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: GZ1OZ0_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: U10_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: V10_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: TH2_URB2D
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: Q2_URB2D
!
     REAL, OPTIONAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: AKMS_URB2D
!
     REAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(OUT) :: UST_URB2D
     REAL, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: FRC_URB2D
     INTEGER, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme ), INTENT(IN) :: UTYPE_URB2D


! output variables urban --> lsm
     REAL :: TS_URB     ! surface radiative temperature    [K]
     REAL :: QS_URB     ! surface humidity                 [-]
     REAL :: SH_URB     ! sensible heat flux               [W/m/m]
     REAL :: LH_URB     ! latent heat flux                 [W/m/m]
     REAL :: LH_KINEMATIC_URB ! latent heat flux, kinetic  [kg/m/m/s]
     REAL :: SW_URB     ! upward short wave radiation flux [W/m/m]
     REAL :: ALB_URB    ! time-varying albedo            [fraction]
     REAL :: LW_URB     ! upward long wave radiation flux  [W/m/m]
     REAL :: G_URB      ! heat flux into the ground        [W/m/m]
     REAL :: RN_URB     ! net radiation                    [W/m/m]
     REAL :: PSIM_URB   ! shear f for momentum             [-]
     REAL :: PSIH_URB   ! shear f for heat                 [-]
     REAL :: GZ1OZ0_URB   ! shear f for heat                 [-]
     REAL :: U10_URB    ! wind u component at 10 m         [m/s]
     REAL :: V10_URB    ! wind v component at 10 m         [m/s]
     REAL :: TH2_URB    ! potential temperature at 2 m     [K]
     REAL :: Q2_URB     ! humidity at 2 m                  [-]
     REAL :: CHS_URB
     REAL :: CHS2_URB
     REAL :: UST_URB

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! DECLARATIONS END - urban
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------

! debug printout
         IPRINT=.false.

      SLOPETYP=2
!      SHDMIN=0.00           


      NSOIL=num_soil_layers

     DO NS=1,NSOIL
     SLDPTH(NS)=DZS(NS)
     ENDDO

   DO J=jts,jte

      IF(ITIMESTEP.EQ.1)THEN                                                 
        DO 50 I=its,ite
!*** initialize soil conditions for IHOP 31 May case
!         IF((XLAND(I,J)-1.5) < 0.)THEN                                
!            if (I==108.and.j==85) then
!                  DO NS=1,NSOIL
!                      SMOIS(I,NS,J)=0.10
!                      SH2O(I,NS,J)=0.10
!                  enddo
!             endif
!         ENDIF

!*** SET ZERO-VALUE FOR SOME OUTPUT DIAGNOSTIC ARRAYS                   
          IF((XLAND(I,J)-1.5).GE.0.)THEN                                
! check sea-ice point                                                   
            IF(XICE(I,J).EQ.1..and.IPRINT)PRINT*,' sea-ice at water point, I=',I,  &
              'J=',J
!***   Open Water Case                                                  
            SMSTAV(I,J)=1.0                                             
            SMSTOT(I,J)=1.0                                             
            DO NS=1,NSOIL                                               
              SMOIS(I,NS,J)=1.0                                          
              TSLB(I,NS,J)=273.16                                          !STEMP
            ENDDO                                                       
          ELSE                                                          
            IF(XICE(I,J).EQ.1.)THEN                                     
!***        SEA-ICE CASE                                                
              SMSTAV(I,J)=1.0                                           
              SMSTOT(I,J)=1.0                                           
              DO NS=1,NSOIL                                             
                SMOIS(I,NS,J)=1.0                                        
              ENDDO                                                     
            ENDIF                                                       
          ENDIF                                                         
!                                                                       
   50   CONTINUE                                                        
      ENDIF                                                               ! end of initialization over ocean

!-----------------------------------------------------------------------
      DO 100 I=its,ite                                                    
        SFCPRS=P8w3D(i,1,j)
        Q2K=QV3D(i,1,j)
        Q2SAT=QGH(I,j)                                                  
        SFCTMP=T3D(i,1,j)
        ZLVL=0.5*DZ8W(i,1,j)
        TH2=SFCTMP+(0.0097545*ZLVL)
        EMISSI = EMISS(I,J)
        LWDN=GLW(I,J)*EMISSI
        SOLDN=GSW(I,J)/(1.0-albedo(i,j))
        PRCP=RAINBL(i,j)/DT 
        VEGTYP=IVGTYP(I,J)                                            
        SOILTYP=ISLTYP(I,J)                                            
        SHDFAC=VEGFRA(I,J)/100.                                       
        T1=TSK(I,J)
        CHK=CHS(I,J) 
        SHMIN=SHDMIN(I,J)/100. !NEW 
        SHMAX=SHDMAX(I,J)/100. !NEW
        SNOALB1=SNOALB(I,J)     !NEW
! convert snow depth from mm to meter
        SNEQV=SNOW(I,J)*0.001
!        SNOWHK=SNOWH(I,J)*0.001     ! check the unit of snowh which is assumed to be mm for now
        SNOWHK=SNOWH(I,J)     ! check the unit of snowh which is assumed to be m for now
        

!***                                                                    
        IF((XLAND(I,J)-1.5).GE.0.)THEN                                  ! begining of land/sea if block
! Open water points
!CC     Q2SAT=PQ0/SFCPRS*EXP(A2*(TGDSA(I)-A3)/(TGDSA(I)-A4))
!          HFX(I,J)=CHFF*(TGDSA(I)-TH(I))
!          QFX(I,J)=RHO(I)*CHS(I)*(Q2SAT-QV(I))
!          SFCEVP(I,J)=SFCEVP(I,J)+QFX(I,J)*DT

        ELSE
! Land or sea-ice case

          IF (XICE(I,J) .GT. 0.5) THEN                                  
             ICE=1                                                      
          ELSE                                                          
             ICE=0                                                      
          ENDIF                                                         
          DQSDT2=Q2SAT*A23M4/(SFCTMP-A4)**2                             

          IF(ICE.EQ.0)THEN                                              
            TBOT=TMN(I,J)                                              
          ELSE                                                          
            TBOT=271.16                                                
          ENDIF                                                         
          IF(VEGTYP.EQ.25) SHDFAC=0.0000
          IF(VEGTYP.EQ.26) SHDFAC=0.0000
          IF(VEGTYP.EQ.27) SHDFAC=0.0000
          IF(SOILTYP.EQ.14.AND.XICE(I,J).EQ.0.)THEN                      
         IF(IPRINT)PRINT*,' SOIL TYPE FOUND TO BE WATER AT A LAND-POINT'          
         IF(IPRINT)PRINT*,i,j,'RESET SOIL in surfce.F'                      
            SOILTYP=7                                                    
          ENDIF                                                         
          CMC=CANWAT(I,J)                                                

!-------------------------------------------
!*** convert snow depth from mm to meter                                
!                                                                       
!          IF(RDMAXALB) THEN
!           SNOALB=ALBMAX(I,J)*0.01
!         ELSE
!           SNOALB=MAXALB(IVGTPK)*0.01
!         ENDIF
!         IF(RDBRDALB) THEN
!           ALBBRD=ALBEDO(I,J)*0.01
!         ELSE
!           ALBBRD=ALBD(IVGTPK,ISN)*0.01
!         ENDIF

!        SNOALB1=0.80
!        SHMIN=0.00
        ALBBRD=ALBBCK(I,J)                  
        Z0BRD=Z0(I,J)
!FEI: temporaray arrays above need to be changed later by using SI
      
          DO 70 NS=1,NSOIL                                              
            SMC(NS)=SMOIS(I,NS,J)                                       
            STC(NS)=TSLB(I,NS,J)                                          !STEMP
            SWC(NS)=SH2O(I,NS,J)
   70     CONTINUE                                                      
!
          if ( (SNEQV.ne.0..AND.SNOWHK.eq.0.).or.(SNOWHK.le.SNEQV) )THEN
            SNOWHK= 5.*SNEQV
          endif
!

!Fei: urban. for urban surface, if calling UCM, redefine urban as 5: Cropland/Grassland Mosaic
	 
	   IF(UCMCALL == 1 ) THEN
                IF( IVGTYP(I,J) == 1 .or. IVGTYP(I,J) == 31 .or. &
                  IVGTYP(I,J) == 32 .or. IVGTYP(I,J) == 33) THEN
		 VEGTYP = 5
                 SHDFAC = 0.8 
                 ALBEDOK =0.2
                 ALBBRD  =0.2
		 IF ( FRC_URB2D(I,J) < 0.99 ) THEN
           T1= ( TSK(I,J) -FRC_URB2D(I,J) * TS_URB2D (I,J) )/ (1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))
	         ELSE
		 T1 = TSK(I,J)
                 ENDIF
                ENDIF
           ELSE
                 IF( IVGTYP(I,J) == 1 .or. IVGTYP(I,J) == 31 .or. &
                  IVGTYP(I,J) == 32 .or. IVGTYP(I,J) == 33) THEN
                  VEGTYP = 1 
           	 ENDIF
           ENDIF

          IF(IPRINT) THEN 
!                                                                       
       print*, 'BEFORE SFLX, in Noahlsm_driver'
       print*, 'ICE', ICE, 'DT',DT, 'ZLVL',ZLVL, 'NSOIL', NSOIL,   &
       'SLDPTH', SLDPTH, 'LOCAL',LOCAL, 'LUTYPE',&
        LUTYPE, 'SLTYPE',SLTYPE, 'LWDN',LWDN, 'SOLDN',SOLDN,      &
        'SFCPRS',SFCPRS, 'PRCP',PRCP,'SFCTMP',SFCTMP,'Q2K',Q2K,   &
         'TH2',TH2,'Q2SAT',Q2SAT,'DQSDT2',DQSDT2,'VEGTYP', VEGTYP,&
         'SOILTYP',SOILTYP, 'SLOPETYP',SLOPETYP, 'SHDFAC',SHDFAC,&
         'SHMIN',SHMIN, 'ALBBRD',ALBBRD,'SNOALB1',SNOALB1,'TBOT',&
          TBOT, 'Z0BRD',Z0BRD, 'Z0K',Z0K, 'CMC',CMC, 'T1',T1,'STC',&
          STC, 'SMC',SMC, 'SWC',SWC,'SNOWHK',SNOWHK,'SNEQV',SNEQV,&
          'ALBEDO',ALBEDO,'CHK',CHK,'ETA',ETA,'SHEAT',SHEAT,      &
          'ETA_KINEMATIC',ETA_KINEMATIC, 'FDOWN',FDOWN,'EC',EC,   &
          'EDIR',EDIR,'ET',ET,'ETT',ETT,'ESNOW',ESNOW,'DRIP',DRIP,&
          'DEW',DEW,'BETA',BETA,'ETP',ETP,'SSOIL',SSOIL,'FLX1',FLX1,&
          'FLX2',FLX2,'FLX3',FLX3,'SNOMLT',SNOMLT,'SNCOVR',SNCOVR,&
          'RUNOFF1',RUNOFF1,'RUNOFF2',RUNOFF2,'RUNOFF3',RUNOFF3, &
          'RC',RC, 'PC',PC,'RSMIN',RSMIN,'XLAI',XLAI,'RCS',RCS,  &
          'RCT',RCT,'RCQ',RCQ,'RCSOIL',RCSOIL,'SOILW',SOILW,     &
          'SOILM',SOILM,'Q1',Q1,'SMCWLT',SMCWLT,'SMCDRY',SMCDRY,&
          'SMCREF',SMCREF,'SMCMAX',SMCMAX,'NROOT',NROOT
           endif


       CALL SFLX (ICE,DT,ZLVL,NSOIL,SLDPTH,                       &    !C
                 LOCAL,                                           &    !L
                 LUTYPE, SLTYPE,                                  &    !CL
                 LWDN,SOLDN,SFCPRS,PRCP,SFCTMP,Q2K,DUMMY,         &    !F
                 DUMMY,DUMMY, DUMMY,                              &    !F PRCPRAIN not used
                 TH2,Q2SAT,DQSDT2,                                &    !I
                 VEGTYP,SOILTYP,SLOPETYP,SHDFAC,SHMIN,DUMMY,      &    !I   
                 ALBBRD, SNOALB1,TBOT, Z0BRD, Z0K, EMISSI,        &    !S 
                 CMC,T1,STC,SMC,SWC,SNOWHK,SNEQV,ALBEDOK,CHK,dummy,&    !H
                 ETA,SHEAT, ETA_KINEMATIC,FDOWN,                  &    !O
                 EC,EDIR,ET,ETT,ESNOW,DRIP,DEW,                   &    !O
                 BETA,ETP,SSOIL,                                  &    !O
                 FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,                                  &    !O
                 SNOMLT,SNCOVR,                                   &    !O
                 RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,                         &    !O
                 RC,PC,RSMIN,XLAI,RCS,RCT,RCQ,RCSOIL,             &    !O
                 SOILW,SOILM,Q1,                                  &    !D
                 SMCWLT,SMCDRY,SMCREF,SMCMAX,NROOT)


          IF(IPRINT) THEN 

       print*, 'AFTER SFLX, in Noahlsm_driver'
       print*, 'ICE', ICE, 'DT',DT, 'ZLVL',ZLVL, 'NSOIL', NSOIL,   &
       'SLDPTH', SLDPTH, 'LOCAL',LOCAL, 'LUTYPE',&
        LUTYPE, 'SLTYPE',SLTYPE, 'LWDN',LWDN, 'SOLDN',SOLDN,      &
        'SFCPRS',SFCPRS, 'PRCP',PRCP,'SFCTMP',SFCTMP,'Q2K',Q2K,   &
         'TH2',TH2,'Q2SAT',Q2SAT,'DQSDT2',DQSDT2,'VEGTYP', VEGTYP,&
          'SOILTYP',SOILTYP, 'SLOPETYP',SLOPETYP, 'SHDFAC',SHDFAC,&
         'SHDMIN',SHMIN, 'ALBBRD',ALBBRD,'SNOALB',SNOALB1,'TBOT',&
          TBOT, 'Z0BRD',Z0BRD, 'Z0K',Z0K, 'CMC',CMC, 'T1',T1,'STC',&
          STC, 'SMC',SMC, 'SWc',SWC,'SNOWHK',SNOWHK,'SNEQV',SNEQV,&
          'ALBEDO',ALBEDOK,'CHK',CHK,'ETA',ETA,'SHEAT',SHEAT,      &
          'ETA_KINEMATIC',ETA_KINEMATIC, 'FDOWN',FDOWN,'EC',EC,   &
          'EDIR',EDIR,'ET',ET,'ETT',ETT,'ESNOW',ESNOW,'DRIP',DRIP,&
          'DEW',DEW,'BETA',BETA,'ETP',ETP,'SSOIL',SSOIL,'FLX1',FLX1,&
          'FLX2',FLX2,'FLX3',FLX3,'SNOMLT',SNOMLT,'SNCOVR',SNCOVR,&
          'RUNOFF1',RUNOFF1,'RUNOFF2',RUNOFF2,'RUNOFF3',RUNOFF3, &
          'RC',RC, 'PC',PC,'RSMIN',RSMIN,'XLAI',XLAI,'RCS',RCS,  &
          'RCT',RCT,'RCQ',RCQ,'RCSOIL',RCSOIL,'SOILW',SOILW,     &
          'SOILM',SOILM,'Q1',Q1,'SMCWLT',SMCWLT,'SMCDRY',SMCDRY,&
          'SMCREF',SMCREF,'SMCMAX',SMCMAX,'NROOT',NROOT
           endif
 
!***  UPDATE STATE VARIABLES 
          CANWAT(I,J)=CMC                                                
          SNOW(I,J)=SNEQV*1000.
!          SNOWH(I,J)=SNOWHK*1000.
          SNOWH(I,J)=SNOWHK                   ! SNOWHK is assumed in meters
          ALBEDO(I,J)=ALBEDOK
          ZNT(I,J)=Z0K
          TSK(I,J)=T1
          HFX(I,J)=SHEAT 
          QFX(I,J)=ETA_KINEMATIC
          LH(I,J)=ETA
          GRDFLX(I,J)=SSOIL
          SNOWC(I,J)=SNCOVR
          CHS2(I,J)=CQS2(I,J)
!      prevent diagnostic ground q (q1) from being greater than qsat(tsk)
!      as happens over snow cover where the cqs2 value also becomes irrelevant
!      by setting cqs2=chs in this situation the 2m q should become just qv(k=1)
          IF (Q1 .GT. QSFC(I,J)) THEN
            CQS2(I,J) = CHS(I,J)
          ENDIF
          QSFC(I,J)=Q1
!                                                                       
          DO 80 NS=1,NSOIL                                              
           SMOIS(I,NS,J)=SMC(NS)                                       
           TSLB(I,NS,J)=STC(NS)                                        !  STEMP
           SH2O(I,NS,J)=SWC(NS)
   80     CONTINUE                                                      
!       ENDIF                                                           

        IF (UCMCALL == 1 ) THEN                                              ! Beginning of UCM CALL if block
!--------------------------------------
! URBAN CANOPY MODEL START - urban
!--------------------------------------
! Input variables lsm --> urban


          IF( IVGTYP(I,J) == 1 .or. IVGTYP(I,J) == 31 .or. &
              IVGTYP(I,J) == 32 .or. IVGTYP(I,J) == 33 ) THEN

! Call urban

!
            UTYPE_URB = UTYPE_URB2D(I,J) !urban type (low, high or industrial) 

            TA_URB    = SFCTMP           ! [K]
            QA_URB    = Q2K              ! [kg/kg]
            UA_URB    = SQRT(U_PHY(I,1,J)**2.+V_PHY(I,1,J)**2.)
            U1_URB    = U_PHY(I,1,J)
            V1_URB    = V_PHY(I,1,J)
            IF(UA_URB < 1.) UA_URB=1.    ! [m/s]
            SSG_URB   = SOLDN            ! [W/m/m]
            SSGD_URB  = 0.8*SOLDN        ! [W/m/m]
            SSGQ_URB  = SSG_URB-SSGD_URB ! [W/m/m]
            LLG_URB   = LWDN             ! [W/m/m]
            RAIN_URB  = RAINBL(I,J)      ! [mm]
            RHOO_URB  = SFCPRS / (287.04 * SFCTMP * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2K)) ![kg/m/m/m]
            ZA_URB    = ZLVL             ! [m]
            DELT_URB  = DT               ! [sec]
            XLAT_URB  = XLAT_URB2D(I,J)  ! [deg]
            COSZ_URB  = COSZ_URB2D(I,J)  !
            OMG_URB   = OMG_URB2D(I,J)   !
            ZNT_URB   = ZNT(I,J)

            LSOLAR_URB = .FALSE.

            TR_URB = TR_URB2D(I,J)
            TB_URB = TB_URB2D(I,J)
            TG_URB = TG_URB2D(I,J)
            TC_URB = TC_URB2D(I,J)
            QC_URB = QC_URB2D(I,J)
            UC_URB = UC_URB2D(I,J)

            DO K = 1,num_roof_layers
              TRL_URB(K) = TRL_URB3D(I,K,J)
            END DO
            DO K = 1,num_wall_layers
              TBL_URB(K) = TBL_URB3D(I,K,J)
            END DO
            DO K = 1,num_road_layers
              TGL_URB(K) = TGL_URB3D(I,K,J)
            END DO

            XXXR_URB = XXXR_URB2D(I,J)
            XXXB_URB = XXXB_URB2D(I,J)
            XXXG_URB = XXXG_URB2D(I,J)
            XXXC_URB = XXXC_URB2D(I,J)
!
            CHS_URB  = CHS(I,J)
            CHS2_URB = CHS2(I,J)
!
           
! Call urban


            CALL urban(LSOLAR_URB,                                      & ! I
                       num_roof_layers,num_wall_layers,num_road_layers, & ! C
                       DZR,DZB,DZG,                                     & ! C
                       UTYPE_URB,TA_URB,QA_URB,UA_URB,U1_URB,V1_URB,SSG_URB, & ! I
                       SSGD_URB,SSGQ_URB,LLG_URB,RAIN_URB,RHOO_URB,     & ! I
                       ZA_URB,DECLIN_URB,COSZ_URB,OMG_URB,              & ! I
                       XLAT_URB,DELT_URB,ZNT_URB,                       & ! I
                       CHS_URB, CHS2_URB,                               & ! I
                       TR_URB, TB_URB, TG_URB, TC_URB, QC_URB,UC_URB,   & ! H
                       TRL_URB,TBL_URB,TGL_URB,                         & ! H
                       XXXR_URB, XXXB_URB, XXXG_URB, XXXC_URB,          & ! H
                       TS_URB,QS_URB,SH_URB,LH_URB,LH_KINEMATIC_URB,    & ! O
                       SW_URB,ALB_URB,LW_URB,G_URB,RN_URB,PSIM_URB,PSIH_URB, & ! O
                       GZ1OZ0_URB,                                      & !O
                       U10_URB, V10_URB, TH2_URB, Q2_URB,               & ! O
                       UST_URB)                                           !O


          IF(IPRINT) THEN

       print*, 'AFTER CALL URBAN'
       print*,'num_roof_layers',num_roof_layers, 'num_wall_layers',  &
        num_wall_layers,                                             &
       'DZR',DZR,'DZB',DZB,'DZG',DZG,'UTYPE_URB',UTYPE_URB,'TA_URB', &
        TA_URB,                                                      &
        'QA_URB',QA_URB,'UA_URB',UA_URB,'U1_URB',U1_URB,'V1_URB',    &
         V1_URB,                                                     &
         'SSG_URB',SSG_URB,'SSGD_URB',SSGD_URB,'SSGQ_URB',SSGQ_URB,  &
        'LLG_URB',LLG_URB,'RAIN_URB',RAIN_URB,'RHOO_URB',RHOO_URB,   &
        'ZA_URB',ZA_URB, 'DECLIN_URB',DECLIN_URB,'COSZ_URB',COSZ_URB,&
        'OMG_URB',OMG_URB,'XLAT_URB',XLAT_URB,'DELT_URB',DELT_URB,   &
         'ZNT_URB',ZNT_URB,'TR_URB',TR_URB, 'TB_URB',TB_URB,'TG_URB',&
         TG_URB,'TC_URB',TC_URB,'QC_URB',QC_URB,'TRL_URB',TRL_URB,   &
          'TBL_URB',TBL_URB,'TGL_URB',TGL_URB,'XXXR_URB',XXXR_URB,   &
         'XXXB_URB',XXXB_URB,'XXXG_URB',XXXG_URB,'XXXC_URB',XXXC_URB,&
         'TS_URB',TS_URB,'QS_URB',QS_URB,'SH_URB',SH_URB,'LH_URB',   &
         LH_URB, 'LH_KINEMATIC_URB',LH_KINEMATIC_URB,'SW_URB',SW_URB,&
         'ALB_URB',ALB_URB,'LW_URB',LW_URB,'G_URB',G_URB,'RN_URB',   &
          RN_URB, 'PSIM_URB',PSIM_URB,'PSIH_URB',PSIH_URB,          &
         'U10_URB',U10_URB,'V10_URB',V10_URB,'TH2_URB',TH2_URB,      &
          'Q2_URB',Q2_URB,'CHS_URB',CHS_URB,'CHS2_URB',CHS2_URB
           endif

            TS_URB2D(I,J) = TS_URB
             
            ALBEDO(I,J) = FRC_URB2D(I,J)*ALB_URB+(1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*ALBEDOK   ![-]
            HFX(I,J) = FRC_URB2D(I,J)*SH_URB+(1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*SHEAT         ![W/m/m]
            QFX(I,J) = FRC_URB2D(I,J)*LH_KINEMATIC_URB &
                     + (1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*ETA_KINEMATIC                ![kg/m/m/s]
            LH(I,J) = FRC_URB2D(I,J)*LH_URB+(1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*ETA            ![W/m/m]
            GRDFLX(I,J) = FRC_URB2D(I,J)*G_URB+(1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*SSOIL       ![W/m/m]
            TSK(I,J) = FRC_URB2D(I,J)*TS_URB+(1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*T1            ![K]
            QSFC(I,J)= FRC_URB2D(I,J)*QS_URB+(1-FRC_URB2D(I,J))*Q1            ![-]

    IF(IPRINT)THEN

    print*, ' FRC_URB2D', FRC_URB2D,                        &
    'ALB_URB',ALB_URB, 'ALBEDOK',ALBEDOK, &
    'ALBEDO(I,J)',  ALBEDO(I,J),                  &
    'SH_URB',SH_URB,'SHEAT',SHEAT, 'HFX(I,J)',HFX(I,J),  &
    'LH_KINEMATIC_URB',LH_KINEMATIC_URB,'ETA_KINEMATIC',  &
     ETA_KINEMATIC, 'QFX(I,J)',QFX(I,J),                  &
    'LH_URB',LH_URB, 'ETA',ETA, 'LH(I,J)',LH(I,J),        &
    'G_URB',G_URB,'SSOIL',SSOIL,'GRDFLX(I,J)', GRDFLX(I,J),&
    'TS_URB',TS_URB,'T1',T1,'TSK(I,J)',TSK(I,J),          &
    'QS_URB',QS_URB,'Q1',Q1,'QSFC(I,J)',QSFC(I,J) 
     endif
       

    

! Renew Urban State Varialbes

            TR_URB2D(I,J) = TR_URB
            TB_URB2D(I,J) = TB_URB
            TG_URB2D(I,J) = TG_URB
            TC_URB2D(I,J) = TC_URB
            QC_URB2D(I,J) = QC_URB
            UC_URB2D(I,J) = UC_URB

            DO K = 1,num_roof_layers
              TRL_URB3D(I,K,J) = TRL_URB(K)
            END DO
            DO K = 1,num_wall_layers
              TBL_URB3D(I,K,J) = TBL_URB(K)
            END DO
            DO K = 1,num_road_layers
              TGL_URB3D(I,K,J) = TGL_URB(K)
            END DO
            XXXR_URB2D(I,J) = XXXR_URB
            XXXB_URB2D(I,J) = XXXB_URB
            XXXG_URB2D(I,J) = XXXG_URB
            XXXC_URB2D(I,J) = XXXC_URB

            SH_URB2D(I,J)    = SH_URB
            LH_URB2D(I,J)    = LH_URB
            G_URB2D(I,J)     = G_URB
            RN_URB2D(I,J)    = RN_URB
            PSIM_URB2D(I,J)  = PSIM_URB
            PSIH_URB2D(I,J)  = PSIH_URB
            GZ1OZ0_URB2D(I,J)= GZ1OZ0_URB
            U10_URB2D(I,J)   = U10_URB
            V10_URB2D(I,J)   = V10_URB
            TH2_URB2D(I,J)   = TH2_URB
            Q2_URB2D(I,J)    = Q2_URB
            UST_URB2D(I,J)   = UST_URB
            AKMS_URB2D(I,J)  = KARMAN * UST_URB2D(I,J)/(GZ1OZ0_URB2D(I,J)-PSIM_URB2D(I,J)) 

          END IF

         ENDIF                                   ! end of UCM CALL if block
!--------------------------------------
! Urban Part End - urban
!--------------------------------------

!***  DIAGNOSTICS                                                       
          SMSTAV(I,J)=SOILW                                            
          SMSTOT(I,J)=SOILM*1000.                                      
!         Convert the water unit into mm
          SFCRUNOFF(I,J)=SFCRUNOFF(I,J)+RUNOFF1*DT*1000.0
          UDRUNOFF(I,J)=UDRUNOFF(I,J)+(RUNOFF2+RUNOFF3)*DT*1000.0
          IF(SFCTMP<=T0)THEN
!            ACSNOW(I,J)=ACSNOW(I,J)+PREC(I)*DT
            ACSNOW(I,J)=ACSNOW(I,J)+PRCP*DT
          ENDIF
          IF(SNOW(I,J).GT.0.)THEN
            ACSNOM(I,J)=ACSNOM(I,J)+SNOMLT*1000.
          ENDIF

        ENDIF                                                           ! endif of land-sea test 

  100 CONTINUE                                                          ! of I loop

   ENDDO                                                                ! of J loop
!------------------------------------------------------
   END SUBROUTINE lsm
!------------------------------------------------------
 
  SUBROUTINE LSMINIT(VEGFRA,SNOW,SNOWC,SNOWH,CANWAT,SMSTAV,    &
                     SMSTOT, SFCRUNOFF,UDRUNOFF,ACSNOW,        &
                     ACSNOM,IVGTYP,ISLTYP,TSLB,SMOIS,SH2O,ZS,DZS, & 
                     FNDSOILW, FNDSNOWH,                       &
                     num_soil_layers, restart,                 &
                     allowed_to_read ,                         &
                     ids,ide, jds,jde, kds,kde,                &
                     ims,ime, jms,jme, kms,kme,                &
                     its,ite, jts,jte, kts,kte                 )

   INTEGER,  INTENT(IN   )   ::     ids,ide, jds,jde, kds,kde,  &
                                    ims,ime, jms,jme, kms,kme,  &
                                    its,ite, jts,jte, kts,kte

   INTEGER, INTENT(IN)       ::     num_soil_layers

   LOGICAL , INTENT(IN) :: restart , allowed_to_read

   REAL,    DIMENSION( num_soil_layers), INTENT(INOUT) :: ZS, DZS

   REAL,    DIMENSION( ims:ime, num_soil_layers, jms:jme )    , &
            INTENT(INOUT)    ::                          SMOIS, &  !Total soil moisture
                                                         SH2O,  &  !liquid soil moisture
                                                         TSLB      !STEMP

   REAL,    DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme )                     , &
            INTENT(INOUT)    ::                           SNOW, & 
                                                         SNOWH, &
                                                         SNOWC, & 
                                                        CANWAT, &
                                                        SMSTAV, &
                                                        SMSTOT, &
                                                     SFCRUNOFF, &
                                                      UDRUNOFF, &
                                                        ACSNOW, &
                                                        VEGFRA, &
                                                        ACSNOM

   INTEGER, DIMENSION( ims:ime, jms:jme )                     , &
            INTENT(IN)       ::                         IVGTYP, &
                                                        ISLTYP

   LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)       ::                      FNDSOILW , &
                                                     FNDSNOWH

   INTEGER                   :: L
   REAL                      :: BX, SMCMAX, PSISAT, FREE
   REAL, PARAMETER           :: BLIM = 5.5, HLICE = 3.335E5,    &
                                GRAV = 9.81, T0 = 273.15
   INTEGER                   :: errflag

!


