module lmdz_atke_exchange_coeff

implicit none

contains 

SUBROUTINE atke_compute_km_kh(ngrid,nlay,dtime, &
                        wind_u,wind_v,temp,qvap,play,pinterf,cdrag_uv, &
                        tke,eps,tke_shear,tke_buoy,tke_trans,Km_out,Kh_out)

!========================================================================
! Routine that computes turbulent Km / Kh coefficients with a
! 1.5 order closure scheme (TKE) with or without stationarity assumption

! This parameterization has been constructed in the framework of a
! collective and collaborative workshop, 
! the so-called 'Atelier TKE (ATKE)' with
! K. Arjdal, L. Raillard, C. Dehondt, P. Tiengou, A. Spiga, F. Cheruy, T Dubos, 
! M. Coulon-Decorzens, S. Fromang, G. Riviere, A. Sima, F. Hourdin, E. Vignon

! Main assumptions of the model :
! (1) horizontal homogeneity (Dx=Dy=0.)
!=======================================================================

USE lmdz_atke_turbulence_ini, ONLY: iflag_atke, kappa, l0, ric, cinf, rpi, rcpd, atke_ok_virtual, ri0, ri1
USE lmdz_atke_turbulence_ini, ONLY: cepsilon, pr_slope, pr_asym, pr_neut, ctkes, rg, rd, rv, atke_ok_vdiff
USE lmdz_atke_turbulence_ini, ONLY: viscom, viscoh, clmix, clmixshear, iflag_atke_lmix, lmin, smmin, cn

!!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
! integer :: iflag_atke        ! flag that controls options in atke_compute_km_kh
! integer :: iflag_atke_lmix   ! flag that controls the calculation of mixing length in atke
! integer :: iflag_num_atke    ! flag that controls the numerical treatment of diffusion coeffiient calculation

! logical :: atke_ok_vdiff    ! activate vertical diffusion of TKE or not
! logical :: atke_ok_virtual  ! account for vapor for flottability

! real :: kappa = 0.4         ! Von Karman constant
! real :: cn                  ! Sm value at Ri=0
! real :: cinf                ! Sm value at Ri=-Inf
! real :: ri0                 ! Richardson number near zero to guarantee continuity in slope of Sm (stability function) at Ri=0
! real :: ri1                 ! Richardson number near zero to guarantee continuity in slope of Pr (Prandlt's number) at Ri=0
! real :: lmin                ! minimum mixing length corresponding to the Kolmogov dissipation scale  in planetary atmospheres (Chen et al 2016, JGR Atmos)
! real :: ctkes               ! coefficient for surface TKE
! real :: clmixshear          ! coefficient for mixing length depending on local wind shear

! Tunable parameters for the ATKE scheme and their range of values
!!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
! real :: cepsilon            ! controls the value of the dissipation length scale, range [1.2 - 10]
! real :: cke                 ! controls the value of the diffusion coefficient of TKE, range [1 - 5]
! real :: l0                  ! asymptotic mixing length far from the ground [m] (Sun et al 2011, JAMC), range [15 - 75]
! real :: clmix               ! controls the value of the mixing length in stratified conditions, range [0.1 - 2]
! real :: ric                 ! critical Richardson number controlling the slope of Sm in stable conditions, range [0.19 - 0.25]
! real :: smmin               ! minimum value of Sm in very stable conditions (defined here as minsqrt(Ez/Ek)) at large Ri, range [0.025 - 0.1]
! real :: pr_neut             ! neutral value of the Prandtl number (Ri=0), range [0.7 - 1]
! real :: pr_slope            ! linear slope of Pr with Ri in the very stable regime, range [3 - 5]
! real :: cinffac             ! ratio between cinf and cn controlling the convective limit of Sm, range [1.2 - 5.0]
! real :: pr_asym             ! value of Prandlt in the convective limit(Ri=-Inf), range [0.3 - 0.5]
!!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

implicit none


! Declarations:
!=============

INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: ngrid ! number of horizontal index (flat grid)
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: nlay  ! number of vertical index  

REAL, INTENT(IN)    :: dtime ! physics time step (s)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: wind_u   ! zonal velocity (m/s)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: wind_v   ! meridional velocity (m/s)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: temp     ! temperature (K)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: qvap     ! specific humidity (kg/kg)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: play     ! pressure (Pa)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(IN)     :: pinterf  ! pressure at interfaces(Pa)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid), INTENT(IN)            :: cdrag_uv ! surface drag coefficient for momentum

REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(INOUT)  :: tke      ! turbulent kinetic energy at interface between layers (m2/s2)

REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(OUT)    :: eps      ! output: TKE dissipation rate at interface between layers (m2/s3)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(OUT)    :: tke_shear! output: TKE shear production rate (m2/s3)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(OUT)    :: tke_buoy ! output: TKE buoyancy production rate (m2/s3)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(OUT)    :: tke_trans! output: TKE transport (diffusion) term (m2/s3)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(OUT)      :: Km_out   ! output: Exchange coefficient for momentum at interface between layers (m2/s)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(OUT)      :: Kh_out   ! output: Exchange coefficient for heat flux at interface between layers (m2/s)

! Local variables
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: Km          ! Exchange coefficient for momentum at interface between layers
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: Kh          ! Exchange coefficient for heat flux at interface between layers
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay)   :: theta       ! Potential temperature
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: l_exchange  ! Length of exchange (at interface)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: z_interf    ! Altitude at the interface
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay)   :: z_lay       ! Altitude of layers
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay)   :: dz_interf   ! distance between two consecutive interfaces
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay)   :: dz_lay      ! distance between two layer middles (NB: first and last are half layers)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: N2          ! square of Brunt Vaisala pulsation (at interface)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: shear2      ! square of wind shear (at interface)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: Ri          ! Richardson's number (at interface)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: Prandtl     ! Turbulent Prandtl's number (at interface)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: Sm          ! Stability function for momentum (at interface)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1) :: Sh          ! Stability function for heat (at interface)

INTEGER :: igrid,ilay ! horizontal,vertical index (flat grid)
REAL    :: preff      ! reference pressure for potential temperature calculations
REAL    :: thetam     ! mean potential temperature at interface
REAL    :: delta      ! discriminant of the second order polynomial
REAL    :: qq         ! tke=qq**2/2
REAL    :: shear      ! wind shear
REAL    :: lstrat     ! mixing length depending on local stratification
REAL    :: taustrat   ! caracteristic timescale for turbulence in very stable conditions
REAL    :: netloss    ! net loss term of tke
REAL    :: netsource  ! net source term of tke
REAL    :: ustar      ! friction velocity estimation
REAL    :: invtau     
REAL    :: rvap

! Initializations:
!================

DO igrid=1,ngrid
    dz_interf(igrid,1) = 0.0
    z_interf(igrid,1) = 0.0
END DO

! Calculation of potential temperature: (if vapor -> virtual potential temperature)
!=====================================

preff=100000.
! results should not depend on the choice of preff
DO ilay=1,nlay
    DO igrid = 1, ngrid
        theta(igrid,ilay)=temp(igrid,ilay)*(preff/play(igrid,ilay))**(rd/rcpd)
    END DO
END DO

! account for water vapor mass for buoyancy calculation
IF (atke_ok_virtual) THEN
    DO ilay=1,nlay
        DO igrid = 1, ngrid
            rvap=max(0.,qvap(igrid,ilay)/(1.-qvap(igrid,ilay)))
            theta(igrid,ilay)=theta(igrid,ilay)*(1.+rvap/(RD/RV))/(1.+rvap)
        END DO
    END DO
ENDIF


! Calculation of altitude of layers' middle and bottom interfaces:
!=================================================================

DO ilay=2,nlay+1
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
        dz_interf(igrid,ilay-1) = rd*temp(igrid,ilay-1)/rg/play(igrid,ilay-1)*(pinterf(igrid,ilay-1)-pinterf(igrid,ilay))
        z_interf(igrid,ilay) = z_interf(igrid,ilay-1) + dz_interf(igrid,ilay-1)
    ENDDO
ENDDO

DO ilay=1,nlay
    DO igrid=1,ngrid 
        z_lay(igrid,ilay)=0.5*(z_interf(igrid, ilay+1) + z_interf(igrid, ilay))
    ENDDO
ENDDO


! Computes the gradient Richardson's number and stability functions:
!===================================================================