! initialize three Noah LSM related tables
   IF ( allowed_to_read ) THEN
     CALL wrf_message( 'INITIALIZE THREE Noah LSM RELATED TABLES' )
     CALL  LSM_PARM_INIT
   ENDIF
   
   IF(.not.restart)THEN

   itf=min0(ite,ide-1)
   jtf=min0(jte,jde-1)

   errflag = 0
   DO j = jts,jtf
     DO i = its,itf
       IF ( ISLTYP( i,j ) .LT. 1 ) THEN
         errflag = 1
         WRITE(err_message,*)"module_sf_noahlsm.F: lsminit: out of range ISLTYP ",i,j,ISLTYP( i,j )
         CALL wrf_message(err_message)
       ENDIF
     ENDDO
   ENDDO
   IF ( errflag .EQ. 1 ) THEN
      CALL wrf_error_fatal( "module_sf_noahlsm.F: lsminit: out of range value "// &
                            "of ISLTYP. Is this field in the input?" )
   ENDIF

! initialize soil liquid water content SH2O

!  IF(.NOT.FNDSOILW) THEN

! If no SWC, do the following
!         PRINT *,'SOIL WATER NOT FOUND - VALUE SET IN LSMINIT'
        DO J = jts,jtf
        DO I = its,itf
          BX = BB(ISLTYP(I,J))
          SMCMAX = MAXSMC(ISLTYP(I,J))
          PSISAT = SATPSI(ISLTYP(I,J))
         if ((bx > 0.0).and.(smcmax > 0.0).and.(psisat > 0.0)) then
          DO NS=1, num_soil_layers
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
!SH2O  <= SMOIS for T < 273.149K (-0.001C)
             IF (TSLB(I,NS,J) < 273.149) THEN
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! first guess following explicit solution for Flerchinger Eqn from Koren
! et al, JGR, 1999, Eqn 17 (KCOUNT=0 in FUNCTION FRH2O).
! ISLTPK is soil type
              BX = BB(ISLTYP(I,J))
              SMCMAX = MAXSMC(ISLTYP(I,J))
              PSISAT = SATPSI(ISLTYP(I,J))
              IF ( BX >  BLIM ) BX = BLIM
              FK=(( (HLICE/(GRAV*(-PSISAT))) *                              &
                 ((TSLB(I,NS,J)-T0)/TSLB(I,NS,J)) )**(-1/BX) )*SMCMAX
              IF (FK < 0.02) FK = 0.02
              SH2O(I,NS,J) = MIN( FK, SMOIS(I,NS,J) )
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! now use iterative solution for liquid soil water content using
! FUNCTION FRH2O with the initial guess for SH2O from above explicit
! first guess.
              CALL FRH2O (FREE,TSLB(I,NS,J),SMOIS(I,NS,J),SH2O(I,NS,J),    &
                 SMCMAX,BX,PSISAT)
              SH2O(I,NS,J) = FREE
             ELSE             ! of IF (TSLB(I,NS,J) 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
! SH2O = SMOIS ( for T => 273.149K (-0.001C)
              SH2O(I,NS,J)=SMOIS(I,NS,J)
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------
             ENDIF            ! of IF (TSLB(I,NS,J)
          END DO              ! of DO NS=1, num_soil_layers 
         else                 ! of if ((bx > 0.0)
          DO NS=1, num_soil_layers
           SH2O(I,NS,J)=SMOIS(I,NS,J)
          END DO
         endif                ! of if ((bx > 0.0) 
        ENDDO                 ! DO I = its,itf
        ENDDO                 ! DO J = jts,jtf
!  ENDIF                       ! of IF(.NOT.FNDSOILW)THEN 

! initialize physical snow height SNOWH

        IF(.NOT.FNDSNOWH)THEN
! If no SNOWH do the following
          CALL wrf_message( 'SNOW HEIGHT NOT FOUND - VALUE DEFINED IN LSMINIT' ) 
          DO J = jts,jtf
          DO I = its,itf
            SNOWH(I,J)=SNOW(I,J)*0.005               ! SNOW in mm and SNOWH in m
          ENDDO
          ENDDO
        ENDIF

! initialize canopy water to ZERO

!          GO TO 110
!         print*,'Note that canopy water content (CANWAT) is set to ZERO in LSMINIT' 
          DO J = jts,jtf
          DO I = its,itf
            CANWAT(I,J)=0.0
          ENDDO
          ENDDO
 110      CONTINUE
   
   ENDIF
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  END SUBROUTINE lsminit
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------



!
!-----------------------------------------------------------------
        SUBROUTINE LSM_PARM_INIT
!-----------------------------------------------------------------

        character*4 :: MMINLU, MMINSL 

        MMINLU='USGS'
        MMINSL='STAS'
        call SOIL_VEG_GEN_PARM( MMINLU, MMINSL)

!-----------------------------------------------------------------
        END SUBROUTINE LSM_PARM_INIT 
!-----------------------------------------------------------------

!-----------------------------------------------------------------
        SUBROUTINE SOIL_VEG_GEN_PARM( MMINLU, MMINSL)
!-----------------------------------------------------------------

        IMPLICIT NONE                                                        

        integer :: LUMATCH, IINDEX, LC, NUM_SLOPE 
        integer :: ierr
        INTEGER , PARAMETER :: OPEN_OK = 0

        character*4 :: MMINLU, MMINSL
        character*128 :: mess , message
        logical, external :: wrf_dm_on_monitor
 

!-----SPECIFY VEGETATION RELATED CHARACTERISTICS :
!             ALBBCK: SFC albedo (in percentage)
!                 Z0: Roughness length (m)
!             SHDFAC: Green vegetation fraction (in percentage)
!  Note: The ALBEDO, Z0, and SHDFAC values read from the following table
!          ALBEDO, amd Z0 are specified in LAND-USE TABLE; and SHDFAC is
!          the monthly green vegetation data
!             CMXTBL: MAX CNPY Capacity (m)
!             NROTBL: Rooting depth (layer)
!              RSMIN: Mimimum stomatal resistance (s m-1)
!              RSMAX: Max. stomatal resistance (s m-1)
!                RGL: Parameters used in radiation stress function
!                 HS: Parameter used in vapor pressure deficit functio
!               TOPT: Optimum transpiration air temperature. (K)
!             CMCMAX: Maximum canopy water capacity
!             CFACTR: Parameter used in the canopy inteception calculati
!               SNUP: Threshold snow depth (in water equivalent m) that
!                     implies 100% snow cover
!                LAI: Leaf area index (dimensionless)
!             MAXALB: Upper bound on maximum albedo over deep snow
!
!-----READ IN VEGETAION PROPERTIES FROM VEGPARM.TBL 
!                                                                       

       IF ( wrf_dm_on_monitor() ) THEN

        OPEN(19, FILE='VEGPARM.TBL',FORM='FORMATTED',STATUS='OLD',IOSTAT=ierr)  
        IF(ierr .NE. OPEN_OK ) THEN
          WRITE(message,FMT='(A)') &
          'module_sf_noahlsm.F: soil_veg_gen_parm: failure opening VEGPARM.TBL'
          CALL wrf_error_fatal ( message ) 
        END IF

        WRITE ( mess, * ) 'INPUT LANDUSE = ',MMINLU                                 
        CALL wrf_message( mess )

        LUMATCH=0                                                       

        READ (19,*)
        READ (19,2000,END=2002)LUTYPE                                   
        READ (19,*)LUCATS,IINDEX                                        
 2000   FORMAT (A4) 

        IF(LUTYPE.EQ.MMINLU)THEN                                        
          WRITE( mess , * ) 'LANDUSE TYPE = ',LUTYPE,' FOUND',           &                 
                  LUCATS,' CATEGORIES'
          CALL wrf_message( mess )
          LUMATCH=1                                                     
        ENDIF                                                           

            IF(LUTYPE.EQ.MMINLU)THEN                                    
          DO LC=1,LUCATS                                                
              READ (19,*)IINDEX,ALBTBL(LC),Z0TBL(LC),SHDTBL(LC),   &  
                        NROTBL(LC),RSTBL(LC),RGLTBL(LC),HSTBL(LC), & 
                        SNUPTBL(LC),LAITBL(LC),MAXALB(LC)
          ENDDO
!
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)TOPT_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)CMCMAX_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)CFACTR_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)RSMAX_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)BARE
           ENDIF
!
 2002   CONTINUE                                                        

        CLOSE (19)                                                        
      ENDIF

      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_string  ( LUTYPE  , 4 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( LUCATS  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( IINDEX  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( LUMATCH , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( ALBTBL  , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( Z0TBL   , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SHDTBL  , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( NROTBL  , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( RSTBL   , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( RGLTBL  , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( HSTBL   , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SNUPTBL , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( LAITBL  , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( MAXALB  , NLUS )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( TOPT_DATA    , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( CMCMAX_DATA  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( CFACTR_DATA  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( RSMAX_DATA  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( BARE    , 1 )

!                                                                       
!-----READ IN SOIL PROPERTIES FROM SOILPARM.TBL
!                                                                       
      IF ( wrf_dm_on_monitor() ) THEN
        OPEN(19, FILE='SOILPARM.TBL',FORM='FORMATTED',STATUS='OLD',IOSTAT=ierr) 
        IF(ierr .NE. OPEN_OK ) THEN
          WRITE(message,FMT='(A)') &
          'module_sf_noahlsm.F: soil_veg_gen_parm: failure opening SOILPARM.TBL'
          CALL wrf_error_fatal ( message ) 
        END IF

        MMINSL='STAS'                       !oct2
        WRITE(mess,*) 'INPUT SOIL TEXTURE CLASSIFICAION = ',MMINSL
        CALL wrf_message( mess )

        LUMATCH=0                                                       

        READ (19,*)
        READ (19,2000,END=2003)SLTYPE
        READ (19,*)SLCATS,IINDEX                                        
        IF(SLTYPE.EQ.MMINSL)THEN                                        
            WRITE( mess , * ) 'SOIL TEXTURE CLASSIFICATION = ',SLTYPE,' FOUND', &                 
                  SLCATS,' CATEGORIES'
            CALL wrf_message ( mess )
          LUMATCH=1                                                     
        ENDIF                                                           
            IF(SLTYPE.EQ.MMINSL)THEN                                    
          DO LC=1,SLCATS                                                
              READ (19,*) IINDEX,BB(LC),DRYSMC(LC),F11(LC),MAXSMC(LC),&
                        REFSMC(LC),SATPSI(LC),SATDK(LC), SATDW(LC),   &
                        WLTSMC(LC), QTZ(LC)
          ENDDO
           ENDIF

 2003   CONTINUE                                                        

        CLOSE (19)                                                        
      ENDIF

      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( LUMATCH , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_string  ( SLTYPE  , 4 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_string  ( MMINSL  , 4 )  ! since this is reset above, see oct2 ^
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( SLCATS  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( IINDEX  , 1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( BB      , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( DRYSMC  , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( F11     , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( MAXSMC  , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( REFSMC  , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SATPSI  , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SATDK   , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SATDW   , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( WLTSMC  , NSLTYPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( QTZ     , NSLTYPE )

      IF(LUMATCH.EQ.0)THEN                                            
          CALL wrf_message( 'SOIl TEXTURE IN INPUT FILE DOES NOT ' )
          CALL wrf_message( 'MATCH SOILPARM TABLE'                 )
          CALL wrf_error_fatal ( 'INCONSISTENT OR MISSING SOILPARM FILE' )
      ENDIF                                                           

!
!-----READ IN GENERAL PARAMETERS FROM GENPARM.TBL 
!                                                                       
      IF ( wrf_dm_on_monitor() ) THEN
        OPEN(19, FILE='GENPARM.TBL',FORM='FORMATTED',STATUS='OLD',IOSTAT=ierr) 
        IF(ierr .NE. OPEN_OK ) THEN
          WRITE(message,FMT='(A)') &
          'module_sf_noahlsm.F: soil_veg_gen_parm: failure opening GENPARM.TBL'
          CALL wrf_error_fatal ( message ) 
        END IF

        READ (19,*)
        READ (19,*)
        READ (19,*) NUM_SLOPE

          SLPCATS=NUM_SLOPE

          DO LC=1,SLPCATS                                                
              READ (19,*)SLOPE_DATA(LC)
          ENDDO

          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)SBETA_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)FXEXP_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)CSOIL_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)SALP_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)REFDK_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)REFKDT_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)FRZK_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)ZBOT_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)CZIL_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)SMLOW_DATA
          READ (19,*)
          READ (19,*)SMHIGH_DATA
        CLOSE (19)                                                        
      ENDIF
      
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( NUM_SLOPE    ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_integer ( SLPCATS      ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SLOPE_DATA   ,  NSLOPE )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SBETA_DATA   ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( FXEXP_DATA   ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( CSOIL_DATA   ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SALP_DATA    ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( REFDK_DATA   ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( REFKDT_DATA  ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( FRZK_DATA    ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( ZBOT_DATA    ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( CZIL_DATA    ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SMLOW_DATA   ,  1 )
      CALL wrf_dm_bcast_real    ( SMHIGH_DATA  ,  1 )


!-----------------------------------------------------------------
      END SUBROUTINE SOIL_VEG_GEN_PARM
!-----------------------------------------------------------------

      SUBROUTINE SFLX (ICE,DT,ZLVL,NSOIL,SLDPTH,                        &    !C  
                       LOCAL,                                           &    !L  
                       LLANDUSE, LSOIL,                                 &    !CL 
                       LWDN,SOLDN,SFCPRS,PRCP,SFCTMP,Q2,SFCSPD,         &    !F  
                       COSZ,PRCPRAIN, SOLARDIRECT,                      &    !F  
                       TH2,Q2SAT,DQSDT2,                                &    !I  
                       VEGTYP,SOILTYP,SLOPETYP,SHDFAC,SHDMIN,SHDMAX,    &    !I  
                       ALB, SNOALB,TBOT, Z0BRD, Z0, EMISSI,             &    !S   
                       CMC,T1,STC,SMC,SH2O,SNOWH,SNEQV,ALBEDO,CH,CM,    &    !H  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! OUTPUTS, DIAGNOSTICS, PARAMETERS BELOW GENERALLY NOT NECESSARY WHEN            
! COUPLED WITH E.G. A NWP MODEL (SUCH AS THE NOAA/NWS/NCEP MESOSCALE ETA         
! MODEL).  OTHER APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE DIFFERENT OUTPUT VARIABLES.            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                       ETA,SHEAT, ETA_KINEMATIC,FDOWN,                  &    !O  
                       EC,EDIR,ET,ETT,ESNOW,DRIP,DEW,                   &    !O  
                       BETA,ETP,SSOIL,                                  &    !O  
                       FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,                                  &    !O  
                       SNOMLT,SNCOVR,                                   &    !O  
                       RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,                         &    !O  
                       RC,PC,RSMIN,XLAI,RCS,RCT,RCQ,RCSOIL,             &    !O  
                       SOILW,SOILM,Q1,                                  &    !D  
                       SMCWLT,SMCDRY,SMCREF,SMCMAX,NROOT)                    !P  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SFLX - VERSION 3.X - October 2002                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUB-DRIVER FOR "Noah LSM" FAMILY OF PHYSICS SUBROUTINES FOR A                  
! SOIL/VEG/SNOWPACK LAND-SURFACE MODEL TO UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE, SOIL             
! ICE, SOIL TEMPERATURE, SKIN TEMPERATURE, SNOWPACK WATER CONTENT,               
! SNOWDEPTH, AND ALL TERMS OF THE SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE AND SURFACE             
! WATER BALANCE (EXCLUDING INPUT ATMOSPHERIC FORCINGS OF DOWNWARD                
! RADIATION AND PRECIP)                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SFLX ARGUMENT LIST KEY:                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  C  CONFIGURATION INFORMATION                                                  
!  L  LOGICAL                                                                    
! CL  4-string character bearing logical meaning                                 
!  F  FORCING DATA                                                               
!  I  OTHER (INPUT) FORCING DATA                                                 
!  S  SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS                                                    
!  H  HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES                                                  
!  O  OUTPUT VARIABLES                                                           
!  D  DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT                                                          
!  P  Parameters                                                                 
!  Msic Miscellaneous terms passed from gridded driver
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 1. CONFIGURATION INFORMATION (C):                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   ICE        SEA-ICE FLAG  (=1: SEA-ICE, =0: LAND)                             
!   DT         TIMESTEP (SEC) (DT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 3600 SECS, RECOMMEND         
!                1800 SECS OR LESS)                                              
!   ZLVL       HEIGHT (M) ABOVE GROUND OF ATMOSPHERIC FORCING VARIABLES          
!   NSOIL      NUMBER OF SOIL LAYERS (AT LEAST 2, AND NOT GREATER THAN           
!                PARAMETER NSOLD SET BELOW)                                      
!   SLDPTH     THE THICKNESS OF EACH SOIL LAYER (M)                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 2. LOGICAL:                                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   LCH       Exchange coefficient (Ch) calculation flag (false: using           
!                ch-routine SFCDIF; true: Ch is brought in)                      
!   LOCAL      Flag for local-site simulation (where there is no
!              maps for albedo, veg fraction, and roughness 
!             true:  all LSM parameters (inluding albedo, veg fraction and 
!                    roughness length) will be defined by three tables          
!   LLANDUSE  (=USGS, using USGS landuse classification)                         
!   LSOIL     (=STAS, using FAO/STATSGO soil texture classification)             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 3. FORCING DATA (F):                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   LWDN       LW DOWNWARD RADIATION (W M-2; POSITIVE, NOT NET LONGWAVE)         
!   SOLDN      SOLAR DOWNWARD RADIATION (W M-2; POSITIVE, NOT NET SOLAR)         
!   SFCPRS     PRESSURE AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (PASCALS)                    
!   PRCP       PRECIP RATE (KG M-2 S-1) (NOTE, THIS IS A RATE)                   
!   SFCTMP     AIR TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND                   
!   TH2        AIR POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE (K) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND         
!   Q2         MIXING RATIO AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)                
!   COSZ       Solar zenith angle (not used for now)                             
!   PRCPRAIN   Liquid-precipitation rate (KG M-2 S-1) (not used)                 
! SOLARDIRECT  Direct component of downward solar radiation (W M-2) (not used)   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 4. OTHER FORCING (INPUT) DATA (I):                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   SFCSPD     WIND SPEED (M S-1) AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND                    
!   Q2SAT      SAT MIXING RATIO AT HEIGHT ZLVL ABOVE GROUND (KG KG-1)            
!   DQSDT2     SLOPE OF SAT SPECIFIC HUMIDITY CURVE AT T=SFCTMP                  
!                (KG KG-1 K-1)                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 5. CANOPY/SOIL CHARACTERISTICS (S):                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   VEGTYP     VEGETATION TYPE (INTEGER INDEX)                                   
!   SOILTYP    SOIL TYPE (INTEGER INDEX)                                         
!   SLOPETYP   CLASS OF SFC SLOPE (INTEGER INDEX)                                
!   SHDFAC     AREAL FRACTIONAL COVERAGE OF GREEN VEGETATION                     
!                (FRACTION= 0.0-1.0)                                             
!   SHDMIN     MINIMUM AREAL FRACTIONAL COVERAGE OF GREEN VEGETATION             
!                (FRACTION= 0.0-1.0) <= SHDFAC                                   
!   PTU        PHOTO THERMAL UNIT (PLANT PHENOLOGY FOR ANNUALS/CROPS)            
!                (NOT YET USED, BUT PASSED TO REDPRM FOR FUTURE USE IN           
!                VEG PARMS)                                                      
!   ALB        BACKROUND SNOW-FREE SURFACE ALBEDO (FRACTION), FOR JULIAN         
!                DAY OF YEAR (USUALLY FROM TEMPORAL INTERPOLATION OF             
!                MONTHLY MEAN VALUES' CALLING PROG MAY OR MAY NOT                
!                INCLUDE DIURNAL SUN ANGLE EFFECT)                               
!   SNOALB     UPPER BOUND ON MAXIMUM ALBEDO OVER DEEP SNOW (E.G. FROM           
!                ROBINSON AND KUKLA, 1985, J. CLIM. & APPL. METEOR.)             
!   TBOT       BOTTOM SOIL TEMPERATURE (LOCAL YEARLY-MEAN SFC AIR                
!                TEMPERATURE)                                                    
!   Z0BRD      Background fixed roughness length (M)                             
!   Z0         Time varying roughness length (M) as function of snow depth       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 6. HISTORY (STATE) VARIABLES (H):                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  CMC         CANOPY MOISTURE CONTENT (M)                                       
!  T1          GROUND/CANOPY/SNOWPACK) EFFECTIVE SKIN TEMPERATURE (K)            
!  STC(NSOIL)  SOIL TEMP (K)                                                     
!  SMC(NSOIL)  TOTAL SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (VOLUMETRIC FRACTION)                 
!  SH2O(NSOIL) UNFROZEN SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (VOLUMETRIC FRACTION)              
!                NOTE: FROZEN SOIL MOISTURE = SMC - SH2O                         
!  SNOWH       ACTUAL SNOW DEPTH (M)                                             
!  SNEQV       LIQUID WATER-EQUIVALENT SNOW DEPTH (M)                            
!                NOTE: SNOW DENSITY = SNEQV/SNOWH                                
!  ALBEDO      SURFACE ALBEDO INCLUDING SNOW EFFECT (UNITLESS FRACTION)          
!                =SNOW-FREE ALBEDO (ALB) WHEN SNEQV=0, OR                        
!                =FCT(MSNOALB,ALB,VEGTYP,SHDFAC,SHDMIN) WHEN SNEQV>0             
!  CH          SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE                
!                (M S-1); NOTE: CH IS TECHNICALLY A CONDUCTANCE SINCE            
!                IT HAS BEEN MULTIPLIED BY WIND SPEED.                           
!  CM          SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR MOMENTUM (M S-1); NOTE:          
!                CM IS TECHNICALLY A CONDUCTANCE SINCE IT HAS BEEN               
!                MULTIPLIED BY WIND SPEED.                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 7. OUTPUT (O):                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! OUTPUT VARIABLES NECESSARY FOR A COUPLED NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION          
! MODEL, E.G. NOAA/NWS/NCEP MESOSCALE ETA MODEL.  FOR THIS APPLICATION,          
! THE REMAINING OUTPUT/DIAGNOSTIC/PARAMETER BLOCKS BELOW ARE NOT                 
! NECESSARY.  OTHER APPLICATIONS MAY REQUIRE DIFFERENT OUTPUT VARIABLES.         
!   ETA        ACTUAL LATENT HEAT FLUX (W m-2: NEGATIVE, IF UP FROM              
!              SURFACE)                                                          
!  ETA_KINEMATIC atctual latent heat flux in Kg m-2 s-1                            
!   SHEAT      SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE, IF UPWARD FROM               
!              SURFACE)                                                          
!   FDOWN      Radiation forcing at the surface (W m-2) = SOLDN*(1-alb)+LWDN     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   EC         CANOPY WATER EVAPORATION (W m-2)                                  
!   EDIR       DIRECT SOIL EVAPORATION (W m-2)                                   
!   ET(NSOIL)  PLANT TRANSPIRATION FROM A PARTICULAR ROOT (SOIL) LAYER           
!                 (W m-2)                                                        
!   ETT        TOTAL PLANT TRANSPIRATION (W m-2)                                 
!   ESNOW      SUBLIMATION FROM (OR DEPOSITION TO IF <0) SNOWPACK                
!                (W m-2)                                                         
!   DRIP       THROUGH-FALL OF PRECIP AND/OR DEW IN EXCESS OF CANOPY             
!                WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY (M)                                      
!   DEW        DEWFALL (OR FROSTFALL FOR T<273.15) (M)                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   BETA       RATIO OF ACTUAL/POTENTIAL EVAP (DIMENSIONLESS)                    
!   ETP        POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (W m-2)
!   SSOIL      SOIL HEAT FLUX (W M-2: NEGATIVE IF DOWNWARD FROM SURFACE)         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   FLX1       PRECIP-SNOW SFC (W M-2)                                           
!   FLX2       FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX (W M-2)                            
!   FLX3       PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT (W M-2)                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   SNOMLT     SNOW MELT (M) (WATER EQUIVALENT)                                  
!   SNCOVR     FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER (UNITLESS FRACTION, 0-1)                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   RUNOFF1    SURFACE RUNOFF (M S-1), NOT INFILTRATING THE SURFACE              
!   RUNOFF2    SUBSURFACE RUNOFF (M S-1), DRAINAGE OUT BOTTOM OF LAST            
!                SOIL LAYER (BASEFLOW)                                           
!   RUNOFF3    NUMERICAL TRUNCTATION IN EXCESS OF POROSITY (SMCMAX)              
!                FOR A GIVEN SOIL LAYER AT THE END OF A TIME STEP (M S-1).       
! Note: the above RUNOFF2 is actually the sum of RUNOFF2 and RUNOFF3             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   RC         CANOPY RESISTANCE (S M-1)                                         
!   PC         PLANT COEFFICIENT (UNITLESS FRACTION, 0-1) WHERE PC*ETP           
!                = ACTUAL TRANSP                                                 
!   XLAI       LEAF AREA INDEX (DIMENSIONLESS)                                   
!   RSMIN      MINIMUM CANOPY RESISTANCE (S M-1)                                 
!   RCS        INCOMING SOLAR RC FACTOR (DIMENSIONLESS)                          
!   RCT        AIR TEMPERATURE RC FACTOR (DIMENSIONLESS)                         
!   RCQ        ATMOS VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT RC FACTOR (DIMENSIONLESS)            
!   RCSOIL     SOIL MOISTURE RC FACTOR (DIMENSIONLESS)                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 8. DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT (D):                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   SOILW      AVAILABLE SOIL MOISTURE IN ROOT ZONE (UNITLESS FRACTION           
!              BETWEEN SMCWLT AND SMCMAX)                                        
!   SOILM      TOTAL SOIL COLUMN MOISTURE CONTENT (FROZEN+UNFROZEN) (M)          
!   Q1         Effective mixing ratio at surface (kg kg-1), used for             
!              diagnosing the mixing ratio at 2 meter for coupled model          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 9. PARAMETERS (P):                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   SMCWLT     WILTING POINT (VOLUMETRIC)                                        
!   SMCDRY     DRY SOIL MOISTURE THRESHOLD WHERE DIRECT EVAP FRM TOP             
!                LAYER ENDS (VOLUMETRIC)                                         
!   SMCREF     SOIL MOISTURE THRESHOLD WHERE TRANSPIRATION BEGINS TO             
!                STRESS (VOLUMETRIC)                                             
!   SMCMAX     POROSITY, I.E. SATURATED VALUE OF SOIL MOISTURE                   
!                (VOLUMETRIC)                                                    
!   NROOT      NUMBER OF ROOT LAYERS, A FUNCTION OF VEG TYPE, DETERMINED         
!              IN SUBROUTINE REDPRM. 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------           


      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         

! DECLARATIONS - LOGICAL AND CHARACTERS                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)::  LOCAL                                              
      LOGICAL            ::  FRZGRA, SNOWNG                                                    
      CHARACTER (LEN=4), INTENT(IN)::  LLANDUSE, LSOIL
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DECLARATIONS - INTEGER                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      INTEGER,INTENT(IN) ::  ICE,NSOIL,SLOPETYP,SOILTYP,VEGTYP                                 
      INTEGER,INTENT(OUT)::  NROOT                                                             
      INTEGER  KZ, K, iout                                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DECLARATIONS - REAL                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      REAL, INTENT(IN)   :: SHDMIN,SHDMAX,DT,DQSDT2,LWDN,PRCP,PRCPRAIN,     & 
                            Q2,Q2SAT,SFCPRS,SFCSPD,SFCTMP, SNOALB,          & 
                            SOLDN,TBOT,TH2,ZLVL,                            &
                            EMISSI                                         
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT):: COSZ, SOLARDIRECT,ALBEDO,CH,CM,                 &  
                            CMC,SNEQV,SNCOVR,SNOWH,T1,XLAI,SHDFAC,Z0BRD,ALB
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: SLDPTH      
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: ET          
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) ::  SH2O, SMC, STC
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)::   RTDIS, ZSOIL                                     

      REAL,INTENT(OUT)   :: ETA_KINEMATIC,BETA,DEW,DRIP,EC,EDIR,ESNOW,ETA,  & 
                            ETP,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,SHEAT,PC,RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,    & 
                            RUNOFF3,RC,RSMIN,RCQ,RCS,RCSOIL,RCT,SSOIL,      & 
                            SMCDRY,SMCMAX,SMCREF,SMCWLT,SNOMLT, SOILM,      & 
                            SOILW,FDOWN,Q1                                       
      REAL :: BEXP,CFACTR,CMCMAX,CSOIL,CZIL,DF1,DF1H,DF1A,DKSAT,DWSAT,      & 
              DSOIL,DTOT,ETT,FRCSNO,FRCSOI,EPSCA,F1,FXEXP,FRZX,HS,          & 
              KDT,LVH2O,PRCP1,PSISAT,QUARTZ,R,RCH,REFKDT,RR,RGL,            & 
              RSMAX,                                                        & 
              RSNOW,SNDENS,SNCOND,SBETA,SN_NEW,SLOPE,SNUP,SALP,SOILWM,      & 
              SOILWW,T1V,T24,T2V,TH2V,TOPT,TFREEZ,TSNOW,ZBOT,Z0,PRCPF,      & 
              ETNS,PTU,LSUBS               