DO ilay=2,nlay
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
        dz_lay(igrid,ilay)=z_lay(igrid,ilay)-z_lay(igrid,ilay-1)
        thetam=0.5*(theta(igrid,ilay) + theta(igrid,ilay-1))
        N2(igrid,ilay) = rg * (theta(igrid,ilay) - theta(igrid,ilay-1))/thetam / dz_lay(igrid,ilay)
        shear2(igrid,ilay)= (((wind_u(igrid,ilay) - wind_u(igrid,ilay-1)) / dz_lay(igrid,ilay))**2 + &
            ((wind_v(igrid,ilay) - wind_v(igrid,ilay-1)) / dz_lay(igrid,ilay))**2 )
        Ri(igrid,ilay) = N2(igrid,ilay) / MAX(shear2(igrid,ilay),1E-10) 
        
        IF (Ri(igrid,ilay) < 0.) THEN ! unstable cases
            Sm(igrid,ilay) = 2./rpi * (cinf-cn) * atan(-Ri(igrid,ilay)/Ri0) + cn
            Prandtl(igrid,ilay) = -2./rpi * (pr_asym - pr_neut) * atan(Ri(igrid,ilay)/Ri1) + pr_neut 
        ELSE ! stable cases
            Sm(igrid,ilay) = max(smmin,cn*(1.-Ri(igrid,ilay)/Ric))
            ! prandlt expression from venayagamoorthy and stretch 2010, Li et al 2019
            Prandtl(igrid,ilay) = pr_neut*exp(-pr_slope/pr_neut*Ri(igrid,ilay)+Ri(igrid,ilay)/pr_neut) &
                                + Ri(igrid,ilay) * pr_slope
            IF (Ri(igrid,ilay) >= Prandtl(igrid,ilay)) THEN
                CALL abort_physic("atke_compute_km_kh", &
                'Ri>=Pr in stable conditions -> violates energy conservation principles, change pr_neut or slope', 1)
            ENDIF
        END IF
        
        Sh(igrid,ilay) = Sm(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay)

    ENDDO
ENDDO


! Computing the mixing length:
!==============================================================


IF (iflag_atke_lmix == 1 ) THEN
    ! Blackadar formulation (~kappa l) + buoyancy length scale (Deardoff 1980) for very stable conditions
        DO ilay=2,nlay
            DO igrid=1,ngrid
                l_exchange(igrid,ilay) = kappa*l0*z_interf(igrid,ilay) / (kappa*z_interf(igrid,ilay) + l0)
                IF (N2(igrid,ilay) > 0.) THEN
                    lstrat=clmix*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))/sqrt(N2(igrid,ilay))
                    lstrat=max(lstrat,lmin)
                    !Inverse interpolation, Van de Wiel et al. 2010
                    l_exchange(igrid,ilay)=(1./(l_exchange(igrid,ilay))+1./(lstrat))**(-1.0)
                ENDIF 
            ENDDO
        ENDDO

    ELSE IF (iflag_atke_lmix == 2 ) THEN
    ! add effect of wind shear on lstrat following grisogono and belusic 2008, qjrms
    ! implies 2 tuning coefficients clmix and clmixshear
    DO ilay=2,nlay
        DO igrid=1,ngrid
            l_exchange(igrid,ilay) = kappa*l0*z_interf(igrid,ilay) / (kappa*z_interf(igrid,ilay) + l0)
            IF (N2(igrid,ilay) > 0. .AND. shear2(igrid,ilay) > 0.) THEN
                lstrat=min(clmix*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))/sqrt(N2(igrid,ilay)), &
                    clmixshear*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))/sqrt(shear2(igrid,ilay)))
                lstrat=max(lstrat,lmin)
                !Inverse interpolation, Van de Wiel et al. 2010   
                l_exchange(igrid,ilay)=(1./(l_exchange(igrid,ilay))+1./(lstrat))**(-1.0)
            ENDIF
        ENDDO
    ENDDO