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DECLARATIONS - PARAMETERS                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PARAMETER (TFREEZ = 273.15)                                                
      PARAMETER (LVH2O = 2.501E+6)                                               
      PARAMETER (LSUBS = 2.83E+6)                                                
      PARAMETER (R = 287.04)                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   INITIALIZATION                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RUNOFF1 = 0.0                                                           
         RUNOFF2 = 0.0                                                           
         RUNOFF3 = 0.0                                                           
         SNOMLT = 0.0                                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  THE VARIABLE "ICE" IS A FLAG DENOTING SEA-ICE CASE                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SEA-ICE LAYERS ARE EQUAL THICKNESS AND SUM TO 3 METERS                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (ICE == 1) THEN                                                    
            DO KZ = 1,NSOIL                                                      
               ZSOIL (KZ) = -3.* FLOAT (KZ)/ FLOAT (NSOIL)                       
            END DO                                                               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE DEPTH (NEGATIVE) BELOW GROUND FROM TOP SKIN SFC TO BOTTOM OF         
!   EACH SOIL LAYER.  NOTE:  SIGN OF ZSOIL IS NEGATIVE (DENOTING BELOW           
!   GROUND)                                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ELSE                                                                    
            ZSOIL (1) = - SLDPTH (1)                                             
            DO KZ = 2,NSOIL                                                      
               ZSOIL (KZ) = - SLDPTH (KZ) + ZSOIL (KZ -1)                        
            END DO                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEXT IS CRUCIAL CALL TO SET THE LAND-SURFACE PARAMETERS, INCLUDING             
! SOIL-TYPE AND VEG-TYPE DEPENDENT PARAMETERS.                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
          CALL REDPRM (VEGTYP,SOILTYP,SLOPETYP,CFACTR,CMCMAX,RSMAX,TOPT,   &     
                       REFKDT,KDT,SBETA, SHDFAC,RSMIN,RGL,HS,ZBOT,FRZX,    &     
                         PSISAT,SLOPE,SNUP,SALP,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,          &     
                         SMCMAX,SMCWLT,SMCREF,SMCDRY,F1,QUARTZ,FXEXP,      &     
                         RTDIS,SLDPTH,ZSOIL,NROOT,NSOIL,Z0BRD,CZIL,XLAI,   &     
                         CSOIL,ALB,PTU,LLANDUSE,LSOIL,LOCAL)                   
         END IF                                                                  

!urban change
         IF(VEGTYP==1)THEN
              SHDFAC=0.05
              RSMIN=400.0
              SMCMAX = 0.45
              SMCREF = 0.42
              SMCWLT = 0.40
         ENDIF
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  INITIALIZE PRECIPITATION LOGICALS.                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         SNOWNG = .FALSE.                                                        
         FRZGRA = .FALSE.                                                        
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF SEA-ICE CASE, ASSIGN DEFAULT WATER-EQUIV SNOW ON TOP                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (ICE == 1) THEN                                                    
            SNEQV = 0.01                                                         
            SNOWH = 0.05                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF INPUT SNOWPACK IS NONZERO, THEN COMPUTE SNOW DENSITY "SNDENS" AND           
!   SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY "SNCOND" (NOTE THAT CSNOW IS A FUNCTION            
!   SUBROUTINE)                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END IF                                                                  
         IF (SNEQV == 0.0) THEN                                                
            SNDENS = 0.0                                                         
            SNOWH = 0.0                                                          
            SNCOND = 1.0                                                         
         ELSE                                                                    
            SNDENS = SNEQV / SNOWH                                               
            IF(SNDENS > 1.0) THEN                                               
             CALL wrf_error_fatal ( 'Physical snow depth is less than snow water equiv.' )
            ENDIF                                                                
            CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)                                           
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE IF IT'S PRECIPITATING AND WHAT KIND OF PRECIP IT IS.                 
! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, IT'S SNOWING!             
! IF IT'S PRCPING AND THE AIR TEMP IS WARMER THAN 0 C, BUT THE GRND              
! TEMP IS COLDER THAN 0 C, FREEZING RAIN IS PRESUMED TO BE FALLING.              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (PRCP > 0.0) THEN                                                 
            IF (SFCTMP <=  TFREEZ) THEN                                         
               SNOWNG = .TRUE.                                                   
            ELSE                                                                 
               IF (T1 <= TFREEZ) FRZGRA = .TRUE.                               
            END IF                                                               
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF EITHER PRCP FLAG IS SET, DETERMINE NEW SNOWFALL (CONVERTING PRCP            
! RATE FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO A LIQUID EQUIV SNOW DEPTH IN METERS) AND ADD           
! IT TO THE EXISTING SNOWPACK.                                                   
! NOTE THAT SINCE ALL PRECIP IS ADDED TO SNOWPACK, NO PRECIP INFILTRATES         
! INTO THE SOIL SO THAT PRCP1 IS SET TO ZERO.                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF ( (SNOWNG) .OR. (FRZGRA) ) THEN                                      
            SN_NEW = PRCP * DT * 0.001                                           
!        PRCP1 = 0.0                                                             
! change name of PRCP1 to PRCPF                                                  
            SNEQV = SNEQV + SN_NEW                                               
            PRCPF = 0.0                                                          
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! UPDATE SNOW DENSITY BASED ON NEW SNOWFALL, USING OLD AND NEW SNOW.             
! UPDATE SNOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CALL SNOW_NEW (SFCTMP,SN_NEW,SNOWH,SNDENS)                           
            CALL CSNOW (SNCOND,SNDENS)                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! PRECIP IS LIQUID (RAIN), HENCE SAVE IN THE PRECIP VARIABLE THAT                
! LATER CAN WHOLELY OR PARTIALLY INFILTRATE THE SOIL (ALONG WITH                 
! ANY CANOPY "DRIP" ADDED TO THIS LATER)                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!        PRCP1 = PRCP                                                            
         ELSE                                                                    
! change name of PRCP1 to PRCPF                                                  
                                                                                 
            PRCPF = PRCP                                                         
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE SNOWCOVER AND ALBEDO OVER LAND.                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF SNOW DEPTH=0, SET SNOW FRACTION=0, ALBEDO=SNOW FREE ALBEDO.                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (ICE == 0) THEN                                                    
            IF (SNEQV  == 0.0) THEN                                             
               SNCOVR = 0.0                                                      
               ALBEDO = ALB                                                      
            ELSE                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE SNOW FRACTIONAL COVERAGE.                                            
! DETERMINE SURFACE ALBEDO MODIFICATION DUE TO SNOWDEPTH STATE.                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
              CALL SNFRAC (SNEQV,SNUP,SALP,SNOWH,SNCOVR)                         
              CALL ALCALC (ALB,SNOALB,SHDFAC,SHDMIN,SNCOVR,TSNOW,ALBEDO)         
            END IF                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNOW COVER, ALBEDO OVER SEA-ICE                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ELSE                                                                    
            SNCOVR = 1.0                                                         
            ALBEDO = 0.60                                                        
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR SEA-ICE CASE                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (ICE == 1) THEN                                                    
            DF1 = 2.2                                                            
         ELSE                                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEXT CALCULATE THE SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX, WHICH FIRST REQUIRES                  
! CALCULATION OF THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY.  TREATMENT OF THE                      
! LATTER FOLLOWS THAT ON PAGES 148-149 FROM "HEAT TRANSFER IN                    
! COLD CLIMATES", BY V. J. LUNARDINI (PUBLISHED IN 1981                          
! BY VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD CO.) I.E. TREATMENT OF TWO CONTIGUOUS                 
! "PLANE PARALLEL" MEDIUMS (NAMELY HERE THE FIRST SOIL LAYER                     
! AND THE SNOWPACK LAYER, IF ANY). THIS DIFFUSIVITY TREATMENT                    
! BEHAVES WELL FOR BOTH ZERO AND NONZERO SNOWPACK, INCLUDING THE                 
! LIMIT OF VERY THIN SNOWPACK.  THIS TREATMENT ALSO ELIMINATES                   
! THE NEED TO IMPOSE AN ARBITRARY UPPER BOUND ON SUBSURFACE                      
! HEAT FLUX WHEN THE SNOWPACK BECOMES EXTREMELY THIN.                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FIRST CALCULATE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF TOP SOIL LAYER, USING                   
! BOTH THE FROZEN AND LIQUID SOIL MOISTURE, FOLLOWING THE                        
! SOIL THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY FUNCTION OF PETERS-LIDARD ET AL.                      
! (1998,JAS, VOL 55, 1209-1224), WHICH REQUIRES THE SPECIFYING                   
! THE QUARTZ CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOIL CLASS (SEE ROUTINE REDPRM)                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEXT ADD SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX REDUCTION EFFECT FROM THE                        
! OVERLYING GREEN CANOPY, ADAPTED FROM SECTION 2.1.2 OF                          
! PETERS-LIDARD ET AL. (1997, JGR, VOL 102(D4))                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CALL TDFCND (DF1,SMC (1),QUARTZ,SMCMAX,SH2O (1))                     

!urban change
            IF (VEGTYP==1) DF1=3.24

            DF1 = DF1 * EXP (SBETA * SHDFAC)                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FINALLY "PLANE PARALLEL" SNOWPACK EFFECT FOLLOWING                             
! V.J. LINARDINI REFERENCE CITED ABOVE. NOTE THAT DTOT IS                        
! COMBINED DEPTH OF SNOWDEPTH AND THICKNESS OF FIRST SOIL LAYER                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
         DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))                                             
         IF (SNEQV == 0.) THEN                                                 
            SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1) ) / DSOIL                                 
         ELSE                                                                    
            DTOT = SNOWH + DSOIL                                                 
            FRCSNO = SNOWH / DTOT                                                
                                                                                 
! 1. HARMONIC MEAN (SERIES FLOW)                                                 
!        DF1 = (SNCOND*DF1)/(FRCSOI*SNCOND+FRCSNO*DF1)                           
            FRCSOI = DSOIL / DTOT                                                
! 2. ARITHMETIC MEAN (PARALLEL FLOW)                                             
!        DF1 = FRCSNO*SNCOND + FRCSOI*DF1                                        
            DF1H = (SNCOND * DF1)/ (FRCSOI * SNCOND+ FRCSNO * DF1)               
                                                                                 
! 3. GEOMETRIC MEAN (INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN HARMONIC AND ARITHMETIC MEAN)          
!        DF1 = (SNCOND**FRCSNO)*(DF1**FRCSOI)                                    
! TEST - MBEK, 10 Jan 2002                                                       
! weigh DF by snow fraction                                                      
!        DF1 = DF1H*SNCOVR + DF1A*(1.0-SNCOVR)                                   
!        DF1 = DF1H*SNCOVR + DF1*(1.0-SNCOVR)                                    
            DF1A = FRCSNO * SNCOND+ FRCSOI * DF1                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX, SSOIL, FROM FINAL THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY          
! OF SURFACE MEDIUMS, DF1 ABOVE, AND SKIN TEMPERATURE AND TOP                    
! MID-LAYER SOIL TEMPERATURE                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DF1 = DF1A * SNCOVR + DF1* (1.0- SNCOVR)                             
            SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1) ) / DTOT                                  
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OVER SNOWPACK USING SNOW CONDITION FROM            
! THE PREVIOUS TIMESTEP.                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (SNCOVR  > 0. ) THEN                                               
            CALL SNOWZ0 (SNCOVR,Z0,Z0BRD)                                        
         ELSE
            Z0=Z0BRD
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEXT CALL ROUTINE SFCDIF TO CALCULATE THE SFC EXCHANGE COEF (CH) FOR           
! HEAT AND MOISTURE.                                                             
                                                                                 
! NOTE !!!                                                                       
! DO NOT CALL SFCDIF UNTIL AFTER ABOVE CALL TO REDPRM, IN CASE                   
! ALTERNATIVE VALUES OF ROUGHNESS LENGTH (Z0) AND ZILINTINKEVICH COEF            
! (CZIL) ARE SET THERE VIA NAMELIST I/O.                                         
                                                                                 
! NOTE !!!                                                                       
! ROUTINE SFCDIF RETURNS A CH THAT REPRESENTS THE WIND SPD TIMES THE             
! "ORIGINAL" NONDIMENSIONAL "Ch" TYPICAL IN LITERATURE.  HENCE THE CH            
! RETURNED FROM SFCDIF HAS UNITS OF M/S.  THE IMPORTANT COMPANION                
! COEFFICIENT OF CH, CARRIED HERE AS "RCH", IS THE CH FROM SFCDIF TIMES          
! AIR DENSITY AND PARAMETER "CP".  "RCH" IS COMPUTED IN "CALL PENMAN".           
! RCH RATHER THAN CH IS THE COEFF USUALLY INVOKED LATER IN EQNS.                 
                                                                                 
! NOTE !!!                                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SFCDIF ALSO RETURNS THE SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR MOMENTUM, CM,         
! ALSO KNOWN AS THE SURFACE DRAGE COEFFICIENT. Needed as a state variable        
! for iterative/implicit solution of CH in SFCDIF                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!        IF(.NOT.LCH) THEN                                                       
!          T1V = T1 * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2)                                           
!          TH2V = TH2 * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2)                                         
!          CALL SFCDIF_off (ZLVL,Z0,T1V,TH2V,SFCSPD,CZIL,CM,CH)                  
!        ENDIF                                                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALL PENMAN SUBROUTINE TO CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (ETP), AND           
! OTHER PARTIAL PRODUCTS AND SUMS SAVE IN COMMON/RITE FOR LATER                  
! CALCULATIONS.                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE TOTAL DOWNWARD RADIATION (SOLAR PLUS LONGWAVE) NEEDED IN             
! PENMAN EP SUBROUTINE THAT FOLLOWS                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         FDOWN = SOLDN * (1.0- ALBEDO) + LWDN                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC VIRTUAL TEMPS AND VIRTUAL POTENTIAL TEMPS NEEDED BY SUBROUTINES           
! PENMAN.                                                                        
         T2V = SFCTMP * (1.0+ 0.61 * Q2 )                                        
                                                                                 
         iout=0                                                                  
         if(iout.eq.1) then                                                      
         print*,'before penman'                                                  
         print*,' SFCTMP',SFCTMP,'SFCPRS',SFCPRS,'CH',CH,'T2V',T2V,      & 
       'TH2',TH2,'PRCP',PRCP,'FDOWN',FDOWN,'T24',T24,'SSOIL',SSOIL,      &         
        'Q2',Q2,'Q2SAT',Q2SAT,'ETP',ETP,'RCH',RCH,                       &        
        'EPSCA',EPSCA,'RR',RR  ,'SNOWNG',SNOWNG,'FRZGRA',FRZGRA,           &       
        'DQSDT2',DQSDT2,'FLX2',FLX2,'SNOWH',SNOWH,'SNEQV',SNEQV,         &      
        ' DSOIL',DSOIL,' FRCSNO',FRCSNO,' SNCOVR',SNCOVR,' DTOT',DTOT,   &     
       ' ZSOIL (1)',ZSOIL(1),' DF1',DF1,'T1',T1,' STC1',STC(1),          &       
        'ALBEDO',ALBEDO,'SMC',SMC,'STC',STC,'SH2O',SH2O                          
         endif                                                                   
                                                                                 
         CALL PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,T2V,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL,     &        
                       Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,EPSCA,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA,          &
                         DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI)                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALL CANRES TO CALCULATE THE CANOPY RESISTANCE AND CONVERT IT INTO PC          
! IF NONZERO GREENNESS FRACTION                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
!       print*,'after penman ETP',ETP                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  FROZEN GROUND EXTENSION: TOTAL SOIL WATER "SMC" WAS REPLACED                  
!  BY UNFROZEN SOIL WATER "SH2O" IN CALL TO CANRES BELOW                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (SHDFAC > 0.) THEN                                                
            CALL CANRES (SOLDN,CH,SFCTMP,Q2,SFCPRS,SH2O,ZSOIL,NSOIL,     &        
                          SMCWLT,SMCREF,RSMIN,RC,PC,NROOT,Q2SAT,DQSDT2,  &
                          TOPT,RSMAX,RGL,HS,XLAI,                        &
                          RCS,RCT,RCQ,RCSOIL,EMISSI)                      
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NOW DECIDE MAJOR PATHWAY BRANCH TO TAKE DEPENDING ON WHETHER SNOWPACK          
! EXISTS OR NOT:                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ESNOW = 0.0                                                             
         IF (SNEQV  == 0.0) THEN                                                
            CALL NOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,SMC,SMCMAX,SMCWLT,                  &  
                            SMCREF,SMCDRY,CMC,CMCMAX,NSOIL,DT,           &  
                            SHDFAC,                                      &  
                            SBETA,Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,F1,EMISSI,  &
                            SSOIL,                                       &  
                            STC,EPSCA,BEXP,PC,RCH,RR,CFACTR,             &  
                            SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZX,PSISAT,ZSOIL,            &  
                            DKSAT,DWSAT,TBOT,ZBOT,RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,       &  
                            RUNOFF3,EDIR,EC,ET,ETT,NROOT,ICE,RTDIS,      &  
                            QUARTZ,FXEXP,CSOIL,                          &  
                            BETA,DRIP,DEW,FLX1,FLX3,VEGTYP)                  
            ETA_KINEMATIC = ETA                                                  
            ETA = ETA * LVH2O                                                    
            ETP = ETP*LVH2O                                                      
!            BETA = ETA/ETP                                                      
         ELSE                                                                    
            CALL SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,PRCPF,SNOWNG,SMC,SMCMAX,SMCWLT,    & 
                         SMCREF,SMCDRY,CMC,CMCMAX,NSOIL,DT,              & 
                         SBETA,DF1,                                      & 
                         Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,F1,SSOIL,STC,EPSCA,  & 
                         SFCPRS,BEXP,PC,RCH,RR,CFACTR,SNCOVR,SNEQV,SNDENS,& 
                         SNOWH,SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZX,PSISAT,               & 
                         ZSOIL,DWSAT,DKSAT,TBOT,ZBOT,SHDFAC,RUNOFF1,     & 
                         RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,EDIR,EC,ET,ETT,NROOT,SNOMLT,    & 
                         ICE,RTDIS,QUARTZ,FXEXP,CSOIL,                   & 
                         BETA,DRIP,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,ETNS,EMISSI, &               
                         VEGTYP)                                          
            ETA_KINEMATIC =  ESNOW + ETNS                                        
            ESNOW = ESNOW * LSUBS                                                
!           ETA = ESNOW * LSUBS + ETNS * LVH2O                                   
            ETA = ESNOW + ETNS * LVH2O                                           
            ETP = ETP*LSUBS                                                      
!           ETP = ETP* ( (SNCOVR*LSUBS+(1.-SNCOVR)*LVH2O ) 
!           BETA = ETA/ETP                                                       
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
!     Calculate effective mixing ratio at grnd level (skin)                      
!                                                                                
!     Q1=Q2+ETA*CP/RCH                                                           
     Q1=Q2+ETA_KINEMATIC*CP/RCH                                                 
!                                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!   PREPARE SENSIBLE HEAT (H) FOR RETURN TO PARENT MODEL                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  CONVERT UNITS AND/OR SIGN OF TOTAL EVAP (ETA), POTENTIAL EVAP (ETP),          
!  SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX (S), AND RUNOFFS FOR WHAT PARENT MODEL EXPECTS           
!  CONVERT ETA FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO W M-2                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!ek      ETA = ETA*LVH2O                                                         
         SHEAT = - (CH * CP * SFCPRS)/ (R * T2V) * ( TH2- T1 )                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT OTHER EVAP TERMS FROM M S-1 TO KG M-2 S-1, THEN TO W M-2               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      EDIR = EDIR*1000.                                                         
!      EC = EC*1000.                                                             
!      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                            
!       ET(K) = ET(K)*1000.                                                      
!      END DO                                                                    
!      ETT = ETT*1000.                                                           
                                                                                 
!        ETP = ETP * LVH2O                                                       
         EC = EC * LVH2O                                                         
         EDIR = EDIR * LVH2O                                                     
         DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                          
            ET (K) = ET (K)* LVH2O                                               
         END DO                                                                  
         ETT = ETT * LVH2O                                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT THE SIGN OF SOIL HEAT FLUX SO THAT:                                    
!   SSOIL>0: WARM THE SURFACE  (NIGHT TIME)                                      
!   SSOIL<0: COOL THE SURFACE  (DAY TIME)                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!        ESNOW = ESNOW * LVH2O                                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  CONVERT RUNOFF3 (INTERNAL LAYER RUNOFF FROM SUPERSAT) FROM M TO M S-1         
!  AND ADD TO SUBSURFACE RUNOFF/DRAINAGE/BASEFLOW                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         SSOIL = -1.0* SSOIL                                                     
         RUNOFF3 = RUNOFF3/ DT                                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TOTAL COLUMN SOIL MOISTURE IN METERS (SOILM) AND ROOT-ZONE                     
! SOIL MOISTURE AVAILABILITY (FRACTION) RELATIVE TO POROSITY/SATURATION          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RUNOFF2 = RUNOFF2+ RUNOFF3                                              
         IF (ICE == 0) THEN                                                    
            SOILM = -1.0* SMC (1)* ZSOIL (1)                                        
            DO K = 2,NSOIL                                                          
              SOILM = SOILM + SMC (K)* (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))                  
            END DO                                                                  
            SOILWM = -1.0* (SMCMAX - SMCWLT)* ZSOIL (1)                             
            SOILWW = -1.0* (SMC (1) - SMCWLT)* ZSOIL (1)                            
                                                                                 
            IF (NROOT >= 2) THEN                                                  
              DO K = 2,NROOT                                                        
               SOILWM = SOILWM + (SMCMAX - SMCWLT)* (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))          
               SOILWW = SOILWW + (SMC(K) - SMCWLT)* (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))          
              END DO                                                                
            END IF                                                                  
            IF (SOILWM .LT. 1.E-6) THEN                                             
              SOILWM = 0.0                                                          
              SOILW  = 0.0                                                          
              SOILM  = 0.0                                                          
            ELSE                                                                    
              SOILW = SOILWW / SOILWM                                               
            END IF                                                                  
         ELSE                                                                    
           SOILWM = 0.0                                                          
           SOILW  = 0.0                                                          
           SOILM  = 0.0                                                          
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SFLX                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE ALCALC (ALB,SNOALB,SHDFAC,SHDMIN,SNCOVR,TSNOW,ALBEDO)           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE ALBEDO INCLUDING SNOW EFFECT (0 -> 1)                                
!   ALB     SNOWFREE ALBEDO                                                      
!   SNOALB  MAXIMUM (DEEP) SNOW ALBEDO                                           
!   SHDFAC    AREAL FRACTIONAL COVERAGE OF GREEN VEGETATION                      
!   SHDMIN    MINIMUM AREAL FRACTIONAL COVERAGE OF GREEN VEGETATION              
!   SNCOVR  FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER                                                
!   ALBEDO  SURFACE ALBEDO INCLUDING SNOW EFFECT                                 
!   TSNOW   SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNOALB IS ARGUMENT REPRESENTING MAXIMUM ALBEDO OVER DEEP SNOW,                 
! AS PASSED INTO SFLX, AND ADAPTED FROM THE SATELLITE-BASED MAXIMUM              
! SNOW ALBEDO FIELDS PROVIDED BY D. ROBINSON AND G. KUKLA                        
! (1985, JCAM, VOL 24, 402-411)                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      REAL, INTENT(IN)  ::  ALB, SNOALB, SHDFAC, SHDMIN, SNCOVR, TSNOW                
      REAL, INTENT(OUT) ::  ALBEDO
      ALBEDO = ALB + (1.0- (SHDFAC - SHDMIN))* SNCOVR * (SNOALB - ALB)           
                                                                                 
!     BASE FORMULATION (DICKINSON ET AL., 1986, COGLEY ET AL., 1990)             
!          IF (TSNOW.LE.263.16) THEN                                             
!            ALBEDO=SNOALB                                                       
!          ELSE                                                                  
!            IF (TSNOW.LT.273.16) THEN                                           
!              TM=0.1*(TSNOW-263.16)                                             
!              ALBEDO=0.5*((0.9-0.2*(TM**3))+(0.8-0.16*(TM**3)))                 
!            ELSE                                                                
!              ALBEDO=0.67                                                       
!            ENDIF                                                               
!          ENDIF                                                                 
                                                                                 
!     ISBA FORMULATION (VERSEGHY, 1991; BAKER ET AL., 1990)                      
!          IF (TSNOW.LT.273.16) THEN                                             
!            ALBEDO=SNOALB-0.008*DT/86400                                        
!          ELSE                                                                  
!            ALBEDO=(SNOALB-0.5)*EXP(-0.24*DT/86400)+0.5                         
!          ENDIF                                                                 

      IF (ALBEDO > SNOALB) ALBEDO = SNOALB                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE ALCALC                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE CANRES (SOLAR,CH,SFCTMP,Q2,SFCPRS,SMC,ZSOIL,NSOIL,       &     
                         SMCWLT,SMCREF,RSMIN,RC,PC,NROOT,Q2SAT,DQSDT2,    &     
                         TOPT,RSMAX,RGL,HS,XLAI,                          &     
                         RCS,RCT,RCQ,RCSOIL,EMISSI)                                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE CANRES                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE CANOPY RESISTANCE WHICH DEPENDS ON INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION,         
! AIR TEMPERATURE, ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT AT THE               
! LOWEST MODEL LEVEL, AND SOIL MOISTURE (PREFERABLY UNFROZEN SOIL                
! MOISTURE RATHER THAN TOTAL)                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SOURCE:  JARVIS (1976), NOILHAN AND PLANTON (1989, MWR), JACQUEMIN AND         
! NOILHAN (1990, BLM)                                                            
! SEE ALSO:  CHEN ET AL (1996, JGR, VOL 101(D3), 7251-7268), EQNS 12-14          
! AND TABLE 2 OF SEC. 3.1.2                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INPUT:                                                                         
!   SOLAR   INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION                                             
!   CH      SURFACE EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE                   
!   SFCTMP  AIR TEMPERATURE AT 1ST LEVEL ABOVE GROUND                            
!   Q2      AIR HUMIDITY AT 1ST LEVEL ABOVE GROUND                               
!   Q2SAT   SATURATION AIR HUMIDITY AT 1ST LEVEL ABOVE GROUND                    
!   DQSDT2  SLOPE OF SATURATION HUMIDITY FUNCTION WRT TEMP                       
!   SFCPRS  SURFACE PRESSURE                                                     
!   SMC     VOLUMETRIC SOIL MOISTURE                                             
!   ZSOIL   SOIL DEPTH (NEGATIVE SIGN, AS IT IS BELOW GROUND)                    
!   NSOIL   NO. OF SOIL LAYERS                                                   
!   NROOT   NO. OF SOIL LAYERS IN ROOT ZONE (1.LE.NROOT.LE.NSOIL)                
!   XLAI    LEAF AREA INDEX                                                      
!   SMCWLT  WILTING POINT                                                        
!   SMCREF  REFERENCE SOIL MOISTURE (WHERE SOIL WATER DEFICIT STRESS             
!             SETS IN)                                                           
! RSMIN, RSMAX, TOPT, RGL, HS ARE CANOPY STRESS PARAMETERS SET IN                
!   SURBOUTINE REDPRM                                                            
! OUTPUT:                                                                        
!   PC  PLANT COEFFICIENT                                                        
!   RC  CANOPY RESISTANCE                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         

      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: NROOT,NSOIL
      INTEGER  K                                                                 
      REAL,    INTENT(IN) :: CH,DQSDT2,HS,Q2,Q2SAT,RSMIN,RGL,RSMAX,        &
                             SFCPRS,SFCTMP,SMCREF,SMCWLT, SOLAR,TOPT,XLAI, &
                             EMISSI                                        
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: SMC,ZSOIL
      REAL,    INTENT(OUT):: PC,RC,RCQ,RCS,RCSOIL,RCT
      REAL                :: DELTA,FF,GX,P,RR
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) ::  PART
      REAL, PARAMETER     :: SLV = 2.501000E6

                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE CANOPY RESISTANCE MULTIPLIER TERMS.                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RCS = 0.0                                                                  
      RCT = 0.0                                                                  
      RCQ = 0.0                                                                  
      RCSOIL = 0.0                                                               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONTRIBUTION DUE TO INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RC = 0.0                                                                   
      FF = 0.55*2.0* SOLAR / (RGL * XLAI)                                        
      RCS = (FF + RSMIN / RSMAX) / (1.0+ FF)                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONTRIBUTION DUE TO AIR TEMPERATURE AT FIRST MODEL LEVEL ABOVE GROUND          
! RCT EXPRESSION FROM NOILHAN AND PLANTON (1989, MWR).                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RCS = MAX (RCS,0.0001)                                                     
      RCT = 1.0- 0.0016* ( (TOPT - SFCTMP)**2.0)                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONTRIBUTION DUE TO VAPOR PRESSURE DEFICIT AT FIRST MODEL LEVEL.               
! RCQ EXPRESSION FROM SSIB                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RCT = MAX (RCT,0.0001)                                                     
      RCQ = 1.0/ (1.0+ HS * (Q2SAT - Q2))                                        
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONTRIBUTION DUE TO SOIL MOISTURE AVAILABILITY.                                
! DETERMINE CONTRIBUTION FROM EACH SOIL LAYER, THEN ADD THEM UP.                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RCQ = MAX (RCQ,0.01)                                                       
      GX = (SMC (1) - SMCWLT) / (SMCREF - SMCWLT)                                
      IF (GX  >  1.) GX = 1.                                                    
      IF (GX  <  0.) GX = 0.                                                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE SOIL DEPTH AS WEIGHTING FACTOR                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE ROOT DISTRIBUTION AS WEIGHTING FACTOR                                      
!      PART(1) = RTDIS(1) * GX                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PART (1) = (ZSOIL (1)/ ZSOIL (NROOT)) * GX                                 
      DO K = 2,NROOT                                                             
         GX = (SMC (K) - SMCWLT) / (SMCREF - SMCWLT)                             
         IF (GX >  1.) GX = 1.                                                 
         IF (GX <  0.) GX = 0.                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE SOIL DEPTH AS WEIGHTING FACTOR                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE ROOT DISTRIBUTION AS WEIGHTING FACTOR                                      
!        PART(K) = RTDIS(K) * GX                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         PART (K) = ( (ZSOIL (K) - ZSOIL (K -1))/ ZSOIL (NROOT)) * GX            
      END DO                                                                     
      DO K = 1,NROOT                                                             
         RCSOIL = RCSOIL + PART (K)                                              
      END DO                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE CANOPY RESISTANCE DUE TO ALL FACTORS.  CONVERT CANOPY                
! RESISTANCE (RC) TO PLANT COEFFICIENT (PC) TO BE USED WITH POTENTIAL            
! EVAP IN DETERMINING ACTUAL EVAP.  PC IS DETERMINED BY:                         
!   PC * LINERIZED PENMAN POTENTIAL EVAP =                                       
!   PENMAN-MONTEITH ACTUAL EVAPORATION (CONTAINING RC TERM).                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RCSOIL = MAX (RCSOIL,0.0001)                                               
                                                                                 
      RC = RSMIN / (XLAI * RCS * RCT * RCQ * RCSOIL)                             
!      RR = (4.* SIGMA * RD / CP)* (SFCTMP **4.)/ (SFCPRS * CH) + 1.0
      RR = (4.* EMISSI *SIGMA * RD / CP)* (SFCTMP **4.)/ (SFCPRS * CH) &
             + 1.0             
                                                                                 
      DELTA = (SLV / CP)* DQSDT2                                                 
                                                                                 
      PC = (RR + DELTA)/ (RR * (1. + RC * CH) + DELTA)                           

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE CANRES                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE CSNOW (SNCOND,DSNOW)                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE CSNOW                                                               
! FUNCTION CSNOW                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SNOW TERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL, INTENT(IN) :: DSNOW
      REAL, INTENT(OUT):: SNCOND
      REAL             :: C                                                                 
      REAL, PARAMETER  :: UNIT = 0.11631
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNCOND IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)                          
! CSNOW IN UNITS OF CAL/(CM*HR*C), RETURNED IN W/(M*C)                           
! BASIC VERSION IS DYACHKOVA EQUATION (1960), FOR RANGE 0.1-0.4                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      C = 0.328*10** (2.25* DSNOW)                                               
!      CSNOW=UNIT*C                                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DE VAUX EQUATION (1933), IN RANGE 0.1-0.6                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      SNCOND=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)                                          
!      CSNOW=0.0293*(1.+100.*DSNOW**2)                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! E. ANDERSEN FROM FLERCHINGER                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      SNCOND=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2                                                
!      CSNOW=0.021+2.51*DSNOW**2                                                 
                                                                                 
      SNCOND = UNIT * C                                                          

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE CSNOW                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE DEVAP (EDIR,ETP1,SMC,ZSOIL,SHDFAC,SMCMAX,BEXP,         &        
                        DKSAT,DWSAT,SMCDRY,SMCREF,SMCWLT,FXEXP)               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE DEVAP                                                               
! FUNCTION DEVAP                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE DIRECT SOIL EVAPORATION                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL, INTENT(IN) :: ETP1,SMC,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,FXEXP,              &
                          SHDFAC,SMCDRY,SMCMAX,ZSOIL,SMCREF,SMCWLT
      REAL, INTENT(OUT):: EDIR
      REAL             :: FX, SRATIO

                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DIRECT EVAP A FUNCTION OF RELATIVE SOIL MOISTURE AVAILABILITY, LINEAR          
! WHEN FXEXP=1.                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FX > 1 REPRESENTS DEMAND CONTROL                                               
! FX < 1 REPRESENTS FLUX CONTROL                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         

      SRATIO = (SMC - SMCDRY) / (SMCMAX - SMCDRY)                                
      IF (SRATIO > 0.) THEN                                                   
        FX = SRATIO**FXEXP                                                       
        FX = MAX ( MIN ( FX, 1. ) ,0. )                                          
      ELSE                                                                       
        FX = 0.                                                                  
      ENDIF                                                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ALLOW FOR THE DIRECT-EVAP-REDUCING EFFECT OF SHADE                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      EDIR = FX * ( 1.0- SHDFAC ) * ETP1                                         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE DEVAP                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE EVAPO (ETA1,SMC,NSOIL,CMC,ETP1,DT,ZSOIL,               &        
                         SH2O,                                          &        
                         SMCMAX,BEXP,PC,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,             &        
                         SMCREF,SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                          &        
                         SMCDRY,CFACTR,                                 &        
                         EDIR,EC,ET,ETT,SFCTMP,Q2,NROOT,RTDIS,FXEXP)             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE EVAPO                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE FLUX.  THE SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (SMC - A PER          
! UNIT VOLUME MEASUREMENT) IS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE THAT IS UPDATED WITH          
! PROGNOSTIC EQNS. THE CANOPY MOISTURE CONTENT (CMC) IS ALSO UPDATED.            
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:  NEW STATES ADDED: SH2O, AND FROZEN GROUND              
! CORRECTION FACTOR, FRZFACT AND PARAMETER SLOPE.                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: NSOIL, NROOT
      INTEGER               :: I,K
      REAL,    INTENT(IN)   :: BEXP, CFACTR,CMC,CMCMAX,DKSAT,           &
                                 DT,DWSAT,ETP1,FXEXP,PC,Q2,SFCTMP,      &
                                 SHDFAC,SMCDRY,SMCMAX,SMCREF,SMCWLT
      REAL,    INTENT(OUT)  :: EC,EDIR,ETA1,ETT
      REAL                  :: CMC2MS
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: RTDIS, SMC, SH2O, ZSOIL
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT) :: ET
                                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! EXECUTABLE CODE BEGINS HERE IF THE POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IS             
! GREATER THAN ZERO.                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      EDIR = 0.                                                                  
      EC = 0.                                                                    
      ETT = 0.                                                                   
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         ET (K) = 0.                                                             
      END DO                                                                     
                                                                                 
!      print*,'SHDFAC',SHDFAC,'SMCMAX', SMCMAX,'BEXP',BEXP,                      
!    & 'DKSAT',DKSAT,'DWSAT',DWSAT,'DRY',SMCDRY,'REF',SMCREF,                    
!    & 'WLT',SMCWLT,'FXEX',FXEXP,'SMC',SMC                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! RETRIEVE DIRECT EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACE.  CALL THIS FUNCTION             
! ONLY IF VEG COVER NOT COMPLETE.                                                
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:  SH2O STATES REPLACE SMC STATES.                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (ETP1 > 0.0) THEN                                                    
         IF (SHDFAC <  1.) THEN                                                
!            CALL DEVAP (EDIR,ETP1,SH2O (1),ZSOIL (1),SHDFAC,SMCMAX,             
             CALL DEVAP (EDIR,ETP1,SMC (1),ZSOIL (1),SHDFAC,SMCMAX,      &       
                         BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,SMCDRY,SMCREF,SMCWLT,FXEXP)            
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE PLANT TOTAL TRANSPIRATION, RETRIEVE PLANT TRANSPIRATION,            
! AND ACCUMULATE IT FOR ALL SOIL LAYERS.                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
         IF (SHDFAC > 0.0) THEN                                               
            CALL TRANSP (ET,NSOIL,ETP1,SH2O,CMC,ZSOIL,SHDFAC,SMCWLT,     &       
                          CMCMAX,PC,CFACTR,SMCREF,SFCTMP,Q2,NROOT,RTDIS)         
            DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                       
               ETT = ETT + ET ( K )                                              
            END DO                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE CANOPY EVAPORATION.                                                  
! IF STATEMENTS TO AVOID TANGENT LINEAR PROBLEMS NEAR CMC=0.0.                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (CMC > 0.0) THEN                                               
               EC = SHDFAC * ( ( CMC / CMCMAX ) ** CFACTR ) * ETP1               
            ELSE                                                                 
               EC = 0.0                                                          
            END IF                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! EC SHOULD BE LIMITED BY THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE WATER ON THE             
! CANOPY.  -F.CHEN, 18-OCT-1994                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CMC2MS = CMC / DT                                                    
            EC = MIN ( CMC2MS, EC )                                              
         END IF                                                                  
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TOTAL UP EVAP AND TRANSP TYPES TO OBTAIN ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSP                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ETA1 = EDIR + ETT + EC                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE EVAPO                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE FRH2O (FREE,TKELV,SMC,SH2O,SMCMAX,BEXP,PSIS)                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE FRH2O                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE AMOUNT OF SUPERCOOLED LIQUID SOIL WATER CONTENT IF                   
! TEMPERATURE IS BELOW 273.15K (T0).  REQUIRES NEWTON-TYPE ITERATION TO          
! SOLVE THE NONLINEAR IMPLICIT EQUATION GIVEN IN EQN 17 OF KOREN ET AL           
! (1999, JGR, VOL 104(D16), 19569-19585).                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEW VERSION (JUNE 2001): MUCH FASTER AND MORE ACCURATE NEWTON                  
! ITERATION ACHIEVED BY FIRST TAKING LOG OF EQN CITED ABOVE -- LESS THAN         
! 4 (TYPICALLY 1 OR 2) ITERATIONS ACHIEVES CONVERGENCE.  ALSO, EXPLICIT          
! 1-STEP SOLUTION OPTION FOR SPECIAL CASE OF PARAMETER CK=0, WHICH               
! REDUCES THE ORIGINAL IMPLICIT EQUATION TO A SIMPLER EXPLICIT FORM,             
! KNOWN AS THE "FLERCHINGER EQN". IMPROVED HANDLING OF SOLUTION IN THE           
! LIMIT OF FREEZING POINT TEMPERATURE T0.                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INPUT:                                                                         
                                                                                 
!   TKELV.........TEMPERATURE (Kelvin)                                           
!   SMC...........TOTAL SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (VOLUMETRIC)                       
!   SH2O..........LIQUID SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (VOLUMETRIC)                      
!   SMCMAX........SATURATION SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (FROM REDPRM)                 
!   B.............SOIL TYPE "B" PARAMETER (FROM REDPRM)                          
!   PSIS..........SATURATED SOIL MATRIC POTENTIAL (FROM REDPRM)                  
                                                                                 
! OUTPUT:                                                                        
!   FRH2O.........SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER CONTENT                               
!   FREE..........SUPERCOOLED LIQUID WATER CONTENT                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL, INTENT(IN)     :: BEXP,PSIS,SH2O,SMC,SMCMAX,TKELV
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)    :: FREE
      REAL                 :: BX,DENOM,DF,DSWL,FK,SWL,SWLK
      INTEGER              :: NLOG,KCOUNT
!      PARAMETER(CK = 0.0)                                                       
      REAL, PARAMETER      :: CK = 8.0, BLIM = 5.5, ERROR = 0.005,       &
                              HLICE = 3.335E5, GS = 9.81,DICE = 920.0,   &
                              DH2O = 1000.0, T0 = 273.15
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LIMITS ON PARAMETER B: B < 5.5  (use parameter BLIM)                           
! SIMULATIONS SHOWED IF B > 5.5 UNFROZEN WATER CONTENT IS                        
! NON-REALISTICALLY HIGH AT VERY LOW TEMPERATURES.                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      BX = BEXP                                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZING ITERATIONS COUNTER AND ITERATIVE SOLUTION FLAG.                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (BEXP >  BLIM) BX = BLIM                                              
      NLOG = 0                                                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  IF TEMPERATURE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY BELOW FREEZING (T0), SH2O = SMC              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      KCOUNT = 0                                                                 
!      FRH2O = SMC                                                               
      IF (TKELV > (T0- 1.E-3)) THEN                                           
          FREE = SMC                                                             
      ELSE                                                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! OPTION 1: ITERATED SOLUTION FOR NONZERO CK                                     
! IN KOREN ET AL, JGR, 1999, EQN 17                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIAL GUESS FOR SWL (frozen content)                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (CK /= 0.0) THEN                                                   
            SWL = SMC - SH2O                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! KEEP WITHIN BOUNDS.                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (SWL > (SMC -0.02)) SWL = SMC -0.02                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  START OF ITERATIONS                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (SWL < 0.) SWL = 0.                                            
 1001       Continue                                                             
              IF (.NOT.( (NLOG < 10) .AND. (KCOUNT == 0)))   goto 1002
              NLOG = NLOG +1                                                    
              DF = ALOG ( ( PSIS * GS / HLICE ) * ( ( 1. + CK * SWL )**2.) * &        
                   ( SMCMAX / (SMC - SWL) )** BX) - ALOG ( - (               &        
                   TKELV - T0)/ TKELV)                                         
              DENOM = 2. * CK / ( 1. + CK * SWL ) + BX / ( SMC - SWL )          
              SWLK = SWL - DF / DENOM                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BOUNDS USEFUL FOR MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION.                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
              IF (SWLK > (SMC -0.02)) SWLK = SMC - 0.02                      
              IF (SWLK < 0.) SWLK = 0.                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION BOUNDS APPLIED.                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
              DSWL = ABS (SWLK - SWL)                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF MORE THAN 10 ITERATIONS, USE EXPLICIT METHOD (CK=0 APPROX.)                 
! WHEN DSWL LESS OR EQ. ERROR, NO MORE ITERATIONS REQUIRED.                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
              SWL = SWLK                                                        
              IF ( DSWL <= ERROR ) THEN                                       
                    KCOUNT = KCOUNT +1                                           
              END IF                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  END OF ITERATIONS                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BOUNDS APPLIED WITHIN DO-BLOCK ARE VALID FOR PHYSICAL SOLUTION.                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!          FRH2O = SMC - SWL                                                     
           goto 1001                                                                
 1002   continue                                                                 
           FREE = SMC - SWL                                                     
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! END OPTION 1                                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! OPTION 2: EXPLICIT SOLUTION FOR FLERCHINGER EQ. i.e. CK=0                      
! IN KOREN ET AL., JGR, 1999, EQN 17                                             
! APPLY PHYSICAL BOUNDS TO FLERCHINGER SOLUTION                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (KCOUNT == 0) THEN                                                 
             PRINT *,'Flerchinger USEd in NEW version. Iterations=',NLOG         
                  FK = ( ( (HLICE / (GS * ( - PSIS)))*                    &       
                       ( (TKELV - T0)/ TKELV))** ( -1/ BX))* SMCMAX              
!            FRH2O = MIN (FK, SMC)                                               
             IF (FK < 0.02) FK = 0.02                                         
             FREE = MIN (FK, SMC)                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! END OPTION 2                                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END IF                                                                  
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE FRH2O                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE HRT (RHSTS,STC,SMC,SMCMAX,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,          &        
                       TBOT,ZBOT,PSISAT,SH2O,DT,BEXP,                   &        
                       F1,DF1,QUARTZ,CSOIL,AI,BI,CI,VEGTYP)                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE HRT                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE TIME TENDENCY TERM OF THE SOIL            
! THERMAL DIFFUSION EQUATION.  ALSO TO COMPUTE ( PREPARE ) THE MATRIX            
! COEFFICIENTS FOR THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX OF THE IMPLICIT TIME SCHEME.          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      LOGICAL              :: ITAVG 
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)  :: NSOIL, VEGTYP                              
      INTEGER              :: I, K

      REAL, INTENT(IN)     :: BEXP, CSOIL, DF1, DT,F1,PSISAT,QUARTZ,     &
                              SMCMAX ,TBOT,YY,ZZ1, ZBOT
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)   :: SMC,STC,ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT):: SH2O
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT)  :: RHSTS
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT)  :: AI, BI,CI
      REAL                 :: DDZ, DDZ2, DENOM, DF1N, DF1K, DTSDZ,       &
                              DTSDZ2,HCPCT,QTOT,SSOIL,SICE,TAVG,TBK,     &
                              TBK1,TSNSR,TSURF,CSOIL_LOC
      REAL, PARAMETER      :: T0 = 273.15, CAIR = 1004.0, CICE = 2.106E6,&
                              CH2O = 4.2E6
                                                                                 

!urban
        IF(VEGTYP==1) then
            CSOIL_LOC=3.0E6
        ELSE
            CSOIL_LOC=CSOIL
        ENDIF

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE LOGICAL FOR SOIL LAYER TEMPERATURE AVERAGING.                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
       ITAVG = .TRUE.                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BEGIN SECTION FOR TOP SOIL LAYER                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE HEAT CAPACITY OF THE TOP SOIL LAYER                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      HCPCT = SH2O (1)* CH2O + (1.0- SMCMAX)* CSOIL_LOC + (SMCMAX - SMC (1))&        
       * CAIR                                                           &        
              + ( SMC (1) - SH2O (1) )* CICE                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AI, BI, AND CI FOR THE TOP LAYER                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DDZ = 1.0 / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )                                           
      AI (1) = 0.0                                                               
      CI (1) = (DF1 * DDZ) / (ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT)                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT BTWN THE 1ST AND 2ND SOIL            
! LAYERS.  THEN CALCULATE THE SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX. USE THE TEMP                 
! GRADIENT AND SUBSFC HEAT FLUX TO CALC "RIGHT-HAND SIDE TENDENCY                
! TERMS", OR "RHSTS", FOR TOP SOIL LAYER.                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      BI (1) = - CI (1) + DF1 / (0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZSOIL (1)* HCPCT *    &       
       ZZ1)                                                                      
      DTSDZ = (STC (1) - STC (2)) / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2))                          
      SSOIL = DF1 * (STC (1) - YY) / (0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZZ1)                     
!      RHSTS(1) = (DF1 * DTSDZ - SSOIL) / (ZSOIL(1) * HCPCT)                     
      DENOM = (ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT)                                                
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEXT CAPTURE THE VERTICAL DIFFERENCE OF THE HEAT FLUX AT TOP AND               
! BOTTOM OF FIRST SOIL LAYER FOR USE IN HEAT FLUX CONSTRAINT APPLIED TO          
! POTENTIAL SOIL FREEZING/THAWING IN ROUTINE SNKSRC.                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      QTOT = SSOIL - DF1*DTSDZ                                                  
      RHSTS (1) = (DF1 * DTSDZ - SSOIL) / DENOM                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE FROZEN WATER CONTENT IN 1ST SOIL LAYER.                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      QTOT = -1.0* RHSTS (1)* DENOM                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF TEMPERATURE AVERAGING INVOKED (ITAVG=TRUE; ELSE SKIP):                      
! SET TEMP "TSURF" AT TOP OF SOIL COLUMN (FOR USE IN FREEZING SOIL               
! PHYSICS LATER IN FUNCTION SUBROUTINE SNKSRC).  IF SNOWPACK CONTENT IS          
! ZERO, THEN TSURF EXPRESSION BELOW GIVES TSURF = SKIN TEMP.  IF                 
! SNOWPACK IS NONZERO (HENCE ARGUMENT ZZ1=1), THEN TSURF EXPRESSION              
! BELOW YIELDS SOIL COLUMN TOP TEMPERATURE UNDER SNOWPACK.  THEN                 
! CALCULATE TEMPERATURE AT BOTTOM INTERFACE OF 1ST SOIL LAYER FOR USE            
! LATER IN FUNCTION SUBROUTINE SNKSRC                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      SICE = SMC (1) - SH2O (1)                                                  
      IF (ITAVG) THEN                                                            
         TSURF = (YY + (ZZ1-1) * STC (1)) / ZZ1                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF FROZEN WATER PRESENT OR ANY OF LAYER-1 MID-POINT OR BOUNDING                
! INTERFACE TEMPERATURES BELOW FREEZING, THEN CALL SNKSRC TO                     
! COMPUTE HEAT SOURCE/SINK (AND CHANGE IN FROZEN WATER CONTENT)                  
! DUE TO POSSIBLE SOIL WATER PHASE CHANGE                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         CALL TBND (STC (1),STC (2),ZSOIL,ZBOT,1,NSOIL,TBK)                      
         IF ( (SICE > 0.) .OR. (STC (1) < T0) .OR.                         &  
            (TSURF < T0) .OR. (TBK < T0) ) THEN                            
!          TSNSR = SNKSRC (TAVG,SMC(1),SH2O(1),                                  
            CALL TMPAVG (TAVG,TSURF,STC (1),TBK,ZSOIL,NSOIL,1)                   
            CALL SNKSRC (TSNSR,TAVG,SMC (1),SH2O (1),                      &  
                          ZSOIL,NSOIL,SMCMAX,PSISAT,BEXP,DT,1,QTOT)              
!          RHSTS(1) = RHSTS(1) - TSNSR / ( ZSOIL(1) * HCPCT )                    
            RHSTS (1) = RHSTS (1) - TSNSR / DENOM                                
         END IF                                                                  
      ELSE                                                                       
!          TSNSR = SNKSRC (STC(1),SMC(1),SH2O(1),                                
         IF ( (SICE > 0.) .OR. (STC (1) < T0) ) THEN                       
            CALL SNKSRC (TSNSR,STC (1),SMC (1),SH2O (1),                   &  
                          ZSOIL,NSOIL,SMCMAX,PSISAT,BEXP,DT,1,QTOT)              
!          RHSTS(1) = RHSTS(1) - TSNSR / ( ZSOIL(1) * HCPCT )                    
            RHSTS (1) = RHSTS (1) - TSNSR / DENOM                                
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THIS ENDS SECTION FOR TOP SOIL LAYER.                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     

! INITIALIZE DDZ2                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      DDZ2 = 0.0                                                                 
      DF1K = DF1                                                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LOOP THRU THE REMAINING SOIL LAYERS, REPEATING THE ABOVE PROCESS               
! (EXCEPT SUBSFC OR "GROUND" HEAT FLUX NOT REPEATED IN LOWER LAYERS)             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE HEAT CAPACITY FOR THIS SOIL LAYER.                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 2,NSOIL                                                             
         HCPCT = SH2O (K)* CH2O + (1.0- SMCMAX)* CSOIL_LOC + (SMCMAX - SMC (  &        
                K))* CAIR + ( SMC (K) - SH2O (K) )* CICE                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THIS SECTION FOR LAYER 2 OR GREATER, BUT NOT LAST LAYER.                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY FOR THIS LAYER.                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (K /= NSOIL) THEN                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THIS LAYER                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CALL TDFCND (DF1N,SMC (K),QUARTZ,SMCMAX,SH2O (K))                    

!urban
       IF(VEGTYP==1) DF1N = 3.24

            DENOM = 0.5 * ( ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1) )                        
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE MATRIX COEF, CI, AFTER CALC'NG ITS PARTIAL PRODUCT                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DTSDZ2 = ( STC (K) - STC (K +1) ) / DENOM                            
            DDZ2 = 2. / (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1))                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF TEMPERATURE AVERAGING INVOKED (ITAVG=TRUE; ELSE SKIP):  CALCULATE           
! TEMP AT BOTTOM OF LAYER.                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CI (K) = - DF1N * DDZ2 / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)) *      &       
       HCPCT)                                                                    
            IF (ITAVG) THEN                                                      
               CALL TBND (STC (K),STC (K +1),ZSOIL,ZBOT,K,NSOIL,TBK1)            
            END IF                                                               

         ELSE                                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SPECIAL CASE OF BOTTOM SOIL LAYER:  CALCULATE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY FOR          
! BOTTOM LAYER.                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU BOTTOM LAYER.                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CALL TDFCND (DF1N,SMC (K),QUARTZ,SMCMAX,SH2O (K))                    


!urban
       IF(VEGTYP==1) DF1N = 3.24

            DENOM = .5 * (ZSOIL (K -1) + ZSOIL (K)) - ZBOT                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET MATRIX COEF, CI TO ZERO IF BOTTOM LAYER.                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DTSDZ2 = (STC (K) - TBOT) / DENOM                                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF TEMPERATURE AVERAGING INVOKED (ITAVG=TRUE; ELSE SKIP):  CALCULATE           
! TEMP AT BOTTOM OF LAST LAYER.                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            CI (K) = 0.                                                          
            IF (ITAVG) THEN                                                      
               CALL TBND (STC (K),TBOT,ZSOIL,ZBOT,K,NSOIL,TBK1)                  
            END IF                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THIS ENDS SPECIAL LOOP FOR BOTTOM LAYER.                                       
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE RHSTS FOR THIS LAYER AFTER CALC'NG A PARTIAL PRODUCT.                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         DENOM = ( ZSOIL (K) - ZSOIL (K -1) ) * HCPCT                            
         RHSTS (K) = ( DF1N * DTSDZ2- DF1K * DTSDZ ) / DENOM                     
         QTOT = -1.0* DENOM * RHSTS (K)                                          
                                                                                 
         SICE = SMC (K) - SH2O (K)                                               
         IF (ITAVG) THEN                                                         
            CALL TMPAVG (TAVG,TBK,STC (K),TBK1,ZSOIL,NSOIL,K)                    
!            TSNSR = SNKSRC(TAVG,SMC(K),SH2O(K),ZSOIL,NSOIL,                     
            IF ( (SICE > 0.) .OR. (STC (K) < T0) .OR.                   &  
               (TBK .lt. T0) .OR. (TBK1 .lt. T0) ) THEN                          
               CALL SNKSRC (TSNSR,TAVG,SMC (K),SH2O (K),ZSOIL,NSOIL,    &        
                             SMCMAX,PSISAT,BEXP,DT,K,QTOT)                       
               RHSTS (K) = RHSTS (K) - TSNSR / DENOM                             
            END IF                                                               
         ELSE                                                                    
!            TSNSR = SNKSRC(STC(K),SMC(K),SH2O(K),ZSOIL,NSOIL,                   
            IF ( (SICE > 0.) .OR. (STC (K) < T0) ) THEN                    
               CALL SNKSRC (TSNSR,STC (K),SMC (K),SH2O (K),ZSOIL,NSOIL, &        
                             SMCMAX,PSISAT,BEXP,DT,K,QTOT)                       
               RHSTS (K) = RHSTS (K) - TSNSR / DENOM                             
            END IF                                                               
         END IF                                                                  

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC MATRIX COEFS, AI, AND BI FOR THIS LAYER.                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         AI (K) = - DF1 * DDZ / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)) * HCPCT)            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! RESET VALUES OF DF1, DTSDZ, DDZ, AND TBK FOR LOOP TO NEXT SOIL LAYER.          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         BI (K) = - (AI (K) + CI (K))                                            
         TBK = TBK1                                                              
         DF1K = DF1N                                                             
         DTSDZ = DTSDZ2                                                          
         DDZ = DDZ2                                                              
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE HRT                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE HRTICE                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE TIME TENDENCY TERM OF THE SOIL            
! THERMAL DIFFUSION EQUATION IN THE CASE OF SEA-ICE PACK.  ALSO TO               
! COMPUTE (PREPARE) THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS FOR THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX          
! OF THE IMPLICIT TIME SCHEME.                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              


      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: NSOIL
      INTEGER                :: K

      REAL,    INTENT(IN)    :: DF1,YY,ZZ1
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: AI, BI,CI
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN) :: STC, ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: RHSTS
      REAL                   :: DDZ,DDZ2,DENOM,DTSDZ,DTSDZ2,SSOIL,       &
                                ZBOT,TBOT
      REAL, PARAMETER        :: HCPCT = 1.72396E+6
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET A NOMINAL UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE SEA-ICE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY,           
! HCPCT = 1880.0*917.0.                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DATA TBOT /271.16/                                                         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THE INPUT ARGUMENT DF1 IS A UNIVERSALLY CONSTANT VALUE OF SEA-ICE              
! THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY, SET IN ROUTINE SNOPAC AS DF1 = 2.2.                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET ICE PACK DEPTH.  USE TBOT AS ICE PACK LOWER BOUNDARY TEMPERATURE           
! (THAT OF UNFROZEN SEA WATER AT BOTTOM OF SEA ICE PACK).  ASSUME ICE            
! PACK IS OF N=NSOIL LAYERS SPANNING A UNIFORM CONSTANT ICE PACK                 
! THICKNESS AS DEFINED BY ZSOIL(NSOIL) IN ROUTINE SFLX.                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AI, BI, AND CI FOR THE TOP LAYER                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ZBOT = ZSOIL (NSOIL)                                                       
      DDZ = 1.0 / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )                                           
      AI (1) = 0.0                                                               
      CI (1) = (DF1 * DDZ) / (ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT)                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT BTWN THE TOP AND 2ND SOIL LAYERS.         
! RECALC/ADJUST THE SOIL HEAT FLUX.  USE THE GRADIENT AND FLUX TO CALC           
! RHSTS FOR THE TOP SOIL LAYER.                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      BI (1) = - CI (1) + DF1/ (0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT *    &       
       ZZ1)                                                                      
      DTSDZ = ( STC (1) - STC (2) ) / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (2) )                       
      SSOIL = DF1 * ( STC (1) - YY ) / ( 0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * ZZ1 )                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE DDZ2                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RHSTS (1) = ( DF1 * DTSDZ - SSOIL ) / ( ZSOIL (1) * HCPCT )                
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LOOP THRU THE REMAINING SOIL LAYERS, REPEATING THE ABOVE PROCESS               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DDZ2 = 0.0                                                                 
      DO K = 2,NSOIL                                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THIS LAYER.                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         IF (K /= NSOIL) THEN                                                  
            DENOM = 0.5 * ( ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1) )                        
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE MATRIX COEF, CI, AFTER CALC'NG ITS PARTIAL PRODUCT.                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DTSDZ2 = ( STC (K) - STC (K +1) ) / DENOM                            
            DDZ2 = 2. / (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1))                            
            CI (K) = - DF1 * DDZ2 / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))*HCPCT)          
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE VERTICAL SOIL TEMP GRADIENT THRU THE LOWEST LAYER.                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ELSE                                                                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET MATRIX COEF, CI TO ZERO.                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DTSDZ2 = (STC (K) - TBOT)/ (.5 * (ZSOIL (K -1) + ZSOIL (K)) &        
                     - ZBOT)                                                     
            CI (K) = 0.                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC RHSTS FOR THIS LAYER AFTER CALC'NG A PARTIAL PRODUCT.                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END IF                                                                  
         DENOM = ( ZSOIL (K) - ZSOIL (K -1) ) * HCPCT                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC MATRIX COEFS, AI, AND BI FOR THIS LAYER.                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RHSTS (K) = ( DF1 * DTSDZ2- DF1 * DTSDZ ) / DENOM                       
         AI (K) = - DF1 * DDZ / ( (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)) * HCPCT)            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! RESET VALUES OF DTSDZ AND DDZ FOR LOOP TO NEXT SOIL LYR.                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         BI (K) = - (AI (K) + CI (K))                                            
         DTSDZ = DTSDZ2                                                          
         DDZ = DDZ2                                                              
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE HRTICE                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE HSTEP (STCOUT,STCIN,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE HSTEP                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE/UPDATE THE SOIL TEMPERATURE FIELD.                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)  :: NSOIL
      INTEGER              :: K
                                                                                 