    ELSE IF (iflag_atke_lmix == 3 ) THEN
    ! add effect of wind shear on lstrat following grisogono 2010, qjrms
    ! keeping a single tuning coefficient clmix
    DO ilay=2,nlay
        DO igrid=1,ngrid
            l_exchange(igrid,ilay) = kappa*l0*z_interf(igrid,ilay) / (kappa*z_interf(igrid,ilay) + l0)
            IF (N2(igrid,ilay) > 0. .AND. shear2(igrid,ilay) > 0.) THEN
                lstrat=clmix*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))/sqrt(shear2(igrid,ilay))*(1.0+Ri(igrid,ilay)/(2.*Prandtl(igrid,ilay)))
                lstrat=max(lstrat,lmin)
                !Inverse interpolation, Van de Wiel et al. 2010   
                l_exchange(igrid,ilay)=(1./(l_exchange(igrid,ilay))+1./(lstrat))**(-1.0)
            ENDIF
        ENDDO
    ENDDO

ELSE
    ! default Blackadar formulation: neglect effect of local stratification and shear
    DO ilay=2,nlay+1
        DO igrid=1,ngrid
            l_exchange(igrid,ilay) = kappa*l0*z_interf(igrid,ilay) / (kappa*z_interf(igrid,ilay) + l0)
        ENDDO
    ENDDO
ENDIF


! Computing the TKE k>=2:
!========================
IF (iflag_atke == 0) THEN

    ! stationary solution (dtke/dt=0)

    DO ilay=2,nlay
            DO igrid=1,ngrid
                tke(igrid,ilay) = cepsilon * l_exchange(igrid,ilay)**2 * Sm(igrid,ilay) * &
                shear2(igrid,ilay) * (1. - Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay))
                eps(igrid,ilay) = (tke(igrid,ilay)**(3./2))/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))
                tke_shear(igrid,ilay)=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))*shear2(igrid,ilay) 
                tke_buoy(igrid,ilay)=-l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))*shear2(igrid,ilay) &
                                    *(Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay))
            ENDDO
        ENDDO

ELSE IF (iflag_atke == 1) THEN

    ! full implicit scheme resolved with a second order polynomial equation
    ! default solution which shows fair convergence properties
        DO ilay=2,nlay
            DO igrid=1,ngrid
            qq=max(sqrt(2.*tke(igrid,ilay)),1.e-10)
            delta=(2.*sqrt(2.)*cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)/dtime)**2. &
                    +4.*(2.*sqrt(2.)*cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)/dtime*qq + &
                    2.*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*cepsilon*Sm(igrid,ilay) &
                    *shear2(igrid,ilay) * (1. - Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay)))
            qq=(-2.*sqrt(2.)*cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)/dtime + sqrt(delta))/2.
            qq=max(0.,qq)
            tke(igrid,ilay)=0.5*(qq**2)
            eps(igrid,ilay) = (tke(igrid,ilay)**(3./2))/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))
            tke_shear(igrid,ilay)=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))*shear2(igrid,ilay)
            tke_buoy(igrid,ilay)=-l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay))*shear2(igrid,ilay) &
                                *(Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay)) 
            ENDDO
        ENDDO


ELSE IF (iflag_atke == 2) THEN

    ! semi implicit scheme when l does not depend on tke
    ! positive-guaranteed if pr slope in stable condition >1

    DO ilay=2,nlay
            DO igrid=1,ngrid
            qq=max(sqrt(2.*tke(igrid,ilay)),1.e-10)
            qq=(qq+l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*dtime/sqrt(2.)      & 
                *shear2(igrid,ilay)*(1.-Ri(igrid,ilay)/Prandtl(igrid,ilay))) &
                /(1.+qq*dtime/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*2.*sqrt(2.)))
            tke_shear(igrid,ilay)=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*qq/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay)
            tke_buoy(igrid,ilay)=-l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*qq/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay) &
                                *(Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay)) 
            tke(igrid,ilay)=0.5*(qq**2) 
            eps(igrid,ilay) = (tke(igrid,ilay)**(3./2))/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))
            ENDDO
        ENDDO


ELSE IF (iflag_atke == 3) THEN
    ! numerical resolution adapted from that in MAR (Deleersnijder 1992)
    ! positively defined by construction

        DO ilay=2,nlay
            DO igrid=1,ngrid
            eps(igrid,ilay) = (tke(igrid,ilay)**(3./2))/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))
            qq=max(sqrt(2.*tke(igrid,ilay)),1.e-10)
            tke_shear(igrid,ilay)=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*qq/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay)
            tke_buoy(igrid,ilay)=-l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*qq/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay) &
                                *(Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay))
            IF (Ri(igrid,ilay) < 0.) THEN
                netloss=qq/(2.*sqrt(2.)*cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))
                netsource=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay)*(1.-Ri(igrid,ilay)/Prandtl(igrid,ilay))
            ELSE
                netloss=qq/(2.*sqrt(2.)*cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))+ &
                        l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)/sqrt(2.)*N2(igrid,ilay)/Prandtl(igrid,ilay)
                netsource=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay)
            ENDIF
            qq=((qq**2)/dtime+qq*netsource)/(qq/dtime+netloss)
            tke(igrid,ilay)=0.5*(qq**2)
            ENDDO
        ENDDO

ELSE IF (iflag_atke == 4) THEN
    ! semi implicit scheme from Arpege (V. Masson methodology with 
    ! Taylor expansion of the dissipation term)
        DO ilay=2,nlay
            DO igrid=1,ngrid
            qq=max(sqrt(2.*tke(igrid,ilay)),1.e-10)
            tke_shear(igrid,ilay)=l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*qq/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay)
            tke_buoy(igrid,ilay)=-l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*qq/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay) &
                                *(Ri(igrid,ilay) / Prandtl(igrid,ilay))
            qq=(l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)/sqrt(2.)*shear2(igrid,ilay)*(1.-Ri(igrid,ilay)/Prandtl(igrid,ilay)) &
                +qq*(1.+dtime*qq/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*2.*sqrt(2.)))) &
                /(1.+2.*qq*dtime/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*2.*sqrt(2.)))
            qq=max(0.,qq)
            tke(igrid,ilay)=0.5*(qq**2)
            eps(igrid,ilay) = (tke(igrid,ilay)**(3./2))/(cepsilon*l_exchange(igrid,ilay))
            ENDDO
        ENDDO


ELSE
    CALL abort_physic("atke_compute_km_kh", &
        'numerical treatment of TKE not possible yet', 1)

END IF

! We impose a 0 tke at nlay+1
!==============================

DO igrid=1,ngrid
    tke(igrid,nlay+1)=0.
    eps(igrid,nlay+1)=0.
    tke_shear(igrid,nlay+1)=0.
    tke_buoy(igrid,nlay+1)=0.
END DO


! Calculation of surface TKE (k=1)
!=================================
! surface TKE calculation inspired from what is done in Arpege (see E. Bazile note)
DO igrid=1,ngrid
    ustar=sqrt(cdrag_uv(igrid)*(wind_u(igrid,1)**2+wind_v(igrid,1)**2))
    tke(igrid,1)=ctkes*(ustar**2)
    eps(igrid,1)=0. ! arbitrary as TKE is not properly defined at the surface
    tke_shear(igrid,1)=0.
    tke_buoy(igrid,1)=0.
END DO


! vertical diffusion of TKE 
!==========================
tke_trans(:,:)=0.
IF (atke_ok_vdiff) THEN
    CALL atke_vdiff_tke(ngrid,nlay,dtime,z_lay,z_interf,temp,play,l_exchange,Sm,tke,tke_trans)
ENDIF


! Computing eddy diffusivity coefficients:
!========================================
DO ilay=2,nlay ! TODO: also calculate for nlay+1 ?
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
        ! we add the molecular viscosity to Km,h 
        Km(igrid,ilay) = viscom + l_exchange(igrid,ilay) * Sm(igrid,ilay) * tke(igrid,ilay)**0.5
        Kh(igrid,ilay) = viscoh + l_exchange(igrid,ilay) * Sh(igrid,ilay) * tke(igrid,ilay)**0.5
    END DO
END DO

! for output:
!===========
Km_out(1:ngrid,2:nlay)=Km(1:ngrid,2:nlay)
Kh_out(1:ngrid,2:nlay)=Kh(1:ngrid,2:nlay)

END SUBROUTINE  atke_compute_km_kh

!===============================================================================================
SUBROUTINE atke_vdiff_tke(ngrid,nlay,dtime,z_lay,z_interf,temp,play,l_exchange,Sm,tke,tke_trans)