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN):: STCIN
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT):: STCOUT
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT):: RHSTS
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT):: AI,BI,CI
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: RHSTSin
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: CIin
      REAL                 :: DT
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CREATE FINITE DIFFERENCE VALUES FOR USE IN ROSR12 ROUTINE                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         RHSTS (K) = RHSTS (K) * DT                                              
         AI (K) = AI (K) * DT                                                    
         BI (K) = 1. + BI (K) * DT                                               
         CI (K) = CI (K) * DT                                                    
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! COPY VALUES FOR INPUT VARIABLES BEFORE CALL TO ROSR12                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         RHSTSin (K) = RHSTS (K)                                                 
      END DO                                                                     
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         CIin (K) = CI (K)                                                       
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SOLVE THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX EQUATION                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      CALL ROSR12 (CI,AI,BI,CIin,RHSTSin,RHSTS,NSOIL)                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC/UPDATE THE SOIL TEMPS USING MATRIX SOLUTION                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         STCOUT (K) = STCIN (K) + CI (K)                                         
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE HSTEP                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE NOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,SMC,SMCMAX,SMCWLT,                 &        
                         SMCREF,SMCDRY,CMC,CMCMAX,NSOIL,DT,SHDFAC,      &
                         SBETA,Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,F1,EMISSI,    & 
                         SSOIL,                                         &                    
                         STC,EPSCA,BEXP,PC,RCH,RR,CFACTR,               &        
                         SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,PSISAT,ZSOIL,           &        
                         DKSAT,DWSAT,TBOT,ZBOT,RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,         &        
                         RUNOFF3,EDIR,EC,ET,ETT,NROOT,ICE,RTDIS,        &        
                         QUARTZ,FXEXP,CSOIL,                            &        
                         BETA,DRIP,DEW,FLX1,FLX3,VEGTYP)                          
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE NOPAC                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE AND HEAT FLUX VALUES AND UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE          
! CONTENT AND SOIL HEAT CONTENT VALUES FOR THE CASE WHEN NO SNOW PACK IS         
! PRESENT.                                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              

      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)  :: ICE, NROOT,NSOIL,VEGTYP                   
      INTEGER              :: K

      REAL, INTENT(IN)     :: BEXP,CFACTR, CMCMAX,CSOIL,DKSAT,DT,DWSAT, &
                              EPSCA,ETP,FDOWN,F1,FXEXP,FRZFACT,KDT,PC,  &
                              PRCP,PSISAT,Q2,QUARTZ,RCH,RR,SBETA,SFCTMP,&
                              SHDFAC,SLOPE,SMCDRY,SMCMAX,SMCREF,SMCWLT, &
                              T24,TBOT,TH2,ZBOT,EMISSI                  
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)  :: CMC,BETA,T1
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)    :: DEW,DRIP,EC,EDIR,ETA,ETT,FLX1,FLX3,       &
                              RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,SSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(IN)     :: RTDIS,ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(OUT)    :: ET
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: SMC,SH2O,STC
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: ET1
      REAL                 :: EC1,EDIR1,ETT1,DF1,ETA1,ETP1,PRCP1,YY,    &
                              YYNUM,ZZ1
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! EXECUTABLE CODE BEGINS HERE:                                                   
! CONVERT ETP Fnd PRCP FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO M S-1 AND INITIALIZE DEW.              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PRCP1 = PRCP * 0.001                                                       
      ETP1 = ETP * 0.001                                                         
      DEW = 0.0                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE EVAP TERMS.                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      EDIR = 0.                                                                  
      EDIR1 = 0.                                                                 
      EC1 = 0.                                                                   
      EC = 0.                                                                    
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
        ET(K) = 0.                                                               
        ET1(K) = 0.                                                              
      END DO                                                                     
      ETT = 0.                                                                   
      ETT1 = 0.                                                                  
                                                                                 
      IF (ETP > 0.0) THEN                                                     
         CALL EVAPO (ETA1,SMC,NSOIL,CMC,ETP1,DT,ZSOIL,                  &        
                      SH2O,                                             &        
                      SMCMAX,BEXP,PC,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,                &        
                      SMCREF,SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                             &        
                      SMCDRY,CFACTR,                                    &        
                       EDIR1,EC1,ET1,ETT1,SFCTMP,Q2,NROOT,RTDIS,FXEXP)           
         CALL SMFLX (SMC,NSOIL,CMC,DT,PRCP1,ZSOIL,                      &        
                      SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,                           &        
                      SMCMAX,BEXP,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,                   &        
                      SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                                    &        
                      RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,                          &        
                      EDIR1,EC1,ET1,                                    &        
                      DRIP)                                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT MODELED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM  M S-1  TO  KG M-2 S-1.                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
         ETA = ETA1 * 1000.0                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF ETP < 0, ASSUME DEW FORMS (TRANSFORM ETP1 INTO DEW AND REINITIALIZE         
! ETP1 TO ZERO).                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ELSE                                                                       
         DEW = - ETP1                                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT PRCP FROM 'KG M-2 S-1' TO 'M S-1' AND ADD DEW AMOUNT.                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ETP1 = 0.0                                                              
                                                                                 
         PRCP1 = PRCP1+ DEW                                                      
         CALL EVAPO (ETA1,SMC,NSOIL,CMC,ETP1,DT,ZSOIL,                  &        
                      SH2O,                                             &        
                      SMCMAX,BEXP,PC,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,                &        
                      SMCREF,SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                             &        
                      SMCDRY,CFACTR,                                    &        
                      EDIR1,EC1,ET1,ETT1,SFCTMP,Q2,NROOT,RTDIS,FXEXP)            
         CALL SMFLX (SMC,NSOIL,CMC,DT,PRCP1,ZSOIL,                      &        
                      SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,                           &        
                      SMCMAX,BEXP,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,                   &        
                      SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                                    &        
                      RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,                          &        
                      EDIR1,EC1,ET1,                                    &        
                      DRIP)                                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT MODELED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM 'M S-1' TO 'KG M-2 S-1'.               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ETA = ETA1 * 1000.0                                                     
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BASED ON ETP AND E VALUES, DETERMINE BETA                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      IF ( ETP <= 0.0 ) THEN                                                   
         BETA = 0.0                                                              
         IF ( ETP < 0.0 ) THEN                                                
            BETA = 1.0                                                           
            ETA = ETP                                                            
         END IF                                                                  
      ELSE                                                                       
         BETA = ETA / ETP                                                        
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT MODELED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION COMPONENTS 'M S-1' TO 'KG M-2 S-1'.         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      EDIR = EDIR1*1000.                                                         
      EC = EC1*1000.                                                             
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
        ET(K) = ET1(K)*1000.                                                     
      END DO                                                                     
      ETT = ETT1*1000.                                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! GET SOIL THERMAL DIFFUXIVITY/CONDUCTIVITY FOR TOP SOIL LYR,                    
! CALC. ADJUSTED TOP LYR SOIL TEMP AND ADJUSTED SOIL FLUX, THEN                  
! CALL SHFLX TO COMPUTE/UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX AND SOIL TEMPS.                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      CALL TDFCND (DF1,SMC (1),QUARTZ,SMCMAX,SH2O (1))                           

!urban
      IF (VEGTYP==1) DF1=3.24
!
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! VEGETATION GREENNESS FRACTION REDUCTION IN SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX                
! VIA REDUCTION FACTOR, WHICH IS CONVENIENT TO APPLY HERE TO THERMAL             
! DIFFUSIVITY THAT IS LATER USED IN HRT TO COMPUTE SUB SFC HEAT FLUX             
! (SEE ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON VEG EFFECT SUB-SFC HEAT FLX IN                     
! ROUTINE SFLX)                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DF1 = DF1 * EXP (SBETA * SHDFAC)                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! COMPUTE INTERMEDIATE TERMS PASSED TO ROUTINE HRT (VIA ROUTINE                  
! SHFLX BELOW) FOR USE IN COMPUTING SUBSURFACE HEAT FLUX IN HRT                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      YYNUM = FDOWN - SIGMA * T24                                                
      YYNUM = FDOWN - EMISSI*SIGMA * T24
      YY = SFCTMP + (YYNUM / RCH + TH2- SFCTMP - BETA * EPSCA) / RR              
                                                                                 
      ZZ1 = DF1 / ( -0.5 * ZSOIL (1) * RCH * RR ) + 1.0                          

!urban
      CALL SHFLX (SSOIL,STC,SMC,SMCMAX,NSOIL,T1,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,        &
                  TBOT,ZBOT,SMCWLT,PSISAT,SH2O,BEXP,F1,DF1,ICE,         &
                  QUARTZ,CSOIL,VEGTYP)                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET FLX1 AND FLX3 (SNOPACK PHASE CHANGE HEAT FLUXES) TO ZERO SINCE             
! THEY ARE NOT USED HERE IN SNOPAC.  FLX2 (FREEZING RAIN HEAT FLUX) WAS          
! SIMILARLY INITIALIZED IN THE PENMAN ROUTINE.                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      FLX1 = 0.0                                                                 
      FLX3 = 0.0                                                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE NOPAC                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE PENMAN (SFCTMP,SFCPRS,CH,T2V,TH2,PRCP,FDOWN,T24,SSOIL, &        
     &                   Q2,Q2SAT,ETP,RCH,EPSCA,RR,SNOWNG,FRZGRA,       &        
     &                   DQSDT2,FLX2,EMISSI)                                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE PENMAN                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE POTENTIAL EVAPORATION FOR THE CURRENT POINT.  VARIOUS                
! PARTIAL SUMS/PRODUCTS ARE ALSO CALCULATED AND PASSED BACK TO THE               
! CALLING ROUTINE FOR LATER USE.                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)     :: SNOWNG, FRZGRA
      REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: CH, DQSDT2,FDOWN,PRCP,                 &
                                 Q2, Q2SAT,SSOIL, SFCPRS, SFCTMP,       &
                                 T2V, TH2,EMISSI                        
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)       :: EPSCA,ETP,FLX2,RCH,RR,T24
      REAL                    :: A, DELTA, FNET,RAD,RHO

      REAL, PARAMETER      :: ELCP = 2.4888E+3, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6,CP = 1004.6
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! EXECUTABLE CODE BEGINS HERE:                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! PREPARE PARTIAL QUANTITIES FOR PENMAN EQUATION.                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      FLX2 = 0.0                                                                 
      DELTA = ELCP * DQSDT2                                                      
      T24 = SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP * SFCTMP                                    
!      RR = T24 * 6.48E-8 / (SFCPRS * CH) + 1.0                                   
      RR = EMISSI*T24 * 6.48E-8 / (SFCPRS * CH) + 1.0
      RHO = SFCPRS / (RD * T2V)                                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ADJUST THE PARTIAL SUMS / PRODUCTS WITH THE LATENT HEAT                        
! EFFECTS CAUSED BY FALLING PRECIPITATION.                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RCH = RHO * CP * CH                                                        
      IF (.NOT. SNOWNG) THEN                                                     
         IF (PRCP >  0.0) RR = RR + CPH2O * PRCP / RCH                         
      ELSE                                                                       
         RR = RR + CPICE * PRCP / RCH                                            
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INCLUDE THE LATENT HEAT EFFECTS OF FRZNG RAIN CONVERTING TO ICE ON             
! IMPACT IN THE CALCULATION OF FLX2 AND FNET.                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      FNET = FDOWN - SIGMA * T24- SSOIL                                          
      FNET = FDOWN -  EMISSI*SIGMA * T24- SSOIL
      IF (FRZGRA) THEN                                                           
         FLX2 = - LSUBF * PRCP                                                   
         FNET = FNET - FLX2                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FINISH PENMAN EQUATION CALCULATIONS.                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     
      RAD = FNET / RCH + TH2- SFCTMP                                             
      A = ELCP * (Q2SAT - Q2)                                                    
      EPSCA = (A * RR + RAD * DELTA) / (DELTA + RR)                              
      ETP = EPSCA * RCH / LSUBC                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE PENMAN                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE REDPRM (VEGTYP,SOILTYP,SLOPETYP,CFACTR,CMCMAX,RSMAX,      &     
                         TOPT,                                             &     
                         REFKDT,KDT,SBETA, SHDFAC,RSMIN,RGL,HS,ZBOT,FRZX,  &     
                         PSISAT,SLOPE,SNUP,SALP,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,          &     
                         SMCMAX,SMCWLT,SMCREF,SMCDRY,F1,QUARTZ,FXEXP,      &     
                         RTDIS,SLDPTH,ZSOIL, NROOT,NSOIL,Z0BRD,CZIL,LAI,   &     
                         CSOIL,ALBBRD,PTU,LLANDUSE,LSOIL,LOCAL)                
                                                                                 
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! Internally set (default valuess)                                               
! all soil and vegetation parameters required for the execusion oF               
! the Noah lsm are defined in VEGPARM.TBL, SOILPARM.TB, and GENPARM.TBL.         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!     Vegetation parameters:                                                     
!             ALBBRD: SFC background snow-free albedo                            
!             CMXTBL: MAX CNPY Capacity                                          
!              Z0BRD: Background roughness length                                
!             SHDFAC: Green vegetation fraction                                  
!              NROOT: Rooting depth                                              
!              RSMIN: Mimimum stomatal resistance                                
!              RSMAX: Max. stomatal resistance                                   
!                RGL: Parameters used in radiation stress function               
!                 HS: Parameter used in vapor pressure deficit functio           
!               TOPT: Optimum transpiration air temperature.                     
!             CMCMAX: Maximum canopy water capacity                              
!             CFACTR: Parameter used in the canopy inteception calculation       
!               SNUP: Threshold snow depth (in water equivalent m) that          
!                     implies 100 percent snow cover                             
!                LAI: Leaf area index                                            
!                                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      Soil parameters:                                                          
!        SMCMAX: MAX soil moisture content (porosity)                            
!        SMCREF: Reference soil moisture  (field capacity)                       
!        SMCWLT: Wilting point soil moisture                                     
!        SMCWLT: Air dry soil moist content limits                               
!       SSATPSI: SAT (saturation) soil potential                                 
!         DKSAT: SAT soil conductivity                                           
!          BEXP: B parameter                                                     
!        SSATDW: SAT soil diffusivity                                            
!           F1: Soil thermal diffusivity/conductivity coef.                      
!        QUARTZ: Soil quartz content                                             
!  Modified by F. Chen (12/22/97)  to use the STATSGO soil map                   
!  Modified By F. Chen (01/22/00)  to include PLaya, Lava, and White San         
!  Modified By F. Chen (08/05/02)  to include additional parameters for the Noah 
! NOTE: SATDW = BB*SATDK*(SATPSI/MAXSMC)                                         
!         F11 = ALOG10(SATPSI) + BB*ALOG10(MAXSMC) + 2.0                         
!       REFSMC1=MAXSMC*(5.79E-9/SATDK)**(1/(2*BB+3)) 5.79E-9 m/s= 0.5 mm         
!       REFSMC=REFSMC1+1./3.(MAXSMC-REFSMC1)                                     
!       WLTSMC1=MAXSMC*(200./SATPSI)**(-1./BB)    (Wetzel and Chang, 198         
!       WLTSMC=WLTSMC1-0.5*WLTSMC1                                               
! Note: the values for playa is set for it to have a thermal conductivit         
! as sand and to have a hydrulic conductivity as clay                            
!                                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! Class parameter 'SLOPETYP' was included to estimate linear reservoir           
! coefficient 'SLOPE' to the baseflow runoff out of the bottom layer.            
! lowest class (slopetyp=0) means highest slope parameter = 1.                   
! definition of slopetyp from 'zobler' slope type:                               
! slope class  percent slope                                                     
! 1            0-8                                                               
! 2            8-30                                                              
! 3            > 30                                                              
! 4            0-30                                                              
! 5            0-8 & > 30                                                        
! 6            8-30 & > 30                                                       
! 7            0-8, 8-30, > 30                                                   
! 9            GLACIAL ICE                                                       
! BLANK        OCEAN/SEA                                                         
!       SLOPE_DATA: linear reservoir coefficient                                 
!       SBETA_DATA: parameter used to caluculate vegetation effect on soil heat  
!       FXEXP_DAT:  soil evaporation exponent used in DEVAP                      
!       CSOIL_DATA: soil heat capacity [J M-3 K-1]                               
!       SALP_DATA: shape parameter of  distribution function of snow cover       
!       REFDK_DATA and REFKDT_DATA: parameters in the surface runoff parameteriz 
!       FRZK_DATA: frozen ground parameter                                       
!       ZBOT_DATA: depth[M] of lower boundary soil temperature                   
!       CZIL_DATA: calculate roughness length of heat                            
!       SMLOW_DATA and MHIGH_DATA: two soil moisture wilt, soil moisture referen 
!                 parameters                                                     
! Set maximum number of soil-, veg-, and slopetyp in data statement.             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      INTEGER, PARAMETER     :: MAX_SLOPETYP=30,MAX_SOILTYP=30,MAX_VEGTYP=30
      LOGICAL                :: LOCAL
      CHARACTER (LEN=4), INTENT(IN)::  LLANDUSE, LSOIL

! Veg parameters                                                                 
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: VEGTYP
      INTEGER, INTENT(OUT)   :: NROOT
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)      :: HS,LAI,RSMIN,RGL,SHDFAC,SNUP,Z0BRD,         &
                                CMCMAX,RSMAX,TOPT,ALBBRD
! Soil parameters                                                                
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: SOILTYP                                                           
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)      :: BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,F1,QUARTZ,SMCDRY,          &
                                SMCMAX,SMCREF,SMCWLT,PSISAT
! General parameters                                                             
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)    :: SLOPETYP,NSOIL
      INTEGER                :: I                                                  
      
      REAL,    INTENT(OUT)   :: SLOPE,CZIL,SBETA,FXEXP,                     &
                                CSOIL,SALP,FRZX,KDT,CFACTR,      &
                                ZBOT,REFKDT,PTU
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(IN) :: SLDPTH,ZSOIL
      REAL,DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(OUT):: RTDIS                           
      REAL                   :: FRZFACT,FRZK,REFDK
                                                                                 
!      SAVE                                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!                                                                                
               IF (SOILTYP .gt. SLCATS) THEN                                     
                        CALL wrf_error_fatal ( 'Warning: too many input soil types' )
               END IF                                                            
               IF (VEGTYP .gt. LUCATS) THEN                                      
                     CALL wrf_error_fatal ( 'Warning: too many input landuse types' )
               END IF                                                            
               IF (SLOPETYP .gt. SLPCATS) THEN                                   
                     CALL wrf_error_fatal ( 'Warning: too many input slope types' )
               END IF                                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  SET-UP SOIL PARAMETERS                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      CSOIL = CSOIL_DATA                                                         
      BEXP = BB (SOILTYP)                                                        
      DKSAT = SATDK (SOILTYP)                                                    
      DWSAT = SATDW (SOILTYP)                                                    
      F1 = F11 (SOILTYP)                                                         
      PSISAT = SATPSI (SOILTYP)                                                  
      QUARTZ = QTZ (SOILTYP)                                                     
      SMCDRY = DRYSMC (SOILTYP)                                                  
      SMCMAX = MAXSMC (SOILTYP)                                                  
      SMCREF = REFSMC (SOILTYP)                                                  
      SMCWLT = WLTSMC (SOILTYP)                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! Set-up universal parameters (not dependent on SOILTYP, VEGTYP or               
! SLOPETYP)                                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ZBOT = ZBOT_DATA                                                           
      SALP = SALP_DATA                                                           
      SBETA = SBETA_DATA                                                         
      REFDK = REFDK_DATA                                                         
      FRZK = FRZK_DATA                                                           
      FXEXP = FXEXP_DATA                                                         
      REFKDT = REFKDT_DATA                                                       
      PTU = 0.    ! (not used yet) to satisify intent(out)
      KDT = REFKDT * DKSAT / REFDK                                               
      CZIL = CZIL_DATA                                                           
      SLOPE = SLOPE_DATA (SLOPETYP)                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TO ADJUST FRZK PARAMETER TO ACTUAL SOIL TYPE: FRZK * FRZFACT                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      FRZFACT = (SMCMAX / SMCREF) * (0.412 / 0.468)                              
      FRZX = FRZK * FRZFACT                                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET-UP VEGETATION PARAMETERS                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      TOPT = TOPT_DATA                                                           
      CMCMAX = CMCMAX_DATA                                                       
      CFACTR = CFACTR_DATA                                                       
      RSMAX = RSMAX_DATA                                                         
      NROOT = NROTBL (VEGTYP)                                                    
      SNUP = SNUPTBL (VEGTYP)                                                    
      RSMIN = RSTBL (VEGTYP)                                                     
      RGL = RGLTBL (VEGTYP)                                                      
      HS = HSTBL (VEGTYP)                                                        
      LAI = LAITBL (VEGTYP)                                                      
               IF(LOCAL) THEN                                                  
                 ALBBRD = ALBTBL(VEGTYP)                                         
                 Z0BRD = Z0TBL(VEGTYP)                                           
                 SHDFAC = SHDTBL(VEGTYP)                                         
               ENDIF                                                             
                                                                                 
               IF (VEGTYP .eq. BARE) SHDFAC = 0.0
               IF (NROOT .gt. NSOIL) THEN
                  WRITE (err_message,*) 'Error: too many root layers ',  &
                                                 NSOIL,NROOT
                  CALL wrf_error_fatal ( err_message )
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE ROOT DISTRIBUTION.  PRESENT VERSION ASSUMES UNIFORM                  
! DISTRIBUTION BASED ON SOIL LAYER DEPTHS.                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
               END IF                                                            
               DO I = 1,NROOT                                                    
                  RTDIS (I) = - SLDPTH (I)/ ZSOIL (NROOT)                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  SET-UP SLOPE PARAMETER                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
               END DO                                                            
                                                                                 
!        print*,'end of PRMRED'                                                  
!       print*,'VEGTYP',VEGTYP,'SOILTYP',SOILTYP,'SLOPETYP',SLOPETYP,    &       
!    & 'CFACTR',CFACTR,'CMCMAX',CMCMAX,'RSMAX',RSMAX,'TOPT',TOPT,        &       
!    & 'REFKDT',REFKDT,'KDT',KDT,'SBETA',SBETA, 'SHDFAC',SHDFAC,         &       
!    &  'RSMIN',RSMIN,'RGL',RGL,'HS',HS,'ZBOT',ZBOT,'FRZX',FRZX,         &       
!    &  'PSISAT',PSISAT,'SLOPE',SLOPE,'SNUP',SNUP,'SALP',SALP,'BEXP',    &       
!    &   BEXP,                                                           &       
!    &  'DKSAT',DKSAT,'DWSAT',DWSAT,                                     &       
!    &  'SMCMAX',SMCMAX,'SMCWLT',SMCWLT,'SMCREF',SMCREF,'SMCDRY',SMCDRY, &       
!    &  'F1',F1,'QUARTZ',QUARTZ,'FXEXP',FXEXP,                           &       
!    &  'RTDIS',RTDIS,'SLDPTH',SLDPTH,'ZSOIL',ZSOIL, 'NROOT',NROOT,      &       
!    &  'NSOIL',NSOIL,'Z0',Z0,'CZIL',CZIL,'LAI',LAI,                     &       
!    &  'CSOIL',CSOIL,'PTU',PTU,                                         &       
!    &  'LOCAL', LOCAL                                                       
                                                                                 
      END  SUBROUTINE REDPRM
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE ROSR12 (P,A,B,C,D,DELTA,NSOIL)                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE ROSR12                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INVERT (SOLVE) THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX PROBLEM SHOWN BELOW:                    
! ###                                            ### ###  ###   ###  ###         
! #B(1), C(1),  0  ,  0  ,  0  ,   . . .  ,    0   # #      #   #      #         
! #A(2), B(2), C(2),  0  ,  0  ,   . . .  ,    0   # #      #   #      #         
! # 0  , A(3), B(3), C(3),  0  ,   . . .  ,    0   # #      #   # D(3) #         
! # 0  ,  0  , A(4), B(4), C(4),   . . .  ,    0   # # P(4) #   # D(4) #         
! # 0  ,  0  ,  0  , A(5), B(5),   . . .  ,    0   # # P(5) #   # D(5) #         
! # .                                          .   # #  .   # = #   .  #         
! # .                                          .   # #  .   #   #   .  #         
! # .                                          .   # #  .   #   #   .  #         
! # 0  , . . . , 0 , A(M-2), B(M-2), C(M-2),   0   # #P(M-2)#   #D(M-2)#         
! # 0  , . . . , 0 ,   0   , A(M-1), B(M-1), C(M-1)# #P(M-1)#   #D(M-1)#         
! # 0  , . . . , 0 ,   0   ,   0   ,  A(M) ,  B(M) # # P(M) #   # D(M) #         
! ###                                            ### ###  ###   ###  ###         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              

      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: NSOIL
      INTEGER               :: K, KK

      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN):: A, B, D 
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(INOUT):: C,P,DELTA
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE EQN COEF C FOR THE LOWEST SOIL LAYER                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      C (NSOIL) = 0.0                                                            
      P (1) = - C (1) / B (1)                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SOLVE THE COEFS FOR THE 1ST SOIL LAYER                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SOLVE THE COEFS FOR SOIL LAYERS 2 THRU NSOIL                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DELTA (1) = D (1) / B (1)                                                  
      DO K = 2,NSOIL                                                             
         P (K) = - C (K) * ( 1.0 / (B (K) + A (K) * P (K -1)) )                  
         DELTA (K) = (D (K) - A (K)* DELTA (K -1))* (1.0/ (B (K) + A (K)&        
                    * P (K -1)))                                                 
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET P TO DELTA FOR LOWEST SOIL LAYER                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      P (NSOIL) = DELTA (NSOIL)                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ADJUST P FOR SOIL LAYERS 2 THRU NSOIL                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 2,NSOIL                                                             
         KK = NSOIL - K + 1                                                      
         P (KK) = P (KK) * P (KK +1) + DELTA (KK)                                
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE ROSR12                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         

                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SHFLX (SSOIL,STC,SMC,SMCMAX,NSOIL,T1,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,  &        
                         TBOT,ZBOT,SMCWLT,PSISAT,SH2O,BEXP,F1,DF1,ICE,  &        
                         QUARTZ,CSOIL,VEGTYP)                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SHFLX                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! UPDATE THE TEMPERATURE STATE OF THE SOIL COLUMN BASED ON THE THERMAL           
! DIFFUSION EQUATION AND UPDATE THE FROZEN SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT BASED           
! ON THE TEMPERATURE.                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              

      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: ICE, NSOIL, VEGTYP                      
      INTEGER               :: I

      REAL, INTENT(IN)      :: BEXP,CSOIL,DF1,DT,F1,PSISAT,QUARTZ,     & 
                               SMCMAX, SMCWLT, TBOT,YY, ZBOT,ZZ1
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)   :: T1 
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)     :: SSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)    :: SMC,ZSOIL 
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: SH2O 
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: STC 
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)             :: AI, BI, CI, STCF,RHSTS
      REAL, PARAMETER       :: T0 = 273.15
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! HRT ROUTINE CALCS THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE SOIL TEMP DIF EQN                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SEA-ICE CASE                                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (ICE == 1) THEN                                                       
                                                                                 
         CALL HRTICE (RHSTS,STC,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,DF1,AI,BI,CI)                 
                                                                                 
         CALL HSTEP (STCF,STC,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LAND-MASS CASE                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ELSE                                                                       
         CALL HRT (RHSTS,STC,SMC,SMCMAX,NSOIL,ZSOIL,YY,ZZ1,TBOT,        &        
                    ZBOT,PSISAT,SH2O,DT,                                &        
                    BEXP,F1,DF1,QUARTZ,CSOIL,AI,BI,CI,VEGTYP)                           
                                                                                 
         CALL HSTEP (STCF,STC,RHSTS,DT,NSOIL,AI,BI,CI)                           
      END IF                                                                     
      DO I = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         STC (I) = STCF (I)                                                      
      END DO                                                                     

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IN THE NO SNOWPACK CASE (VIA ROUTINE NOPAC BRANCH,) UPDATE THE GRND            
! (SKIN) TEMPERATURE HERE IN RESPONSE TO THE UPDATED SOIL TEMPERATURE            
! PROFILE ABOVE.  (NOTE: INSPECTION OF ROUTINE SNOPAC SHOWS THAT T1              
! BELOW IS A DUMMY VARIABLE ONLY, AS SKIN TEMPERATURE IS UPDATED                 
! DIFFERENTLY IN ROUTINE SNOPAC)                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SURFACE SOIL HEAT FLUX                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      T1 = (YY + (ZZ1- 1.0) * STC (1)) / ZZ1                                     
      SSOIL = DF1 * (STC (1) - T1) / (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))                           

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SHFLX                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SMFLX (SMC,NSOIL,CMC,DT,PRCP1,ZSOIL,                   &        
     &                   SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,                        &        
     &                   SMCMAX,BEXP,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,                &        
     &                   SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                                 &        
     &                   RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,                       &        
     &                   EDIR,EC,ET,                                    &        
     &                   DRIP)                                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SMFLX                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE FLUX.  THE SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT (SMC - A PER          
! UNIT VOLUME MEASUREMENT) IS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE THAT IS UPDATED WITH          
! PROGNOSTIC EQNS. THE CANOPY MOISTURE CONTENT (CMC) IS ALSO UPDATED.            
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:  NEW STATES ADDED: SH2O, AND FROZEN GROUND              
! CORRECTION FACTOR, FRZFACT AND PARAMETER SLOPE.                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
 
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: NSOIL
      INTEGER               :: I,K 
     
      REAL, INTENT(IN)      :: BEXP, CMCMAX, DKSAT,DWSAT, DT, EC, EDIR,  &
                               KDT, PRCP1, SHDFAC, SLOPE, SMCMAX, SMCWLT  
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)                      :: DRIP, RUNOFF1, RUNOFF2, RUNOFF3
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)   :: CMC
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)   :: ET,ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT):: SMC, SH2O
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)             :: AI, BI, CI, STCF,RHSTS, RHSTT, &
                                              SICE, SH2OA, SH2OFG
      REAL                  :: DUMMY, EXCESS,FRZFACT,PCPDRP,RHSCT,TRHSCT
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! EXECUTABLE CODE BEGINS HERE.                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! COMPUTE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE CANOPY EQN TERM ( RHSCT )                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DUMMY = 0.                                                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERT RHSCT (A RATE) TO TRHSCT (AN AMOUNT) AND ADD IT TO EXISTING            
! CMC.  IF RESULTING AMT EXCEEDS MAX CAPACITY, IT BECOMES DRIP AND WILL          
! FALL TO THE GRND.                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RHSCT = SHDFAC * PRCP1- EC                                                 
      DRIP = 0.                                                                  
      TRHSCT = DT * RHSCT                                                        
      EXCESS = CMC + TRHSCT                                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! PCPDRP IS THE COMBINED PRCP1 AND DRIP (FROM CMC) THAT GOES INTO THE            
! SOIL                                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (EXCESS > CMCMAX) DRIP = EXCESS - CMCMAX                             
      PCPDRP = (1. - SHDFAC) * PRCP1+ DRIP / DT                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! STORE ICE CONTENT AT EACH SOIL LAYER BEFORE CALLING SRT and SSTEP                
!
      DO I = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         SICE (I) = SMC (I) - SH2O (I)                                           
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALL SUBROUTINES SRT AND SSTEP TO SOLVE THE SOIL MOISTURE                      
! TENDENCY EQUATIONS.                                                            
! IF THE INFILTRATING PRECIP RATE IS NONTRIVIAL,                                 
!   (WE CONSIDER NONTRIVIAL TO BE A PRECIP TOTAL OVER THE TIME STEP              
!    EXCEEDING ONE ONE-THOUSANDTH OF THE WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF               
!    THE FIRST SOIL LAYER)                                                       
! THEN CALL THE SRT/SSTEP SUBROUTINE PAIR TWICE IN THE MANNER OF                 
!   TIME SCHEME "F" (IMPLICIT STATE, AVERAGED COEFFICIENT)                       
!   OF SECTION 2 OF KALNAY AND KANAMITSU (1988, MWR, VOL 116,                    
!   PAGES 1945-1958)TO MINIMIZE 2-DELTA-T OSCILLATIONS IN THE                    
!   SOIL MOISTURE VALUE OF THE TOP SOIL LAYER THAT CAN ARISE BECAUSE             
!   OF THE EXTREME NONLINEAR DEPENDENCE OF THE SOIL HYDRAULIC                    
!   DIFFUSIVITY COEFFICIENT AND THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY ON THE                
!   SOIL MOISTURE STATE                                                          
! OTHERWISE CALL THE SRT/SSTEP SUBROUTINE PAIR ONCE IN THE MANNER OF             
!   TIME SCHEME "D" (IMPLICIT STATE, EXPLICIT COEFFICIENT)                       
!   OF SECTION 2 OF KALNAY AND KANAMITSU                                         
! PCPDRP IS UNITS OF KG/M**2/S OR MM/S, ZSOIL IS NEGATIVE DEPTH IN M             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      IF ( PCPDRP .GT. 0.0 ) THEN                                               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:                                                         
! SMC STATES REPLACED BY SH2O STATES IN SRT SUBR.  SH2O & SICE STATES            
! INC&UDED IN SSTEP SUBR.  FROZEN GROUND CORRECTION FACTOR, FRZFACT              
! ADDED.  ALL WATER BALANCE CALCULATIONS USING UNFROZEN WATER                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF ( (PCPDRP * DT) > (0.001*1000.0* (- ZSOIL (1))* SMCMAX) ) THEN
         CALL SRT (RHSTT,EDIR,ET,SH2O,SH2O,NSOIL,PCPDRP,ZSOIL,          &        
                    DWSAT,DKSAT,SMCMAX,BEXP,RUNOFF1,                    &        
                    RUNOFF2,DT,SMCWLT,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,SICE,AI,BI,CI)           
         CALL SSTEP (SH2OFG,SH2O,DUMMY,RHSTT,RHSCT,DT,NSOIL,SMCMAX,     &        
                        CMCMAX,RUNOFF3,ZSOIL,SMC,SICE,AI,BI,CI)                  
         DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                          
            SH2OA (K) = (SH2O (K) + SH2OFG (K)) * 0.5                            
         END DO                                                                  
         CALL SRT (RHSTT,EDIR,ET,SH2O,SH2OA,NSOIL,PCPDRP,ZSOIL,         &        
                    DWSAT,DKSAT,SMCMAX,BEXP,RUNOFF1,                    &        
                    RUNOFF2,DT,SMCWLT,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,SICE,AI,BI,CI)           
         CALL SSTEP (SH2O,SH2O,CMC,RHSTT,RHSCT,DT,NSOIL,SMCMAX,         &        
                        CMCMAX,RUNOFF3,ZSOIL,SMC,SICE,AI,BI,CI)                  
                                                                                 
      ELSE                                                                       
         CALL SRT (RHSTT,EDIR,ET,SH2O,SH2O,NSOIL,PCPDRP,ZSOIL,          &        
                    DWSAT,DKSAT,SMCMAX,BEXP,RUNOFF1,                    &        
                      RUNOFF2,DT,SMCWLT,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,SICE,AI,BI,CI)         
         CALL SSTEP (SH2O,SH2O,CMC,RHSTT,RHSCT,DT,NSOIL,SMCMAX,         &        
                        CMCMAX,RUNOFF3,ZSOIL,SMC,SICE,AI,BI,CI)                  
!      RUNOF = RUNOFF                                                            
                                                                                 
      END IF                                                                     

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SMFLX                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SNFRAC (SNEQV,SNUP,SALP,SNOWH,SNCOVR)                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SNFRAC                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SNOW FRACTION (0 -> 1)                                               
! SNEQV   SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT (M)                                              
! SNUP    THRESHOLD SNEQV DEPTH ABOVE WHICH SNCOVR=1                             
! SALP    TUNING PARAMETER                                                       
! SNCOVR  FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              

      REAL, INTENT(IN)     :: SNEQV,SNUP,SALP,SNOWH
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)    :: SNCOVR
      REAL                 :: RSNOW, Z0N
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNUP IS VEG-CLASS DEPENDENT SNOWDEPTH THRESHHOLD (SET IN ROUTINE               
! REDPRM) ABOVE WHICH SNOCVR=1.                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (SNEQV < SNUP) THEN                                                  
         RSNOW = SNEQV / SNUP                                                    
         SNCOVR = 1. - ( EXP ( - SALP * RSNOW) - RSNOW * EXP ( - SALP))          
      ELSE                                                                       
         SNCOVR = 1.0                                                            
      END IF                                                                     

!     FORMULATION OF DICKINSON ET AL. 1986                                       
!     Z0N = 0.035                                                                
                                                                                 
!        SNCOVR=SNOWH/(SNOWH + 5*Z0N)                                            
                                                                                 
!     FORMULATION OF MARSHALL ET AL. 1994                                        
!        SNCOVR=SNEQV/(SNEQV + 2*Z0N)                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SNFRAC                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SNKSRC (TSNSR,TAVG,SMC,SH2O,ZSOIL,NSOIL,               &        
     &                      SMCMAX,PSISAT,BEXP,DT,K,QTOT)                        
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SNKSRC                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SINK/SOURCE TERM OF THE TERMAL DIFFUSION EQUATION. (SH2O) IS         
! AVAILABLE LIQUED WATER.                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              

      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: K,NSOIL
                                                                                
      REAL, INTENT(IN)      :: BEXP, DT, PSISAT, QTOT, SMC, SMCMAX,    &
                               TAVG
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)   :: SH2O

      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN):: ZSOIL

      REAL                  :: DF, DZ, DZH, FREE, TSNSR,               &
                               TDN, TM, TUP, TZ, X0, XDN, XH2O, XUP 
                                                                                 
      REAL, PARAMETER       :: DH2O = 1.0000E3, HLICE = 3.3350E5,      &
                               T0 = 2.7315E2

      IF (K == 1) THEN                                                         
         DZ = - ZSOIL (1)                                                        
      ELSE                                                                       
         DZ = ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)                                           
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! VIA FUNCTION FRH2O, COMPUTE POTENTIAL OR 'EQUILIBRIUM' UNFROZEN                
! SUPERCOOLED FREE WATER FOR GIVEN SOIL TYPE AND SOIL LAYER TEMPERATURE.         
! FUNCTION FRH20 INVOKES EQN (17) FROM V. KOREN ET AL (1999, JGR, VOL.           
! 104, PG 19573).  (ASIDE:  LATTER EQN IN JOURNAL IN CENTIGRADE UNITS.           
! ROUTINE FRH2O USE FORM OF EQN IN KELVIN UNITS.)                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      FREE = FRH2O(TAVG,SMC,SH2O,SMCMAX,BEXP,PSISAT)                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IN NEXT BLOCK OF CODE, INVOKE EQN 18 OF V. KOREN ET AL (1999, JGR,             
! VOL. 104, PG 19573.)  THAT IS, FIRST ESTIMATE THE NEW AMOUNTOF LIQUID          
! WATER, 'XH2O', IMPLIED BY THE SUM OF (1) THE LIQUID WATER AT THE BEGIN         
! OF CURRENT TIME STEP, AND (2) THE FREEZE OF THAW CHANGE IN LIQUID              
! WATER IMPLIED BY THE HEAT FLUX 'QTOT' PASSED IN FROM ROUTINE HRT.              
! SECOND, DETERMINE IF XH2O NEEDS TO BE BOUNDED BY 'FREE' (EQUIL AMT) OR         
! IF 'FREE' NEEDS TO BE BOUNDED BY XH2O.                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      CALL FRH2O (FREE,TAVG,SMC,SH2O,SMCMAX,BEXP,PSISAT)                         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FIRST, IF FREEZING AND REMAINING LIQUID LESS THAN LOWER BOUND, THEN            
! REDUCE EXTENT OF FREEZING, THEREBY LETTING SOME OR ALL OF HEAT FLUX            
! QTOT COOL THE SOIL TEMP LATER IN ROUTINE HRT.                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      XH2O = SH2O + QTOT * DT / (DH2O * HLICE * DZ)                              
      IF ( XH2O < SH2O .AND. XH2O < FREE) THEN                             
         IF ( FREE > SH2O ) THEN                                              
            XH2O = SH2O                                                          
         ELSE                                                                    
            XH2O = FREE                                                          
         END IF                                                                  
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SECOND, IF THAWING AND THE INCREASE IN LIQUID WATER GREATER THAN UPPER         
! BOUND, THEN REDUCE EXTENT OF THAW, THEREBY LETTING SOME OR ALL OF HEAT         
! FLUX QTOT WARM THE SOIL TEMP LATER IN ROUTINE HRT.                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF ( XH2O > SH2O .AND. XH2O > FREE ) THEN                            
         IF ( FREE < SH2O ) THEN                                              
            XH2O = SH2O                                                          
         ELSE                                                                    
            XH2O = FREE                                                          
         END IF                                                                  
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE PHASE-CHANGE HEAT SOURCE/SINK TERM FOR USE IN ROUTINE HRT            
! AND UPDATE LIQUID WATER TO REFLCET FINAL FREEZE/THAW INCREMENT.                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      SNKSRC = -DH2O*HLICE*DZ*(XH2O-SH2O)/DT                                    
      IF (XH2O < 0.) XH2O = 0.                                                
      IF (XH2O > SMC) XH2O = SMC                                              
      TSNSR = - DH2O * HLICE * DZ * (XH2O - SH2O)/ DT                            
      SH2O = XH2O                                                                
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SNKSRC                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SNOPAC (ETP,ETA,PRCP,PRCPF,SNOWNG,SMC,SMCMAX,SMCWLT,   &        
                          SMCREF,SMCDRY,CMC,CMCMAX,NSOIL,DT,            &        
                          SBETA,DF1,                                    &        
                          Q2,T1,SFCTMP,T24,TH2,FDOWN,F1,SSOIL,STC,EPSCA,&        
                         SFCPRS,BEXP,PC,RCH,RR,CFACTR,SNCOVR,ESD,SNDENS,&        
                          SNOWH,SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,PSISAT,          &        
                          ZSOIL,DWSAT,DKSAT,TBOT,ZBOT,SHDFAC,RUNOFF1,   &        
                          RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,EDIR,EC,ET,ETT,NROOT,SNOMLT,  &        
                          ICE,RTDIS,QUARTZ,FXEXP,CSOIL,                 &        
                          BETA,DRIP,DEW,FLX1,FLX2,FLX3,ESNOW,ETNS,EMISSI,&             
                          VEGTYP)                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SNOPAC                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SOIL MOISTURE AND HEAT FLUX VALUES & UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE            
! CONTENT AND SOIL HEAT CONTENT VALUES FOR THE CASE WHEN A SNOW PACK IS          
! PRESENT.                                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              

      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)   :: ICE, NROOT, NSOIL,VEGTYP                 
      INTEGER               :: K
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)   :: SNOWNG
      REAL, INTENT(IN)      :: BEXP,CFACTR, CMCMAX,CSOIL,DF1,DKSAT,     &
                               DT,DWSAT, EPSCA,ETP,FDOWN,F1,FXEXP,      &
                               FRZFACT,KDT,PC, PRCP,PSISAT,Q2,QUARTZ,   &
                               RCH,RR,SBETA,SFCPRS, SFCTMP, SHDFAC,     &
                               SLOPE,SMCDRY,SMCMAX,SMCREF,SMCWLT, T24,  &
                               TBOT,TH2,ZBOT,EMISSI                      
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)   :: CMC, BETA, ESD,FLX2,PRCPF,SNOWH,SNCOVR,  &
                               SNDENS, T1  
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)     :: DEW,DRIP,EC,EDIR, ETNS, ESNOW,ETT,       &
                               FLX1,FLX3, RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,      &
                               SSOIL,SNOMLT
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(IN)     :: RTDIS,ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL),INTENT(OUT)    :: ET
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT) :: SMC,SH2O,STC
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL) :: ET1
      REAL                  :: DENOM,DSOIL,DTOT,EC1,EDIR1,ESDFLX,ETA,   &
                               ETT1, ESNOW1, ESNOW2, ETA1,ETP1,ETP2,    &
                               ETP3, ETNS1, ETANRG, ETAX, EX, FLX3X,    &
                               FRCSNO,FRCSOI, PRCP1, QSAT,RSNOW, SEH,   &
                               SNCOND,SSOIL1, T11,T12, T12A, T12AX,     &
                               T12B, T14, YY, ZZ1, EMISSI_S
                                                                                
      REAL, PARAMETER       :: ESDMIN = 1.E-6, LSUBC = 2.501000E+6,     &
                               LSUBS = 2.83E+6, TFREEZ = 273.15,        &
                               SNOEXP = 1.0 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! EXECUTABLE CODE BEGINS HERE:                                                   
! INITIALIZE EVAP TERMS.                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! conversions:                                                                   
! ESNOW [KG M-2 S-1]                                                             
! ESDFLX [KG M-2 S-1] .le. ESNOW                                                 
! ESNOW1 [M S-1]                                                                 
! ESNOW2 [M]                                                                     
! ETP [KG M-2 S-1]                                                               
! ETP1 [M S-1]                                                                   
! ETP2 [M]                                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      EDIR = 0.                                                                  
      EDIR1 = 0.                                                                 
      EC1 = 0.                                                                   
      EC = 0.                                                                    
      EMISSI_S=0.9     ! For snow
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         ET (K) = 0.                                                             
         ET1 (K) = 0.                                                            
      END DO                                                                     
      ETT = 0.                                                                   
      ETT1 = 0.                                                                  
      ETNS = 0.                                                                  
      ETNS1 = 0.                                                                 
      ESNOW = 0.                                                                 
      ESNOW1 = 0.                                                                
      ESNOW2 = 0.                                                                
                                                                                 
! CONVERT POTENTIAL EVAP (ETP) FROM KG M-2 S-1 TO M S-1 AND THEN TO AN           
! AMOUNT (M) GIVEN TIMESTEP (DT) AND CALL IT AN EFFECTIVE SNOWPACK               
! REDUCTION AMOUNT, ETP2 (M).  THIS IS THE AMOUNT THE SNOWPACK WOULD BE          
! REDUCED DUE TO EVAPORATION FROM THE SNOW SFC DURING THE TIMESTEP.              
! EVAPORATION WILL PROCEED AT THE POTENTIAL RATE UNLESS THE SNOW DEPTH           
! IS LESS THAN THE EXPECTED SNOWPACK REDUCTION.                                  
! IF SEAICE (ICE=1), BETA REMAINS=1.                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      PRCP1 = PRCP1*0.001                                                       
! change name of PRCP1 to PRCPF                                                  
      DEW = 0.                                                                   
                                                                                 
      PRCP1 = PRCPF *0.001                                                       
      ETP1 = ETP * 0.001                                                         
      ESNOW = ETP * SNCOVR                                                       
!      write(*,*) 'ESNOW,ESDFLX=',ESNOW,ESDFLX                                   
!     ESDFLX = ESD *1000./ DT                                                    
!     IF (ESDFLX .lt. ESNOW) THEN                                                
!ek        ESD = 0.                                                              
!        ESNOW = ESDFLX                                                          
!        ESD = 0.                                                                
!     ELSE                                                                       
         ESNOW1 = ESNOW * 0.001                                                  
!ek        ESD = ESD - ESNOW2                                                    
         ESNOW2 = ESNOW1 * DT                                                    
!        ESD = ESD- ESNOW2                                                       
!     END IF                                                                     
!     ETP2 = ETP * 0.001 * DT                                                    
!      IF (ICE .NE. 1) THEN                                                      
!        IF (ESD .LT. ETP2) THEN                                                 
!          BETA = ESD / ETP2                                                     
!        ENDIF                                                                   
!      ENDIF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF ETP<0 (DOWNWARD) THEN DEWFALL (=FROSTFALL IN THIS CASE).                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      BETA = 1.0                                                                 
      IF (ETP <= 0.0) THEN                                                     
        IF(ETP == 0.) BETA = 0.0                                                 
         DEW = - ETP * 0.001                                                     
!        ETP1 = 0.0                                                              
      ELSE                                                                       
         IF (ICE /=  1) THEN                                                    
!            write(*,*) 'ETP1=',ETP1                                             
             IF (SNCOVR <  1.) THEN                                            
               CALL EVAPO (ETA1,SMC,NSOIL,CMC,ETP1,DT,ZSOIL,            &        
                            SH2O,                                       &        
                            SMCMAX,BEXP,PC,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,          &        
                            SMCREF,SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                       &        
                            SMCDRY,CFACTR,                              &        
                            EDIR1,EC1,ET1,ETT1,SFCTMP,Q2,NROOT,RTDIS,   &        
                            FXEXP)                                               
               EDIR1 = EDIR1* (1. - SNCOVR)                                      
               EC1 = EC1* (1. - SNCOVR)                                          
               DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                    
                  ET1 (K) = ET1 (K)* (1. - SNCOVR)                               
               END DO                                                            
               ETT1 = ETT1*(1.-SNCOVR)                                           
               ETNS1 = EDIR1+ EC1+ ETT1                                          
               EDIR = EDIR1*1000.                                                
               EC = EC1*1000.                                                    
               DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                    
                  ET (K) = ET1 (K)*1000.                                         
               END DO                                                            
               ETT = ETT1*1000.                                                  
               ETNS = ETNS1*1000.                                                
!            write(*,*) EDIR*2.5E+9,                                             
!     &                 EC*2.5E+9,                                               
!     &                 ET(1)*2.5E+9,                                            
!     &                 ET(2)*2.5E+9,                                            
!     &                 ET(3)*2.5E+9,                                            
!     &                 ET(4)*2.5E+9,                                            
!     &                 ETT*2.5E+9                                               
!            write(*,*) 'SNCOVR=',SNCOVR                                         
               ETNS = ETNS1*1000.                                                
!            write(*,*) 'ESNOW[W/M2],ETNS[W/M2]=',                               
!     &                  ESNOW*LSUBS,ETNS*LSUBC                                  
!            write(*,*) 'ETP[W/M2],ETANRG=',                                     
!     &                  ETP*LSUBS,ETANRG                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
!   end IF (SNCOVR .lt. 1.)                                                      
            END IF                                                               
                                                                                 
!   end IF (ICE .ne. 1)                                                          
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
!   end IF (ETP .le. 0.0)                                                        
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! COMPUTE TOTAL EVAPORATION, SNOW AND NON-SNOW                                   
! also compute energy units (ETANRG) needed later below                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
!      write(*,*)'ESNOW*LSUBS,ETNS*LSUBC,ETANRG=',                               
!     &           ESNOW*LSUBS,ETNS*LSUBC,ETANRG                                  
      ETANRG = ESNOW * LSUBS + ETNS * LSUBC                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF PRECIP IS FALLING, CALCULATE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOW SFC TO NEWLY               
! ACCUMULATING PRECIP.  NOTE THAT THIS REFLECTS THE FLUX APPROPRIATE FOR         
! THE NOT-YET-UPDATED SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1).  ASSUMES TEMPERATURE OF THE         
! SNOWFALL STRIKING THE GROUND IS =SFCTMP (LOWEST MODEL LEVEL AIR TEMP).         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      FLX1 = 0.0                                                                 
      IF (SNOWNG) THEN                                                           
         FLX1 = CPICE * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)                                      
      ELSE                                                                       
         IF (PRCP >  0.0) FLX1 = CPH2O * PRCP * (T1- SFCTMP)                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE AN 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' (T12) BASED ON HEAT FLUXES         
! BETWEEN THE SNOW PACK AND THE SOIL AND ON NET RADIATION.                       
! INCLUDE FLX1 (PRECIP-SNOW SFC) AND FLX2 (FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT)            
! FLUXES.  FLX1 FROM ABOVE, FLX2 BROUGHT IN VIA COMMOM BLOCK RITE.               
! FLX2 REFLECTS FREEZING RAIN LATENT HEAT FLUX USING T1 CALCULATED IN            
! PENMAN.                                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     
      DSOIL = - (0.5 * ZSOIL (1))                                                
      DTOT = SNOWH + DSOIL                                                       
!ek      T12A = ( (FDOWN-FLX1-FLX2-SIGMA*T24)/RCH                                
!ek     &       + TH2 - SFCTMP - BETA*EPSCA ) / RR                               
!ek      T12AX = ( (FDOWN-FLX1-FLX2-SIGMA*T24)/RCH                               
!ek     &       + TH2 - SFCTMP - ETANRG/RCH ) / RR                               
      DENOM = 1.0+ DF1 / (DTOT * RR * RCH)                                       
!      write(*,*) 'T12A,T12AX=',T12A,T12AX                                       
!Place for emiss, snow emiss=0.90
!      T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- SIGMA * T24)/ RCH                   &        
      T12A = ( (FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- EMISSI_S*SIGMA * T24)/ RCH            &
     &       + TH2- SFCTMP - ETANRG / RCH ) / RR                                 
      T12B = DF1 * STC (1) / (DTOT * RR * RCH)                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS AT OR BELOW FREEZING, NO SNOW         
! MELT WILL OCCUR.  SET THE SKIN TEMP TO THIS EFFECTIVE TEMP.  REDUCE            
! (BY SUBLIMINATION ) OR INCREASE (BY FROST) THE DEPTH OF THE SNOWPACK,          
! DEPENDING ON SIGN OF ETP.                                                      
! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (SSOIL) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)                  
! SINCE NO SNOWMELT, SET ACCUMULATED SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET 'EFFECTIVE'           
! PRECIP FROM SNOWMELT TO ZERO, SET PHASE-CHANGE HEAT FLUX FROM SNOWMELT         
! TO ZERO.                                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUB-FREEZING BLOCK                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      T12 = (SFCTMP + T12A + T12B) / DENOM                                       
      IF (T12 <=  TFREEZ) THEN                                                  
         T1 = T12                                                                
         SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT                                      
!        ESD = MAX (0.0, ESD- ETP2)                                              
         ESD = MAX(0.0, ESD-ESNOW2)                                              
         FLX3 = 0.0                                                              
         EX = 0.0                                                                
                                                                                 
         SNOMLT = 0.0                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF THE 'EFFECTIVE SNOW-GRND SFC TEMP' IS ABOVE FREEZING, SNOW MELT             
! WILL OCCUR.  CALL THE SNOW MELT RATE,EX AND AMT, SNOMLT.  REVISE THE           
! EFFECTIVE SNOW DEPTH.  REVISE THE SKIN TEMP BECAUSE IT WOULD HAVE CHGD         
! DUE TO THE LATENT HEAT RELEASED BY THE MELTING. CALC THE LATENT HEAT           
! RELEASED, FLX3. SET THE EFFECTIVE PRECIP, PRCP1 TO THE SNOW MELT RATE,         
! EX FOR USE IN SMFLX.  ADJUSTMENT TO T1 TO ACCOUNT FOR SNOW PATCHES.            
! CALCULATE QSAT VALID AT FREEZING POINT.  NOTE THAT ESAT (SATURATION            
! VAPOR PRESSURE) VALUE OF 6.11E+2 USED HERE IS THAT VALID AT FRZZING            
! POINT.  NOTE THAT ETP FROM CALL PENMAN IN SFLX IS IGNORED HERE IN              
! FAVOR OF BULK ETP OVER 'OPEN WATER' AT FREEZING TEMP.                          
! UPDATE SOIL HEAT FLUX (S) USING NEW SKIN TEMPERATURE (T1)                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ABOVE FREEZING BLOCK                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!ek2        T1 = TFREEZ * SNCOVR + T12 * (1.0 - SNCOVR)                          
      ELSE                                                                       
!ek        QSAT = (0.622*6.11E2)/(SFCPRS-0.378*6.11E2)                           
!ek        ETP = RCH*(QSAT-Q2)/CP                                                
!ek        ETP2 = ETP*0.001*DT                                                   
         T1 = TFREEZ * SNCOVR ** SNOEXP + T12 * (1.0- SNCOVR ** SNOEXP)          
         BETA = 1.0                                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF POTENTIAL EVAP (SUBLIMATION) GREATER THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK.                
! BETA<1                                                                         
! SNOWPACK HAS SUBLIMATED AWAY, SET DEPTH TO ZERO.                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         SSOIL = DF1 * (T1- STC (1)) / DTOT                                      
!        IF (ESD .le. ETP2) THEN                                                 
!           BETA = ESD / ETP2                                                    
         IF (ESD <=  ESNOW2) THEN                                               
            ESD = 0.0                                                            
            EX = 0.0                                                             
            SNOMLT = 0.0                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! POTENTIAL EVAP (SUBLIMATION) LESS THAN DEPTH OF SNOWPACK, RETAIN               
!   BETA=1.                                                                      
! SNOWPACK (ESD) REDUCED BY POTENTIAL EVAP RATE                                  
! ETP3 (CONVERT TO FLUX)                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ELSE                                                                    
!           ESD = ESD- ETP2                                                      
            ESD = ESD-ESNOW2                                                     
            ETP3 = ETP * LSUBC                                                   
!         WRITE (*,*) 'SNCOVR=',SNCOVR                                           
!         WRITE (*,*) 'ETP3,ETANRG=',ETP3,ETANRG,'ETP',ETP,'LSUBC',LSUBC         
            SEH = RCH * (T1- TH2)                                                
            T14 = T1* T1                                                         
!ek          FLX3 = FDOWN - FLX1 - FLX2 - SIGMA*T14 - SSOIL - SEH - ETP3         
!ek          FLX3X = FDOWN - FLX1 - FLX2 - SIGMA*T14 - SSOIL - SEH - ETANRG      
            T14 = T14* T14                                                       
!            FLX3 = FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- SIGMA * T14- SSOIL - SEH - ETANRG         
           FLX3 = FDOWN - FLX1- FLX2- EMISSI_S*SIGMA * T14- SSOIL- SEH-     &
     &            ETANRG
!            WRITE (*,*) 'FLX3,FLX3X=',FLX3,FLX3X                                
            IF (FLX3 <= 0.0) FLX3 = 0.0                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNOWMELT REDUCTION DEPENDING ON SNOW COVER                                     
! IF SNOW COVER LESS THAN 5% NO SNOWMELT REDUCTION                               
! ***NOTE:  DOES 'IF' BELOW FAIL TO MATCH THE MELT WATER WITH THE MELT           
!           ENERGY?                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            EX = FLX3*0.001/ LSUBF                                               
!           IF (SNCOVR .gt. 0.05) EX = EX * SNCOVR                               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ESDMIN REPRESENTS A SNOWPACK DEPTH THRESHOLD VALUE BELOW WHICH WE              
! CHOOSE NOT TO RETAIN ANY SNOWPACK, AND INSTEAD INCLUDE IT IN SNOWMELT.         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            SNOMLT = EX * DT                                                     
            IF (ESD- SNOMLT >=  ESDMIN) THEN                                    
               ESD = ESD- SNOMLT                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNOWMELT EXCEEDS SNOW DEPTH                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            ELSE                                                                 
               EX = ESD / DT                                                     
               FLX3 = EX *1000.0* LSUBF                                          
               SNOMLT = ESD                                                      
                                                                                 