! routine that computes the vertical diffusion of TKE by the turbulence
! using an implicit resolution (See note by Dufresne and Ghattas (2009))
! E Vignon, July 2023

USE lmdz_atke_turbulence_ini, ONLY: rd, cke, viscom


INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: ngrid ! number of horizontal index (flat grid)
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: nlay  ! number of vertical index  

REAL, INTENT(IN)    :: dtime ! physics time step (s)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: z_lay   ! altitude of mid-layers (m)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(IN)       :: z_interf   ! altitude of bottom interfaces (m)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: temp   ! temperature (K)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay), INTENT(IN)       :: play   ! pressure (Pa)
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(IN)     :: l_exchange     ! mixing length at interfaces between layers
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(IN)     :: Sm     ! stability function for eddy diffusivity for momentum at interface between layers

REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(INOUT)  :: tke    ! turbulent kinetic energy at interface between layers
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1), INTENT(INOUT)  :: tke_trans ! turbulent kinetic energy transport term (m2/s3)


INTEGER                                       :: igrid,ilay
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1)                 :: Ke     ! eddy diffusivity for TKE
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1)                 :: dtke
REAL, DIMENSION(ngrid,nlay+1)                 :: ak, bk, ck, CCK, DDK
REAL                                          :: gammak,Kem,KKb,KKt


! Few initialisations
CCK(:,:)=0.
DDK(:,:)=0.
dtke(:,:)=0.


! Eddy diffusivity for TKE

DO ilay=2,nlay
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
        Ke(igrid,ilay)=(viscom+l_exchange(igrid,ilay)*Sm(igrid,ilay)*sqrt(tke(igrid,ilay)))*cke 
    ENDDO
ENDDO
! at the top of the atmosphere set to 0
Ke(:,nlay+1)=0.
! at the surface, set it equal to that at the first model level
Ke(:,1)=Ke(:,2)


! calculate intermediary variables

DO ilay=2,nlay 
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
    Kem=0.5*(Ke(igrid,ilay+1)+Ke(igrid,ilay))    
    KKt=Kem*play(igrid,ilay)/rd/temp(igrid,ilay)/(z_interf(igrid,ilay+1)-z_interf(igrid,ilay))
    Kem=0.5*(Ke(igrid,ilay)+Ke(igrid,ilay-1))
    KKb=Kem*play(igrid,ilay-1)/rd/temp(igrid,ilay-1)/(z_interf(igrid,ilay)-z_interf(igrid,ilay-1))
    gammak=1./(z_lay(igrid,ilay)-z_lay(igrid,ilay-1))
    ak(igrid,ilay)=-gammak*dtime*KKb
    ck(igrid,ilay)=-gammak*dtime*KKt
    bk(igrid,ilay)=1.+gammak*dtime*(KKt+KKb)
    ENDDO
ENDDO

! calculate CCK and DDK coefficients
! downhill phase

DO igrid=1,ngrid
    CCK(igrid,nlay)=tke(igrid,nlay)/bk(igrid,nlay)
    DDK(igrid,nlay)=-ak(igrid,nlay)/bk(igrid,nlay)
ENDDO


DO ilay=nlay-1,2,-1
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
        CCK(igrid,ilay)=(tke(igrid,ilay)/bk(igrid,ilay)-ck(igrid,ilay)/bk(igrid,ilay)*CCK(igrid,ilay+1)) &
                        / (1.+ck(igrid,ilay)/bk(igrid,ilay)*DDK(igrid,ilay+1))
        DDK(igrid,ilay)=-ak(igrid,ilay)/bk(igrid,ilay)/(1+ck(igrid,ilay)/bk(igrid,ilay)*DDK(igrid,ilay+1))
    ENDDO
ENDDO

! calculate TKE
! uphill phase

DO ilay=2,nlay+1
    DO igrid=1,ngrid
        dtke(igrid,ilay)=CCK(igrid,ilay)+DDK(igrid,ilay)*tke(igrid,ilay-1)-tke(igrid,ilay)
    ENDDO
ENDDO

! update TKE
tke(:,:)=tke(:,:)+dtke(:,:)
tke_trans(:,:)=dtke(:,:)/dtime


END SUBROUTINE  atke_vdiff_tke



end module lmdz_atke_exchange_coeff