               ESD = 0.0                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! END OF 'ESD .LE. ETP2' IF-BLOCK                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            END IF                                                               
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! END OF 'T12 .LE. TFREEZ' IF-BLOCK                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         PRCP1 = PRCP1+ EX                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FINAL BETA NOW IN HAND, SO COMPUTE EVAPORATION.  EVAP EQUALS ETP               
! UNLESS BETA<1.                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!ek      ETA = BETA*ETP                                                          
!      write(*,*) 'ETA,ETAX,ETAX/ETA=',ETA,ETAX,ETAX/ETA                         
!      IF (ETAX/ETA .GE. 1.0) THEN                                               
!        write(*,*) '*********************'                                      
!        write(*,*) '*********************'                                      
!        write(*,*) '*********************'                                      
!        write(*,*) 'ETAX/ETA .GE. 1.0 !!!'                                      
!        write(*,*) '*********************'                                      
!        write(*,*) '*********************'                                      
!        write(*,*) '*********************'                                      
!      ENDIF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET THE EFFECTIVE POTNL EVAPOTRANSP (ETP1) TO ZERO SINCE THIS IS SNOW          
! CASE, SO SURFACE EVAP NOT CALCULATED FROM EDIR, EC, OR ETT IN SMFLX            
! (BELOW).                                                                       
! IF SEAICE (ICE=1) SKIP CALL TO SMFLX.                                          
! SMFLX RETURNS UPDATED SOIL MOISTURE VALUES.  IN THIS, THE SNOW PACK            
! CASE, ETA1 IS NOT USED IN CALCULATION OF EVAP.                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      ETP1 = 0.0                                                                
      END IF                                                                     
      IF (ICE /=  1) THEN                                                       
         CALL SMFLX (SMC,NSOIL,CMC,DT,PRCP1,ZSOIL,                      &        
                      SH2O,SLOPE,KDT,FRZFACT,                           &        
                      SMCMAX,BEXP,SMCWLT,DKSAT,DWSAT,                   &        
                      SHDFAC,CMCMAX,                                    &        
                      RUNOFF1,RUNOFF2,RUNOFF3,                          &        
                      EDIR1,EC1,ET1,                                    &        
                      DRIP)                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BEFORE CALL SHFLX IN THIS SNOWPACK CASE, SET ZZ1 AND YY ARGUMENTS TO           
! SPECIAL VALUES THAT ENSURE THAT GROUND HEAT FLUX CALCULATED IN SHFLX           
! MATCHES THAT ALREADY COMPUTER FOR BELOW THE SNOWPACK, THUS THE SFC             
! HEAT FLUX TO BE COMPUTED IN SHFLX WILL EFFECTIVELY BE THE FLUX AT THE          
! SNOW TOP SURFACE.  T11 IS A DUMMY ARGUEMENT SO WE WILL NOT USE THE             
! SKIN TEMP VALUE AS REVISED BY SHFLX.                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     
      ZZ1 = 1.0                                                                  
      YY = STC (1) -0.5* SSOIL * ZSOIL (1)* ZZ1/ DF1                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SHFLX WILL CALC/UPDATE THE SOIL TEMPS.  NOTE:  THE SUB-SFC HEAT FLUX           
! (SSOIL1) AND THE SKIN TEMP (T11) OUTPUT FROM THIS SHFLX CALL ARE NOT           
! USED  IN ANY SUBSEQUENT CALCULATIONS. RATHER, THEY ARE DUMMY VARIABLES         
! HERE IN THE SNOPAC CASE, SINCE THE SKIN TEMP AND SUB-SFC HEAT FLUX ARE         
! UPDATED INSTEAD NEAR THE BEGINNING OF THE CALL TO SNOPAC.                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      T11 = T1                                                                   
      CALL SHFLX (SSOIL1,STC,SMC,SMCMAX,NSOIL,T11,DT,YY,ZZ1,ZSOIL,      &        
                   TBOT,ZBOT,SMCWLT,PSISAT,SH2O,BEXP,F1,DF1,ICE,        &        
                   QUARTZ,CSOIL,VEGTYP)                                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SNOW COMPACTION.  YY IS             
! ASSUMED TO BE THE SOIL TEMPERTURE AT THE TOP OF THE SOIL COLUMN.               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (ESD >  0.) THEN                                                      
         CALL SNOWPACK (ESD,DT,SNOWH,SNDENS,T1,YY)                               
      ELSE                                                                       
         ESD = 0.                                                                
         SNOWH = 0.                                                              
         SNDENS = 0.                                                             
         SNCOND = 1.                                                             
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SNOPAC                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK (ESD,DTSEC,SNOWH,SNDENS,TSNOW,TSOIL)                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE COMPACTION OF SNOWPACK UNDER CONDITIONS OF INCREASING SNOW           
! DENSITY, AS OBTAINED FROM AN APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF E. ANDERSON'S             
! DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (3.29), NOAA TECHNICAL REPORT NWS 19, BY VICTOR          
! KOREN, 03/25/95.                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ESD     WATER EQUIVALENT OF SNOW (M)                                           
! DTSEC   TIME STEP (SEC)                                                        
! SNOWH   SNOW DEPTH (M)                                                         
! SNDENS  SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)             
! TSNOW   SNOW SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)                                           
! TSOIL   SOIL SURFACE TEMPERATURE (K)                                           
                                                                                 
! SUBROUTINE WILL RETURN NEW VALUES OF SNOWH AND SNDENS                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
                                                                                 
      INTEGER                :: IPOL, J                                                           
      REAL, INTENT(IN)       :: ESD, DTSEC,TSNOW,TSOIL
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)    :: SNOWH, SNDENS
      REAL                   :: BFAC,DSX,DTHR,DW,SNOWHC,PEXP,           &      
                                TAVGC,TSNOWC,TSOILC,ESDC,ESDCX                 
      REAL, PARAMETER        :: C1 = 0.01, C2 = 21.0, G = 9.81,         &
                                KN = 4000.0                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.                                                       
      ESDC = ESD *100.                                                           
      DTHR = DTSEC /3600.                                                        
      TSNOWC = TSNOW -273.15                                                     
      TSOILC = TSOIL -273.15                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATING OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF SNOW PACK                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATING OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY AS A RESULT OF COMPACTION                
!  SNDENS=DS0*(EXP(BFAC*ESD)-1.)/(BFAC*ESD)                                      
!  BFAC=DTHR*C1*EXP(0.08*TAVGC-C2*DS0)                                           
! NOTE: BFAC*ESD IN SNDENS EQN ABOVE HAS TO BE CAREFULLY TREATED                 
! NUMERICALLY BELOW:                                                             
!   C1 IS THE FRACTIONAL INCREASE IN DENSITY (1/(CM*HR))                         
!   C2 IS A CONSTANT (CM3/G) KOJIMA ESTIMATED AS 21 CMS/G                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      TAVGC = 0.5* (TSNOWC + TSOILC)                                             
      IF (ESDC >  1.E-2) THEN                                                  
         ESDCX = ESDC                                                            
      ELSE                                                                       
         ESDCX = 1.E-2                                                           
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
!      DSX = SNDENS*((DEXP(BFAC*ESDC)-1.)/(BFAC*ESDC))                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THE FUNCTION OF THE FORM (e**x-1)/x IMBEDDED IN ABOVE EXPRESSION               
! FOR DSX WAS CAUSING NUMERICAL DIFFICULTIES WHEN THE DENOMINATOR "x"            
! (I.E. BFAC*ESDC) BECAME ZERO OR APPROACHED ZERO (DESPITE THE FACT THAT         
! THE ANALYTICAL FUNCTION (e**x-1)/x HAS A WELL DEFINED LIMIT AS                 
! "x" APPROACHES ZERO), HENCE BELOW WE REPLACE THE (e**x-1)/x                    
! EXPRESSION WITH AN EQUIVALENT, NUMERICALLY WELL-BEHAVED                        
! POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION.                                                          
                                                                                 
! NUMBER OF TERMS OF POLYNOMIAL EXPANSION, AND HENCE ITS ACCURACY,               
! IS GOVERNED BY ITERATION LIMIT "IPOL".                                         
!      IPOL GREATER THAN 9 ONLY MAKES A DIFFERENCE ON DOUBLE                     
!            PRECISION (RELATIVE ERRORS GIVEN IN PERCENT %).                     
!       IPOL=9, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.6 E-6 % (8 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)                
!       IPOL=8, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-5 % (7 SIGNIFICANT DIGITS)                
!       IPOL=7, FOR REL.ERROR <~ 1.8 E-4 % ...                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      BFAC = DTHR * C1* EXP (0.08* TAVGC - C2* SNDENS)                           
      IPOL = 4                                                                   
      PEXP = 0.                                                                  
!        PEXP = (1. + PEXP)*BFAC*ESDC/REAL(J+1)                                  
      DO J = IPOL,1, -1                                                          
         PEXP = (1. + PEXP)* BFAC * ESDCX / REAL (J +1)                          
      END DO                                                                     
                                                                                 
      PEXP = PEXP + 1.                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ABOVE LINE ENDS POLYNOMIAL SUBSTITUTION                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!     END OF KOREAN FORMULATION                                                  
                                                                                 
!     BASE FORMULATION (COGLEY ET AL., 1990)                                     
!     CONVERT DENSITY FROM G/CM3 TO KG/M3                                        
!       DSM=SNDENS*1000.0                                                        
                                                                                 
!       DSX=DSM+DTSEC*0.5*DSM*G*ESD/                                             
!    &      (1E7*EXP(-0.02*DSM+KN/(TAVGC+273.16)-14.643))                        
                                                                                 
!  &   CONVERT DENSITY FROM KG/M3 TO G/CM3                                       
!       DSX=DSX/1000.0                                                           
                                                                                 
!     END OF COGLEY ET AL. FORMULATION                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET UPPER/LOWER LIMIT ON SNOW DENSITY                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DSX = SNDENS * (PEXP)                                                      
      IF (DSX > 0.40) DSX = 0.40                                              
      IF (DSX < 0.05) DSX = 0.05                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! UPDATE OF SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITY DEPENDING ON LIQUID WATER DURING              
! SNOWMELT.  ASSUMED THAT 13% OF LIQUID WATER CAN BE STORED IN SNOW PER          
! DAY DURING SNOWMELT TILL SNOW DENSITY 0.40.                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      SNDENS = DSX                                                               
      IF (TSNOWC >=  0.) THEN                                                   
         DW = 0.13* DTHR /24.                                                    
         SNDENS = SNDENS * (1. - DW) + DW                                        
         IF (SNDENS >=  0.40) SNDENS = 0.40                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH (CM) FROM SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND SNOW DENSITY.         
! CHANGE SNOW DEPTH UNITS TO METERS                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     
      SNOWHC = ESDC / SNDENS                                                     
      SNOWH = SNOWHC *0.01                                                       

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SNOWPACK                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0 (SNCOVR,Z0, Z0BRD)                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE TOTAL ROUGHNESS LENGTH OVER SNOW                                     
! SNCOVR  FRACTIONAL SNOW COVER                                                  
! Z0      ROUGHNESS LENGTH (m)                                                   
! Z0S     SNOW ROUGHNESS LENGTH:=0.001 (m)                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: SNCOVR, Z0BRD                                              
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)       :: Z0                                              
      REAL, PARAMETER         :: Z0S=0.001                                                      
                                                                                 
! CURRENT NOAH LSM CONDITION - MBEK, 09-OCT-2001                                 
!     Z0S = Z0BRD                                                                
      Z0 = (1.- SNCOVR)* Z0BRD + SNCOVR * Z0S                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SNOWZ0                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW (TEMP,NEWSN,SNOWH,SNDENS)                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SNOW DEPTH AND DENSITITY TO ACCOUNT FOR THE NEW SNOWFALL.            
! NEW VALUES OF SNOW DEPTH & DENSITY RETURNED.                                   
                                                                                 
! TEMP    AIR TEMPERATURE (K)                                                    
! NEWSN   NEW SNOWFALL (M)                                                       
! SNOWH   SNOW DEPTH (M)                                                         
! SNDENS  SNOW DENSITY (G/CM3=DIMENSIONLESS FRACTION OF H2O DENSITY)             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL, INTENT(IN)        :: NEWSN, TEMP 
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)     :: SNDENS, SNOWH
      REAL                    :: DSNEW, HNEWC, SNOWHC,NEWSNC,TEMPC
                                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CONVERSION INTO SIMULATION UNITS                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      SNOWHC = SNOWH *100.                                                       
      NEWSNC = NEWSN *100.                                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATING NEW SNOWFALL DENSITY DEPENDING ON TEMPERATURE                      
! EQUATION FROM GOTTLIB L. 'A GENERAL RUNOFF MODEL FOR SNOWCOVERED               
! AND GLACIERIZED BASIN', 6TH NORDIC HYDROLOGICAL CONFERENCE,                    
! VEMADOLEN, SWEDEN, 1980, 172-177PP.                                            
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      TEMPC = TEMP -273.15                                                       
      IF (TEMPC <=  -15.) THEN                                                  
         DSNEW = 0.05                                                            
      ELSE                                                                       
         DSNEW = 0.05+0.0017* (TEMPC +15.)**1.5                                  
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ADJUSTMENT OF SNOW DENSITY DEPENDING ON NEW SNOWFALL                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      HNEWC = NEWSNC / DSNEW                                                     
      IF (SNOWHC + HNEWC .LT. 1.0E-3) THEN
         SNDENS = MAX(DSNEW,SNDENS)
      ELSE
         SNDENS = (SNOWHC * SNDENS + HNEWC * DSNEW)/ (SNOWHC + HNEWC)               
      ENDIF
      SNOWHC = SNOWHC + HNEWC                                                    
      SNOWH = SNOWHC *0.01                                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SNOW_NEW                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SRT (RHSTT,EDIR,ET,SH2O,SH2OA,NSOIL,PCPDRP,            &        
                       ZSOIL,DWSAT,DKSAT,SMCMAX,BEXP,RUNOFF1,           &        
                       RUNOFF2,DT,SMCWLT,SLOPE,KDT,FRZX,SICE,AI,BI,CI)           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SRT                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE THE RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE TIME TENDENCY TERM OF THE SOIL            
! WATER DIFFUSION EQUATION.  ALSO TO COMPUTE ( PREPARE ) THE MATRIX              
! COEFFICIENTS FOR THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX OF THE IMPLICIT TIME SCHEME.          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)       :: NSOIL
      INTEGER                   :: IALP1, IOHINF, J, JJ,  K, KS
      REAL, INTENT(IN)          :: BEXP, DKSAT, DT, DWSAT, EDIR, FRZX,  &
                                   KDT, PCPDRP, SLOPE, SMCMAX, SMCWLT
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)         :: RUNOFF1, RUNOFF2
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)   :: ET, SH2O, SH2OA, SICE,  &
                                                ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT)  :: RHSTT
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT)  :: AI, BI, CI
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)  :: DMAX
      REAL                      :: ACRT, DD, DDT, DDZ, DDZ2, DENOM,     &
                                   DENOM2,DICE, DSMDZ, DSMDZ2, DT1,     &
                                   FCR,INFMAX,MXSMC,MXSMC2,NUMER,PDDUM, &
                                   PX, SICEMAX,SLOPX, SMCAV, SSTT,      &
                                   SUM, VAL, WCND, WCND2, WDF, WDF2
      INTEGER, PARAMETER        :: CVFRZ = 3 

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:                                                         
! REFERENCE FROZEN GROUND PARAMETER, CVFRZ, IS A SHAPE PARAMETER OF              
! AREAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF SOIL ICE CONTENT WHICH EQUALS 1/CV.             
! CV IS A COEFFICIENT OF SPATIAL VARIATION OF SOIL ICE CONTENT.  BASED           
! ON FIELD DATA CV DEPENDS ON AREAL MEAN OF FROZEN DEPTH, AND IT CLOSE           
! TO CONSTANT = 0.6 IF AREAL MEAN FROZEN DEPTH IS ABOVE 20 CM.  THAT IS          
! WHY PARAMETER CVFRZ = 3 (INT{1/0.6*0.6}).                                      
! CURRENT LOGIC DOESN'T ALLOW CVFRZ BE BIGGER THAN 3                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE RAINFALL INFILTRATION RATE AND RUNOFF.  INCLUDE THE                  
! INFILTRATION FORMULE FROM SCHAAKE AND KOREN MODEL.                             
! MODIFIED BY Q DUAN                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LET SICEMAX BE THE GREATEST, IF ANY, FROZEN WATER CONTENT WITHIN SOIL          
! LAYERS.                                                                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IOHINF = 1                                                                 
      SICEMAX = 0.0                                                              
      DO KS = 1,NSOIL                                                            
         IF (SICE (KS) >  SICEMAX) SICEMAX = SICE (KS)                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! DETERMINE RAINFALL INFILTRATION RATE AND RUNOFF                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END DO                                                                     
      PDDUM = PCPDRP                                                             
      RUNOFF1 = 0.0                                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! MODIFIED BY Q. DUAN, 5/16/94                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!        IF (IOHINF == 1) THEN                                                 
                                                                                 
      IF (PCPDRP /=  0.0) THEN                                                  
         DT1 = DT /86400.                                                        
         SMCAV = SMCMAX - SMCWLT                                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         DMAX (1)= - ZSOIL (1)* SMCAV                                            
                                                                                 
         DICE = - ZSOIL (1) * SICE (1)                                           
         DMAX (1)= DMAX (1)* (1.0- (SH2OA (1) + SICE (1) - SMCWLT)/      &       
                    SMCAV)                                                       
                                                                                 
         DD = DMAX (1)                                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         DO KS = 2,NSOIL                                                         
                                                                                 
            DICE = DICE+ ( ZSOIL (KS -1) - ZSOIL (KS) ) * SICE (KS)              
            DMAX (KS) = (ZSOIL (KS -1) - ZSOIL (KS))* SMCAV                      
            DMAX (KS) = DMAX (KS)* (1.0- (SH2OA (KS) + SICE (KS)        &        
                        - SMCWLT)/ SMCAV)                                        
            DD = DD+ DMAX (KS)                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! VAL = (1.-EXP(-KDT*SQRT(DT1)))                                                 
! IN BELOW, REMOVE THE SQRT IN ABOVE                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END DO                                                                  
         VAL = (1. - EXP ( - KDT * DT1))                                         
         DDT = DD * VAL                                                          
         PX = PCPDRP * DT                                                        
         IF (PX <  0.0) PX = 0.0                                               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FROZEN GROUND VERSION:                                                         
! REDUCTION OF INFILTRATION BASED ON FROZEN GROUND PARAMETERS                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         INFMAX = (PX * (DDT / (PX + DDT)))/ DT                                  
         FCR = 1.                                                                
         IF (DICE >  1.E-2) THEN                                               
            ACRT = CVFRZ * FRZX / DICE                                           
            SUM = 1.                                                             
            IALP1 = CVFRZ - 1                                                    
            DO J = 1,IALP1                                                       
               K = 1                                                             
               DO JJ = J +1,IALP1                                                
                  K = K * JJ                                                     
               END DO                                                            
               SUM = SUM + (ACRT ** ( CVFRZ - J)) / FLOAT (K)                    
            END DO                                                               
            FCR = 1. - EXP ( - ACRT) * SUM                                       
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CORRECTION OF INFILTRATION LIMITATION:                                         
! IF INFMAX .LE. HYDROLIC CONDUCTIVITY ASSIGN INFMAX THE VALUE OF                
! HYDROLIC CONDUCTIVITY                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!         MXSMC = MAX ( SH2OA(1), SH2OA(2) )                                     
         INFMAX = INFMAX * FCR                                                   
                                                                                 
         MXSMC = SH2OA (1)                                                       
         CALL WDFCND (WDF,WCND,MXSMC,SMCMAX,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,           &        
                         SICEMAX)                                                
         INFMAX = MAX (INFMAX,WCND)                                              
                                                                                 
         INFMAX = MIN (INFMAX,PX)                                                
         IF (PCPDRP >  INFMAX) THEN                                            
            RUNOFF1 = PCPDRP - INFMAX                                            
            PDDUM = INFMAX                                                       
         END IF                                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TO AVOID SPURIOUS DRAINAGE BEHAVIOR, 'UPSTREAM DIFFERENCING' IN LINE           
! BELOW REPLACED WITH NEW APPROACH IN 2ND LINE:                                  
! 'MXSMC = MAX(SH2OA(1), SH2OA(2))'                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
      MXSMC = SH2OA (1)                                                          
      CALL WDFCND (WDF,WCND,MXSMC,SMCMAX,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,              &        
                    SICEMAX)                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE MATRIX COEFFICIENTS AI, BI, AND CI FOR THE TOP LAYER                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DDZ = 1. / ( - .5 * ZSOIL (2) )                                            
      AI (1) = 0.0                                                               
      BI (1) = WDF * DDZ / ( - ZSOIL (1) )                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC RHSTT FOR THE TOP LAYER AFTER CALC'NG THE VERTICAL SOIL MOISTURE          
! GRADIENT BTWN THE TOP AND NEXT TO TOP LAYERS.                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      CI (1) = - BI (1)                                                          
      DSMDZ = ( SH2O (1) - SH2O (2) ) / ( - .5 * ZSOIL (2) )                     
      RHSTT (1) = (WDF * DSMDZ + WCND- PDDUM + EDIR + ET (1))/ ZSOIL (1)         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE DDZ2                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      SSTT = WDF * DSMDZ + WCND+ EDIR + ET (1)                                   
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LOOP THRU THE REMAINING SOIL LAYERS, REPEATING THE ABV PROCESS                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DDZ2 = 0.0                                                                 
      DO K = 2,NSOIL                                                             
         DENOM2 = (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K))                                     
         IF (K /= NSOIL) THEN                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! AGAIN, TO AVOID SPURIOUS DRAINAGE BEHAVIOR, 'UPSTREAM DIFFERENCING' IN         
! LINE BELOW REPLACED WITH NEW APPROACH IN 2ND LINE:                             
! 'MXSMC2 = MAX (SH2OA(K), SH2OA(K+1))'                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            SLOPX = 1.                                                           
                                                                                 
            MXSMC2 = SH2OA (K)                                                   
            CALL WDFCND (WDF2,WCND2,MXSMC2,SMCMAX,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,     &        
                          SICEMAX)                                               
! -----------------------------------------------------------------------        
! CALC SOME PARTIAL PRODUCTS FOR LATER USE IN CALC'NG RHSTT                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DENOM = (ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K +1))                                
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC THE MATRIX COEF, CI, AFTER CALC'NG ITS PARTIAL PRODUCT                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DSMDZ2 = (SH2O (K) - SH2O (K +1)) / (DENOM * 0.5)                    
            DDZ2 = 2.0 / DENOM                                                   
            CI (K) = - WDF2 * DDZ2 / DENOM2                                      
                                                                                 
         ELSE                                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SLOPE OF BOTTOM LAYER IS INTRODUCED                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! RETRIEVE THE SOIL WATER DIFFUSIVITY AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FOR             
! THIS LAYER                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            SLOPX = SLOPE                                                        
          CALL WDFCND (WDF2,WCND2,SH2OA (NSOIL),SMCMAX,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,     &   
                            SICEMAX)                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC A PARTIAL PRODUCT FOR LATER USE IN CALC'NG RHSTT                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SET MATRIX COEF CI TO ZERO                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            DSMDZ2 = 0.0                                                         
            CI (K) = 0.0                                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC RHSTT FOR THIS LAYER AFTER CALC'NG ITS NUMERATOR                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END IF                                                                  
         NUMER = (WDF2 * DSMDZ2) + SLOPX * WCND2- (WDF * DSMDZ)         &        
                 - WCND+ ET (K)                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALC MATRIX COEFS, AI, AND BI FOR THIS LAYER                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RHSTT (K) = NUMER / ( - DENOM2)                                         
         AI (K) = - WDF * DDZ / DENOM2                                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! RESET VALUES OF WDF, WCND, DSMDZ, AND DDZ FOR LOOP TO NEXT LYR                 
! RUNOFF2:  SUB-SURFACE OR BASEFLOW RUNOFF                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         BI (K) = - ( AI (K) + CI (K) )                                          
         IF (K .eq. NSOIL) THEN                                                  
            RUNOFF2 = SLOPX * WCND2                                              
         END IF                                                                  
         IF (K .ne. NSOIL) THEN                                                  
            WDF = WDF2                                                           
            WCND = WCND2                                                         
            DSMDZ = DSMDZ2                                                       
            DDZ = DDZ2                                                           
         END IF                                                                  
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SRT                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SSTEP (SH2OOUT,SH2OIN,CMC,RHSTT,RHSCT,DT,              &        
                        NSOIL,SMCMAX,CMCMAX,RUNOFF3,ZSOIL,SMC,SICE,     &        
                        AI,BI,CI)                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SSTEP                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE/UPDATE SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT VALUES AND CANOPY MOISTURE              
! CONTENT VALUES.                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)       :: NSOIL
      INTEGER                   :: I, K, KK11
                                                                                 
      REAL, INTENT(IN)          :: CMCMAX, DT, SMCMAX
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)         :: RUNOFF3
      REAL, INTENT(INOUT)       :: CMC
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)     :: SH2OIN, SICE, ZSOIL
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(OUT)    :: SH2OOUT
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT)  :: RHSTT, SMC
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(INOUT)  :: AI, BI, CI
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)  :: RHSTTin
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL)  :: CIin
      REAL                      :: DDZ, RHSCT, STOT, WPLUS

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CREATE 'AMOUNT' VALUES OF VARIABLES TO BE INPUT TO THE                         
! TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX ROUTINE.                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         RHSTT (K) = RHSTT (K) * DT                                              
         AI (K) = AI (K) * DT                                                    
         BI (K) = 1. + BI (K) * DT                                               
         CI (K) = CI (K) * DT                                                    
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! COPY VALUES FOR INPUT VARIABLES BEFORE CALL TO ROSR12                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         RHSTTin (K) = RHSTT (K)                                                 
      END DO                                                                     
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         CIin (K) = CI (K)                                                       
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALL ROSR12 TO SOLVE THE TRI-DIAGONAL MATRIX                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      CALL ROSR12 (CI,AI,BI,CIin,RHSTTin,RHSTT,NSOIL)                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUM THE PREVIOUS SMC VALUE AND THE MATRIX SOLUTION TO GET A                    
! NEW VALUE.  MIN ALLOWABLE VALUE OF SMC WILL BE 0.02.                           
! RUNOFF3: RUNOFF WITHIN SOIL LAYERS                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      WPLUS = 0.0                                                                
      RUNOFF3 = 0.                                                               
                                                                                 
      DDZ = - ZSOIL (1)                                                          
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         IF (K /= 1) DDZ = ZSOIL (K - 1) - ZSOIL (K) 
         SH2OOUT (K) = SH2OIN (K) + CI (K) + WPLUS / DDZ
         STOT = SH2OOUT (K) + SICE (K)                                           
         IF (STOT > SMCMAX) THEN                                              
            IF (K .eq. 1) THEN                                                   
               DDZ = - ZSOIL (1)                                                 
            ELSE                                                                 
               KK11 = K - 1                                                      
               DDZ = - ZSOIL (K) + ZSOIL (KK11)                                  
            END IF                                                               
            WPLUS = (STOT - SMCMAX) * DDZ                                        
         ELSE                                                                    
            WPLUS = 0.                                                           
         END IF                                                                  
         SMC (K) = MAX ( MIN (STOT,SMCMAX),0.02 )                                
         SH2OOUT (K) = MAX ( (SMC (K) - SICE (K)),0.0)                           
      END DO                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! UPDATE CANOPY WATER CONTENT/INTERCEPTION (CMC).  CONVERT RHSCT TO              
! AN 'AMOUNT' VALUE AND ADD TO PREVIOUS CMC VALUE TO GET NEW CMC.                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      RUNOFF3 = WPLUS                                                            
      CMC = CMC + DT * RHSCT                                                     
      IF (CMC < 1.E-20) CMC = 0.0                                             
      CMC = MIN (CMC,CMCMAX)                                                     

! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SSTEP                                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE TBND (TU,TB,ZSOIL,ZBOT,K,NSOIL,TBND1)                           
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE TBND                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE TEMPERATURE ON THE BOUNDARY OF THE LAYER BY INTERPOLATION OF         
! THE MIDDLE LAYER TEMPERATURES                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)       :: NSOIL
      INTEGER                   :: K
      REAL, INTENT(IN)          :: TB, TU, ZBOT
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)         :: TBND1
      REAL, DIMENSION(1:NSOIL), INTENT(IN)   :: ZSOIL
      REAL                      :: ZB, ZUP
      REAL, PARAMETER           :: T0 = 273.15                                                    
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE TOP OF THE FIRST LAYER                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
     IF (K == 1) THEN                                                         
         ZUP = 0.                                                                
      ELSE                                                                       
         ZUP = ZSOIL (K -1)                                                      
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE DEPTH OF THE CONSTANT BOTTOM TEMPERATURE WHEN INTERPOLATE                  
! TEMPERATURE INTO THE LAST LAYER BOUNDARY                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IF (K ==  NSOIL) THEN                                                     
         ZB = 2.* ZBOT - ZSOIL (K)                                               
      ELSE                                                                       
         ZB = ZSOIL (K +1)                                                       
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LINEAR INTERPOLATION BETWEEN THE AVERAGE LAYER TEMPERATURES                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      TBND1 = TU + (TB - TU)* (ZUP - ZSOIL (K))/ (ZUP - ZB)                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE TBND                                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE TDFCND ( DF, SMC, QZ, SMCMAX, SH2O)                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE TDFCND                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY OF THE SOIL FOR A GIVEN         
! POINT AND TIME.                                                                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! PETERS-LIDARD APPROACH (PETERS-LIDARD et al., 1998)                            
! June 2001 CHANGES: FROZEN SOIL CONDITION.                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL, INTENT(IN)          :: QZ,  SMC, SMCMAX, SH2O
      REAL, INTENT(OUT)         :: DF
      REAL                      :: AKE, GAMMD, THKDRY, THKICE, THKO,    &
                                   THKQTZ,THKSAT,THKS,THKW,SATRATIO,XU, &
                                   XUNFROZ
                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! WE NOW GET QUARTZ AS AN INPUT ARGUMENT (SET IN ROUTINE REDPRM):                
!      DATA QUARTZ /0.82, 0.10, 0.25, 0.60, 0.52,                                
!     &             0.35, 0.60, 0.40, 0.82/                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF THE SOIL HAS ANY MOISTURE CONTENT COMPUTE A PARTIAL SUM/PRODUCT             
! OTHERWISE USE A CONSTANT VALUE WHICH WORKS WELL WITH MOST SOILS                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!  THKW ......WATER THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                         
!  THKQTZ ....THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR QUARTZ                                    
!  THKO ......THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR OTHER SOIL COMPONENTS                     
!  THKS ......THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR THE SOLIDS COMBINED(QUARTZ+OTHER)         
!  THKICE ....ICE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                           
!  SMCMAX ....POROSITY (= SMCMAX)                                                
!  QZ .........QUARTZ CONTENT (SOIL TYPE DEPENDENT)                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USE AS IN PETERS-LIDARD, 1998 (MODIF. FROM JOHANSEN, 1975).                    
                                                                                 
!                                  PABLO GRUNMANN, 08/17/98                      
! REFS.:                                                                         
!      FAROUKI, O.T.,1986: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS. SERIES ON ROCK           
!              AND SOIL MECHANICS, VOL. 11, TRANS TECH, 136 PP.                  
!      JOHANSEN, O., 1975: THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS. PH.D. THESIS,          
!              UNIVERSITY OF TRONDHEIM,                                          
!      PETERS-LIDARD, C. D., ET AL., 1998: THE EFFECT OF SOIL THERMAL            
!              CONDUCTIVITY PARAMETERIZATION ON SURFACE ENERGY FLUXES            
!              AND TEMPERATURES. JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES,            
!              VOL. 55, PP. 1209-1224.                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NEEDS PARAMETERS                                                               
! POROSITY(SOIL TYPE):                                                           
!      POROS = SMCMAX                                                            
! SATURATION RATIO:                                                              
! PARAMETERS  W/(M.K)                                                            
      SATRATIO = SMC / SMCMAX                                                    
      THKICE = 2.2                                                               
      THKW = 0.57                                                                
!      IF (QZ .LE. 0.2) THKO = 3.0                                               
      THKO = 2.0                                                                 
! SOLIDS' CONDUCTIVITY                                                           
! QUARTZ' CONDUCTIVITY                                                           
      THKQTZ = 7.7                                                               
                                                                                 
! UNFROZEN FRACTION (FROM 1., i.e., 100%LIQUID, TO 0. (100% FROZEN))             
      THKS = (THKQTZ ** QZ)* (THKO ** (1. - QZ))                                 
                                                                                 
! UNFROZEN VOLUME FOR SATURATION (POROSITY*XUNFROZ)                              
      XUNFROZ = SH2O / SMC                                                       
! SATURATED THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                                 
      XU = XUNFROZ * SMCMAX                                                      
                                                                                 
! DRY DENSITY IN KG/M3                                                           
      THKSAT = THKS ** (1. - SMCMAX)* THKICE ** (SMCMAX - XU)* THKW **   &       
         (XU)                                                                    
                                                                                 
! DRY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN W.M-1.K-1                                          
      GAMMD = (1. - SMCMAX)*2700.                                                
                                                                                 
      THKDRY = (0.135* GAMMD+ 64.7)/ (2700. - 0.947* GAMMD)                      
! FROZEN                                                                         
      IF ( (SH2O + 0.0005) <  SMC ) THEN                                       
         AKE = SATRATIO                                                          
! UNFROZEN                                                                       
! RANGE OF VALIDITY FOR THE KERSTEN NUMBER (AKE)                                 
      ELSE                                                                       
                                                                                 
! KERSTEN NUMBER (USING "FINE" FORMULA, VALID FOR SOILS CONTAINING AT            
! LEAST 5% OF PARTICLES WITH DIAMETER LESS THAN 2.E-6 METERS.)                   
! (FOR "COARSE" FORMULA, SEE PETERS-LIDARD ET AL., 1998).                        
                                                                                 
         IF ( SATRATIO >  0.1 ) THEN                                           
                                                                                 
            AKE = LOG10 (SATRATIO) + 1.0                                         
                                                                                 
! USE K = KDRY                                                                   
         ELSE                                                                    
                                                                                 
            AKE = 0.0                                                            
         END IF                                                                  
!  THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                                                          
                                                                                 
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
      DF = AKE * (THKSAT - THKDRY) + THKDRY                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE TDFCND                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE TMPAVG (TAVG,TUP,TM,TDN,ZSOIL,NSOIL,K)                          
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE TMPAVG                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SOIL LAYER AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (TAVG) IN FREEZING/THAWING            
! LAYER USING UP, DOWN, AND MIDDLE LAYER TEMPERATURES (TUP, TDN, TM),            
! WHERE TUP IS AT TOP BOUNDARY OF LAYER, TDN IS AT BOTTOM BOUNDARY OF            
! LAYER.  TM IS LAYER PROGNOSTIC STATE TEMPERATURE.                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER  K                                                                 
                                                                                 
      INTEGER  NSOIL                                                             
      REAL     DZ                                                                
      REAL     DZH                                                               
      REAL     T0                                                                
      REAL     TAVG                                                              
      REAL     TDN                                                               
      REAL     TM                                                                
      REAL     TUP                                                               
      REAL     X0                                                                
      REAL     XDN                                                               
      REAL     XUP                                                               
                                                                                 
      REAL     ZSOIL (NSOIL)                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PARAMETER (T0 = 2.7315E2)                                                  
      IF (K .eq. 1) THEN                                                         
         DZ = - ZSOIL (1)                                                        
      ELSE                                                                       
         DZ = ZSOIL (K -1) - ZSOIL (K)                                           
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
      DZH = DZ *0.5                                                              
      IF (TUP .lt. T0) THEN                                                      
         IF (TM .lt. T0) THEN                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP, TM, TDN < T0                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (TDN .lt. T0) THEN                                                
               TAVG = (TUP + 2.0* TM + TDN)/ 4.0                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP & TM < T0,  TDN .ge. T0                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            ELSE                                                                 
               X0 = (T0- TM) * DZH / (TDN - TM)                                  
               TAVG = 0.5 * (TUP * DZH + TM * (DZH + X0) + T0* (        &        
     &               2.* DZH - X0)) / DZ                                         
            END IF                                                               
         ELSE                                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP < T0, TM .ge. T0, TDN < T0                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (TDN .lt. T0) THEN                                                
               XUP = (T0- TUP) * DZH / (TM - TUP)                                
               XDN = DZH - (T0- TM) * DZH / (TDN - TM)                           
               TAVG = 0.5 * (TUP * XUP + T0* (2.* DZ - XUP - XDN)       &        
     &                + TDN * XDN) / DZ                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP < T0, TM .ge. T0, TDN .ge. T0                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            ELSE                                                                 
               XUP = (T0- TUP) * DZH / (TM - TUP)                                
               TAVG = 0.5 * (TUP * XUP + T0* (2.* DZ - XUP)) / DZ                
            END IF                                                               
         END IF                                                                  
      ELSE                                                                       
         IF (TM .lt. T0) THEN                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP .ge. T0, TM < T0, TDN < T0                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (TDN .lt. T0) THEN                                                
               XUP = DZH - (T0- TUP) * DZH / (TM - TUP)                          
               TAVG = 0.5 * (T0* (DZ - XUP) + TM * (DZH + XUP)          &        
     &                + TDN * DZH) / DZ                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP .ge. T0, TM < T0, TDN .ge. T0                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            ELSE                                                                 
               XUP = DZH - (T0- TUP) * DZH / (TM - TUP)                          
               XDN = (T0- TM) * DZH / (TDN - TM)                                 
               TAVG = 0.5 * (T0* (2.* DZ - XUP - XDN) + TM *            &        
     & (XUP + XDN)) / DZ                                                         
            END IF                                                               
         ELSE                                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP .ge. T0, TM .ge. T0, TDN < T0                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            IF (TDN .lt. T0) THEN                                                
               XDN = DZH - (T0- TM) * DZH / (TDN - TM)                           
               TAVG = (T0* (DZ - XDN) +0.5* (T0+ TDN)* XDN) / DZ                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! TUP .ge. T0, TM .ge. T0, TDN .ge. T0                                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
            ELSE                                                                 
               TAVG = (TUP + 2.0* TM + TDN) / 4.0                                
            END IF                                                               
         END IF                                                                  
      END IF                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE TMPAVG                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE TRANSP (ET,NSOIL,ETP1,SMC,CMC,ZSOIL,SHDFAC,SMCWLT,     &        
     &                      CMCMAX,PC,CFACTR,SMCREF,SFCTMP,Q2,NROOT,    &        
     &                      RTDIS)                                               
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE TRANSP                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE TRANSPIRATION FOR THE VEG CLASS.                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      INTEGER  I                                                                 
      INTEGER  K                                                                 
      INTEGER  NSOIL                                                             
                                                                                 
      INTEGER  NROOT                                                             
      REAL     CFACTR                                                            
      REAL     CMC                                                               
      REAL     CMCMAX                                                            
      REAL     DENOM                                                             
      REAL     ET (NSOIL)                                                        
      REAL     ETP1                                                              
      REAL     ETP1A                                                             
!.....REAL PART(NSOIL)                                                           
      REAL     GX (7)                                                            
      REAL     PC                                                                
      REAL     Q2                                                                
      REAL     RTDIS (NSOIL)                                                     
      REAL     RTX                                                               
      REAL     SFCTMP                                                            
      REAL     SGX                                                               
      REAL     SHDFAC                                                            
      REAL     SMC (NSOIL)                                                       
      REAL     SMCREF                                                            
      REAL     SMCWLT                                                            
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! INITIALIZE PLANT TRANSP TO ZERO FOR ALL SOIL LAYERS.                           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      REAL     ZSOIL (NSOIL)                                                     
      DO K = 1,NSOIL                                                             
         ET (K) = 0.                                                             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE AN 'ADJUSTED' POTENTIAL TRANSPIRATION                                
! IF STATEMENT BELOW TO AVOID TANGENT LINEAR PROBLEMS NEAR ZERO                  
! NOTE: GX AND OTHER TERMS BELOW REDISTRIBUTE TRANSPIRATION BY LAYER,            
! ET(K), AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL MOISTURE AVAILABILITY, WHILE PRESERVING           
! TOTAL ETP1A.                                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END DO                                                                     
      IF (CMC .ne. 0.0) THEN                                                     
         ETP1A = SHDFAC * PC * ETP1 * (1.0- (CMC / CMCMAX) ** CFACTR)            
      ELSE                                                                       
         ETP1A = SHDFAC * PC * ETP1                                              
      END IF                                                                     
      SGX = 0.0                                                                  
      DO I = 1,NROOT                                                             
         GX (I) = ( SMC (I) - SMCWLT ) / ( SMCREF - SMCWLT )                     
         GX (I) = MAX ( MIN ( GX (I), 1. ), 0. )                                 
         SGX = SGX + GX (I)                                                      
      END DO                                                                     
                                                                                 
      SGX = SGX / NROOT                                                          
      DENOM = 0.                                                                 
      DO I = 1,NROOT                                                             
         RTX = RTDIS (I) + GX (I) - SGX                                          
         GX (I) = GX (I) * MAX ( RTX, 0. )                                       
         DENOM = DENOM + GX (I)                                                  
      END DO                                                                     
                                                                                 
      IF (DENOM .le. 0.0) DENOM = 1.                                             
      DO I = 1,NROOT                                                             
         ET (I) = ETP1A * GX (I) / DENOM                                         
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ABOVE CODE ASSUMES A VERTICALLY UNIFORM ROOT DISTRIBUTION                      
! CODE BELOW TESTS A VARIABLE ROOT DISTRIBUTION                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      ET(1) = ( ZSOIL(1) / ZSOIL(NROOT) ) * GX * ETP1A                          
!      ET(1) = ( ZSOIL(1) / ZSOIL(NROOT) ) * ETP1A                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USING ROOT DISTRIBUTION AS WEIGHTING FACTOR                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      ET(1) = RTDIS(1) * ETP1A                                                  
!      ET(1) = ETP1A * PART(1)                                                   
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LOOP DOWN THRU THE SOIL LAYERS REPEATING THE OPERATION ABOVE,                  
! BUT USING THE THICKNESS OF THE SOIL LAYER (RATHER THAN THE                     
! ABSOLUTE DEPTH OF EACH LAYER) IN THE FINAL CALCULATION.                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!      DO K = 2,NROOT                                                            
!        GX = ( SMC(K) - SMCWLT ) / ( SMCREF - SMCWLT )                          
!        GX = MAX ( MIN ( GX, 1. ), 0. )                                         
! TEST CANOPY RESISTANCE                                                         
!        GX = 1.0                                                                
!        ET(K) = ((ZSOIL(K)-ZSOIL(K-1))/ZSOIL(NROOT))*GX*ETP1A                   
!        ET(K) = ((ZSOIL(K)-ZSOIL(K-1))/ZSOIL(NROOT))*ETP1A                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! USING ROOT DISTRIBUTION AS WEIGHTING FACTOR                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!        ET(K) = RTDIS(K) * ETP1A                                                
!        ET(K) = ETP1A*PART(K)                                                   
!      END DO                                                                    
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE TRANSP                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE WDFCND (WDF,WCND,SMC,SMCMAX,BEXP,DKSAT,DWSAT,          &        
     &                      SICEMAX)                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE WDFCND                                                              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SOIL WATER DIFFUSIVITY AND SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY.              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL     BEXP                                                              
      REAL     DKSAT                                                             
      REAL     DWSAT                                                             
      REAL     EXPON                                                             
      REAL     FACTR1                                                            
      REAL     FACTR2                                                            
      REAL     SICEMAX                                                           
      REAL     SMC                                                               
      REAL     SMCMAX                                                            
      REAL     VKwgt                                                             
      REAL     WCND                                                              
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!     CALC THE RATIO OF THE ACTUAL TO THE MAX PSBL SOIL H2O CONTENT              
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      REAL     WDF                                                               
      FACTR1 = 0.2 / SMCMAX                                                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! PREP AN EXPNTL COEF AND CALC THE SOIL WATER DIFFUSIVITY                        
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      FACTR2 = SMC / SMCMAX                                                      
      EXPON = BEXP + 2.0                                                         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! FROZEN SOIL HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY.  VERY SENSITIVE TO THE VERTICAL             
! GRADIENT OF UNFROZEN WATER. THE LATTER GRADIENT CAN BECOME VERY                
! EXTREME IN FREEZING/THAWING SITUATIONS, AND GIVEN THE RELATIVELY               
! FEW AND THICK SOIL LAYERS, THIS GRADIENT SUFFERES SERIOUS                      
! TRUNCTION ERRORS YIELDING ERRONEOUSLY HIGH VERTICAL TRANSPORTS OF              
! UNFROZEN WATER IN BOTH DIRECTIONS FROM HUGE HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY.             
! THEREFORE, WE FOUND WE HAD TO ARBITRARILY CONSTRAIN WDF                        
! --                                                                             
! VERSION D_10CM: ........  FACTR1 = 0.2/SMCMAX                                  
! WEIGHTED APPROACH...................... PABLO GRUNMANN, 28_SEP_1999.           
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      WDF = DWSAT * FACTR2 ** EXPON                                              
      IF (SICEMAX .gt. 0.0) THEN                                                 
         VKWGT = 1./ (1. + (500.* SICEMAX)**3.)                                  
         WDF = VKWGT * WDF + (1. - VKWGT)* DWSAT * FACTR1** EXPON                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! RESET THE EXPNTL COEF AND CALC THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      END IF                                                                     
      EXPON = (2.0 * BEXP) + 3.0                                                 
      WCND = DKSAT * FACTR2 ** EXPON                                             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE WDFCND                                                          
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      SUBROUTINE SFCDIF_off (ZLM,Z0,THZ0,THLM,SFCSPD,CZIL,AKMS,AKHS)             
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! SUBROUTINE SFCDIF (renamed SFCDIF_off to avoid clash with Eta PBL)             
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! CALCULATE SURFACE LAYER EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS VIA ITERATIVE PROCESS.           
! SEE CHEN ET AL (1997, BLM)                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
                                                                                 
      IMPLICIT NONE                                                              
      REAL     WWST, WWST2, G, VKRM, EXCM, BETA, BTG, ELFC, WOLD, WNEW           
      REAL     PIHF, EPSU2, EPSUST, EPSIT, EPSA, ZTMIN, ZTMAX, HPBL,     &       
     & SQVISC                                                                    
      REAL     RIC, RRIC, FHNEU, RFC, RFAC, ZZ, PSLMU, PSLMS, PSLHU,     &       
     & PSLHS                                                                     
      REAL     XX, PSPMU, YY, PSPMS, PSPHU, PSPHS, ZLM, Z0, THZ0, THLM           
      REAL     SFCSPD, CZIL, AKMS, AKHS, ZILFC, ZU, ZT, RDZ, CXCH                
      REAL     DTHV, DU2, BTGH, WSTAR2, USTAR, ZSLU, ZSLT, RLOGU, RLOGT          
      REAL     RLMO, ZETALT, ZETALU, ZETAU, ZETAT, XLU4, XLT4, XU4, XT4          
!CC   ......REAL ZTFC                                                            
                                                                                 
      REAL     XLU, XLT, XU, XT, PSMZ, SIMM, PSHZ, SIMH, USTARK, RLMN,  &        
     &         RLMA                                                              
                                                                                 
      INTEGER  ITRMX, ILECH, ITR                                                 
      PARAMETER                                                         &        
     &        (WWST = 1.2,WWST2 = WWST * WWST,G = 9.8,VKRM = 0.40,      &        
     &         EXCM = 0.001                                             &        
     &        ,BETA = 1./270.,BTG = BETA * G,ELFC = VKRM * BTG          &        
     &                  ,WOLD =.15,WNEW = 1. - WOLD,ITRMX = 05,         &        
     &                   PIHF = 3.14159265/2.)                                   
      PARAMETER                                                         &        
     &         (EPSU2 = 1.E-4,EPSUST = 0.07,EPSIT = 1.E-4,EPSA = 1.E-8  &        
     &         ,ZTMIN = -5.,ZTMAX = 1.,HPBL = 1000.0                    &        
     &          ,SQVISC = 258.2)                                                 
      PARAMETER                                                         &        
     &       (RIC = 0.183,RRIC = 1.0/ RIC,FHNEU = 0.8,RFC = 0.191       &        
     &        ,RFAC = RIC / (FHNEU * RFC * RFC))                                 
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! NOTE: THE TWO CODE BLOCKS BELOW DEFINE FUNCTIONS                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LECH'S SURFACE FUNCTIONS                                                       
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PSLMU (ZZ)= -0.96* log (1.0-4.5* ZZ)                                       
      PSLMS (ZZ)= ZZ * RRIC -2.076* (1. -1./ (ZZ +1.))                           
      PSLHU (ZZ)= -0.96* log (1.0-4.5* ZZ)                                       
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! PAULSON'S SURFACE FUNCTIONS                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PSLHS (ZZ)= ZZ * RFAC -2.076* (1. -1./ (ZZ +1.))                           
      PSPMU (XX)= -2.* log ( (XX +1.)*0.5) - log ( (XX * XX +1.)*0.5)   &        
     &        +2.* ATAN (XX)                                            &        
     &- PIHF                                                                     
      PSPMS (YY)= 5.* YY                                                         
      PSPHU (XX)= -2.* log ( (XX * XX +1.)*0.5)                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! THIS ROUTINE SFCDIF CAN HANDLE BOTH OVER OPEN WATER (SEA, OCEAN) AND           
! OVER SOLID SURFACE (LAND, SEA-ICE).                                            
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      PSPHS (YY)= 5.* YY                                                         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!     ZTFC: RATIO OF ZOH/ZOM  LESS OR EQUAL THAN 1                               
!     C......ZTFC=0.1                                                            
!     CZIL: CONSTANT C IN Zilitinkevich, S. S.1995,:NOTE ABOUT ZT                
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ILECH = 0                                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ZILFC = - CZIL * VKRM * SQVISC                                             
!     C.......ZT=Z0*ZTFC                                                         
      ZU = Z0                                                                    
      RDZ = 1./ ZLM                                                              
      CXCH = EXCM * RDZ                                                          
      DTHV = THLM - THZ0                                                         
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BELJARS CORRECTION OF USTAR                                                    
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DU2 = MAX (SFCSPD * SFCSPD,EPSU2)                                          
!cc   If statements to avoid TANGENT LINEAR problems near zero                   
      BTGH = BTG * HPBL                                                          
      IF (BTGH * AKHS * DTHV .ne. 0.0) THEN                                      
         WSTAR2 = WWST2* ABS (BTGH * AKHS * DTHV)** (2./3.)                      
      ELSE                                                                       
         WSTAR2 = 0.0                                                            
      END IF                                                                     
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ZILITINKEVITCH APPROACH FOR ZT                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      USTAR = MAX (SQRT (AKMS * SQRT (DU2+ WSTAR2)),EPSUST)                      
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      ZT = EXP (ZILFC * SQRT (USTAR * Z0))* Z0                                   
      ZSLU = ZLM + ZU                                                            
!     PRINT*,'ZSLT=',ZSLT                                                        
!     PRINT*,'ZLM=',ZLM                                                          
!     PRINT*,'ZT=',ZT                                                            
                                                                                 
      ZSLT = ZLM + ZT                                                            
      RLOGU = log (ZSLU / ZU)                                                    
                                                                                 
      RLOGT = log (ZSLT / ZT)                                                    
!     PRINT*,'RLMO=',RLMO                                                        
!     PRINT*,'ELFC=',ELFC                                                        
!     PRINT*,'AKHS=',AKHS                                                        
!     PRINT*,'DTHV=',DTHV                                                        
!     PRINT*,'USTAR=',USTAR                                                      
                                                                                 
      RLMO = ELFC * AKHS * DTHV / USTAR **3                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! 1./MONIN-OBUKKHOV LENGTH-SCALE                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
      DO ITR = 1,ITRMX                                                           
         ZETALT = MAX (ZSLT * RLMO,ZTMIN)                                        
         RLMO = ZETALT / ZSLT                                                    
         ZETALU = ZSLU * RLMO                                                    
         ZETAU = ZU * RLMO                                                       
                                                                                 
         ZETAT = ZT * RLMO                                                       
         IF (ILECH .eq. 0) THEN                                                  
            IF (RLMO .lt. 0.)THEN                                                
               XLU4 = 1. -16.* ZETALU                                            
               XLT4 = 1. -16.* ZETALT                                            
               XU4 = 1. -16.* ZETAU                                              
                                                                                 
               XT4 = 1. -16.* ZETAT                                              
               XLU = SQRT (SQRT (XLU4))                                          
               XLT = SQRT (SQRT (XLT4))                                          
               XU = SQRT (SQRT (XU4))                                            
                                                                                 
               XT = SQRT (SQRT (XT4))                                            
!     PRINT*,'-----------1------------'                                          
!     PRINT*,'PSMZ=',PSMZ                                                        
!     PRINT*,'PSPMU(ZETAU)=',PSPMU(ZETAU)                                        
!     PRINT*,'XU=',XU                                                            
!     PRINT*,'------------------------'                                          
               PSMZ = PSPMU (XU)                                                 
               SIMM = PSPMU (XLU) - PSMZ + RLOGU                                 
               PSHZ = PSPHU (XT)                                                 
               SIMH = PSPHU (XLT) - PSHZ + RLOGT                                 
            ELSE                                                                 
               ZETALU = MIN (ZETALU,ZTMAX)                                       
               ZETALT = MIN (ZETALT,ZTMAX)                                       
!     PRINT*,'-----------2------------'                                          
!     PRINT*,'PSMZ=',PSMZ                                                        
!     PRINT*,'PSPMS(ZETAU)=',PSPMS(ZETAU)                                        
!     PRINT*,'ZETAU=',ZETAU                                                      
!     PRINT*,'------------------------'                                          
               PSMZ = PSPMS (ZETAU)                                              
               SIMM = PSPMS (ZETALU) - PSMZ + RLOGU                              
               PSHZ = PSPHS (ZETAT)                                              
               SIMH = PSPHS (ZETALT) - PSHZ + RLOGT                              
            END IF                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! LECH'S FUNCTIONS                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         ELSE                                                                    
            IF (RLMO .lt. 0.)THEN                                                
!     PRINT*,'-----------3------------'                                          
!     PRINT*,'PSMZ=',PSMZ                                                        
!     PRINT*,'PSLMU(ZETAU)=',PSLMU(ZETAU)                                        
!     PRINT*,'ZETAU=',ZETAU                                                      
!     PRINT*,'------------------------'                                          
               PSMZ = PSLMU (ZETAU)                                              
               SIMM = PSLMU (ZETALU) - PSMZ + RLOGU                              
               PSHZ = PSLHU (ZETAT)                                              
               SIMH = PSLHU (ZETALT) - PSHZ + RLOGT                              
            ELSE                                                                 
               ZETALU = MIN (ZETALU,ZTMAX)                                       
                                                                                 
               ZETALT = MIN (ZETALT,ZTMAX)                                       
!     PRINT*,'-----------4------------'                                          
!     PRINT*,'PSMZ=',PSMZ                                                        
!     PRINT*,'PSLMS(ZETAU)=',PSLMS(ZETAU)                                        
!     PRINT*,'ZETAU=',ZETAU                                                      
!     PRINT*,'------------------------'                                          
               PSMZ = PSLMS (ZETAU)                                              
               SIMM = PSLMS (ZETALU) - PSMZ + RLOGU                              
               PSHZ = PSLHS (ZETAT)                                              
               SIMH = PSLHS (ZETALT) - PSHZ + RLOGT                              
            END IF                                                               
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! BELJAARS CORRECTION FOR USTAR                                                  
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         END IF                                                                  
                                                                                 
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! ZILITINKEVITCH FIX FOR ZT                                                      
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         USTAR = MAX (SQRT (AKMS * SQRT (DU2+ WSTAR2)),EPSUST)                   
                                                                                 
         ZT = EXP (ZILFC * SQRT (USTAR * Z0))* Z0                                
         ZSLT = ZLM + ZT                                                         
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RLOGT = log (ZSLT / ZT)                                                 
         USTARK = USTAR * VKRM                                                   
         AKMS = MAX (USTARK / SIMM,CXCH)                                         
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
! IF STATEMENTS TO AVOID TANGENT LINEAR PROBLEMS NEAR ZERO                       
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         AKHS = MAX (USTARK / SIMH,CXCH)                                         
         IF (BTGH * AKHS * DTHV .ne. 0.0) THEN                                   
            WSTAR2 = WWST2* ABS (BTGH * AKHS * DTHV)** (2./3.)                   
         ELSE                                                                    
            WSTAR2 = 0.0                                                         
         END IF                                                                  
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RLMN = ELFC * AKHS * DTHV / USTAR **3                                   
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
!     IF(ABS((RLMN-RLMO)/RLMA).LT.EPSIT)    GO TO 110                            
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RLMA = RLMO * WOLD+ RLMN * WNEW                                         
!-----------------------------------------------------------------------         
         RLMO = RLMA                                                             
!     PRINT*,'----------------------------'                                      
!     PRINT*,'SFCDIF OUTPUT !  ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !  !   !    !'                      
                                                                                 
!     PRINT*,'ZLM=',ZLM                                                          
!     PRINT*,'Z0=',Z0                                                            
!     PRINT*,'THZ0=',THZ0                                                        
!     PRINT*,'THLM=',THLM                                                        
!     PRINT*,'SFCSPD=',SFCSPD                                                    
!     PRINT*,'CZIL=',CZIL                                                        
!     PRINT*,'AKMS=',AKMS                                                        
!     PRINT*,'AKHS=',AKHS                                                        
!     PRINT*,'----------------------------'                                      
                                                                                 
      END DO                                                                     
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         
  END SUBROUTINE SFCDIF_off
! ----------------------------------------------------------------------         

END MODULE module_sf_noahlsm
